SCOPE 36

Acidification in TropicalCountries

Edited by

Henning Rodhe

Departmentof Meteorology,Universityof StockholmStockholm, Sweden

and

Rafael Herrera

Centro de Ecologia, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela

Published on behalf of theScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

of theInternational Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)

and of theUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

byJOHN WILEY & SONS

Chichester.NewYork. Brisbane.Toronto. Singapore

Copyright @ 1988 by theScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, ortransmitted, or translated into a machine languagewithout the written permission of the copyright holder.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Acidification in tropical countries.(SCOPE; 36)Includes index.

1. Acid deposition -Environmental aspects-Tropics.2. Sulphur oxides- Environmental aspects-Tropics.3. Nitrogen oxides-Environmental aspects-Tropics.4. Atmospheric chemistry-Environmental aspects-Tropics. I. Rodhe, H. II. Herrera, R. Ill. Inter-national Council of Scientific Unions. ScientificCommittee on Problems of the Environment. IV. Series:

SCOPE (Series) ; 36.TD 196.A25A36 1988ISBN 0 471 91870 9

363.7'384 88-5667

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data:

Acidification in tropical countries.-(SCOPE; 36)1. Acid rain-Environmental aspects-TropicsI. Rodhe, Henning II. Herrera, R.Ill. International Council of Scientific

Unions. Scientific Committee on the Problemsof the Environment IV. Series363.7'386'09133 TD196.A25

ISBN 0 471 91870 9

Printed and bound in Great Britain

SCOPE 1:

SCOPE 2:

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SCOPE 4:

Global Environmental Monitoring 1971,68 pp (out of print)

Man-Made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems, 1972, 76 pp (out ofprint)

Global Environmental Monitoring Systems (GEMS): ActionPlan for Phase 1, 1973, 132 pp (out of print)

Environmental Sciences in Developing Countries, 1974, 72 pp

Environment and Development, proceedings of SCOPEIUNEP Symposiumon Environmental Sciences in Developing Countries, Nairobi, February 11-23, 1974,418 pp (out of print)

SCOPE 5: Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures,Second Edition, 1979, 190 pp

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Environmental Pollutants: Selected Analytical Methods, 1975,277 pp (out of print)

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur: Global Cycles, 1975,192 pp (out of print)

Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard, 1978, 132 pp (outof print)

Simulation Modelling of Environmental Problems, 1978,128 pp (out of print)

Environmental Issues, 1977,242 pp (out of print)

Shelter Provision in Developing Countries, 1978, 94 pp (outof print)

Principles of Ecotoxicology, 1978,372 pp (out of print)

The Global Carbon Cycle, 1979,491 pp (out of print)

Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, Deposition, 1979,320 pp (out of print)

Environmental Risk Assessment, 1980, 184 pp

Carbon Cycle Modelling, 1981, 404 pp (out of print)

Some Perspectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles, 1981,190 pp (out of print)

The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems, 1983,344 pp

The GlobalBiogeochemicalSulphurCycle, 1983, 496 pp

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SCOPE 26:

Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals on Reproduc-tive Functions, 1983, 568 pp

The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions,1983, 554 pp

Effects of Pollutants at the Ecosystem Level, 1984, 460 pp

The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle:Measurement by Remote Sensing, 1984, 266 pp

Noise Pollution, 1986, 466 pp

Appraisal of Tests to Predict the Environmental Behaviour ofChemicals, 1985, 396 pp

Methods for Estimating Risks of Chemical Injury: Human andNon-human Biota, 1985, 712 pp

SCOPE 27: Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction ofClimate and Society, 1985,650 pp

Environmental Consequences of Nuclear WarVolume I Physical and Atmospheric Effects, 1986,400 ppVolume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects, 1985,562 pp

The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems,1986,574 pp

SCOPE 30: Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals,1987, 384 pp

SCOPE 28:

SCOPE 29:

Occurrence and Pathways of Lead Mercury Cadmium and Ar-senic in the Environment, 1987,384 pp

Land Transformation in Agriculture, 1987,522 pp

Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal Marine Environments, 1988,478 pp

SCOPE 34: Practitioner's Handbook on the Modelling of Dynamic Changein Ecosystems, 1988, 196 pp

SCOPE 35: Spatial and Temporal Variability in Biospheric and GeosphericProcesses, 1988

SCOPE 36: Acidification in Tropical Countries, 1988, 423 pp

Funds to meet SCOPE expenses are provided by contributions from SCOPENational Committees, an annual subvention from ICSU (and through ICSU,from UNESCO), an annual subvention from the French Ministere deJ'Environment et du Cadre de Vie, contracts with UN Bodies, particularlyUNEP, and grants from Foundations and industrial enterprises.

SCOPE 31:

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SCOPE 33:

International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

SCOPE is one of a number of committees established by the nongovern-mental group of scientific organizations, the International Council of Sci-entific Unions (ICSU). The membership of ICSU includes representativesfrom 68 National Academies of Science, 18 International Unions and 12other bodies called Scientific Associates. To cover multidisciplinary activi-ties which include the interests of several unions, ICSU has established 10Scientific Committees, of which SCOPE is one. Currently representatives of34 member countries and 18 Unions and Scientific Committees participatein the work of SCOPE, which directs particular attention to the needs ofdeveloping countries. SCOPE was established in 1969 in response to theenvironmental concerns emerging at that time: ICSU reconized that manyof these concerns required scientific inputs spanning several disciplines andICSU Unions. SCOPE's first task was to prepare a report on Global Envi-ronmental Monitoring (SCOPE 1, 1971) for the UN Stockholm Conferenceon the Human Environment.

The mandate of SCOPE is to assemble, review, and assess the informa-tion available on man-made environmental changes and the effects of thesechanges on man; to assess and evaluate the methodologies of measurementof environmental parameters; to provide an intelligence service on currentresearch; and by the recruitment of the best available scientific informationand constructive thinking to establish itself as a corpus of informed advicefor the benefit of centres of fundamental research and of organizations andagencies operationally engaged in studies of the environment.

SCOPE is governed by a General Assembly, which meets every threeyears. Between such meetings its activities are directed by the ExecutiveCommittee.

R. E. MunnEditor-in-ChiefSCOPE Publications

Executive Secretary: V. Plocq

Secretariat: 51 BId de Montmorency75016 PARIS

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