Acids: produces Hydronium ions in an aqueous solution-proton donors- pH of 0-7

Bases: produces Hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution-proton acceptor-pH of 7-14

Note: blood is at 7.35-7.45

Ions determine whether the substance is an

acid or base• If one has an ionic

compound and they put it into water, it will break into two ions. If one of those Ions is H+, the solution is acidic. If one of the ions is OH- the solution is basic.

AcidsAcids

• Acids have many Acids have many distinctive properties:distinctive properties:

• Acidic compounds give Acidic compounds give foods a sour or tart tastefoods a sour or tart taste

• Aqueous solutions of Aqueous solutions of acids are electrolytesacids are electrolytes

• Acids cause chemical Acids cause chemical dyes, called indicators to dyes, called indicators to change colorchange color

• Bases are compounds that react with acids to form water and a salt

• Some characteristics of Aqueous solutions are a slippery feel and a bitter taste

• Bases can be strong or weak electrolytes and bases will change the color of an acid-bases indicator

• Antacids use a variety of bases to neutralize excess stomach acid

• The pills in this picture represent an antacid that neutralizes the acidity of a person’s stomach

More acid/base info….

• The scales of fish are coated with a base that makes them slippery. Soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery. When you squeeze lemon on your fish before eating it, what you are actually doing is neutralizing the basic, bitter taste with an acid, thus making it more palatable. You may have also experienced this acid-base neutralization reaction if you have ever drank

orange juice after brushing your teeth.

- acids can be washed with water. This is the BEST remedy.

-alkali burns (base), even after washing with water, can develop ulcerations (leading to scar tissue) on the cornea.

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

• Acid dissociation constant Ka

• Base dissociation constant Kb

pH= -log[H+] When [H+]= 1x10-7, the pH is 7 neutral

Acidic Solution== pH<7.0 [H+] is greater than 1x10-7

Basic Solution==pH>7.0 [H+] is less than 1x10-7

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pH scale

pH scale and H+

• The acidity of a water sample is measured on a pH scale. This scale ranges from 0(Maximum acidity) to 14(Maximum alkalinity). The middle of the scale represents the neutral point. The acidity increases from neutral toward 0.

The pH numbers for various substances

• The following pH scale shows where certain common substances are located on the scale.

pH and Environmental Effects

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Bases as Cleaners—what is in a shampoo

• 1.   Modern shampoos contain a soap-free detergent that reduces the surface tension of the water, allowing it to move into the small crevices in the scalp and hair shaft.

• 2.   The detergent also breaks the oil up into tiny droplets that can be easily washed away.

• 3.   There are also some interesting ingredient ingredients that you will find in a typical bottle of shampoo.

• 4.   Salt is often used for thickening.• 5.   Citrus acids are added to maintain the pH of the hair.Sonsored Links• 6.   Fruit extracts draw moisture from the air to hydrate the hair.• 7.   You might also find egg to add protein which sticks to the porous areas of

the hair shaft.• 8.   Beer is sometimes added in specialty shampoos as it coats the hair shaft,

adding body and shine.• 9.   Perfumes add no obvious benefit other than a pleasing scent that can

perfume

How do Conditioners work?

• Hair conditioners replace the natural oils removed by shampoos. Conditioners contain usually one or more fats or oils, surfactants (helps everything spread out evenly), perfumes or scents, preservatives, and various needed additives to keep the concoction stable. The oils or fats are adsorbed (adheres to the surface) onto the hair and give us that smooth shiny hair we all desire. Some newer products are using synthetic compounds that mimic the fats and oils without the disadvantages (fats and oils cause dirt to adhere, cause allergies and have short shelve life.)

Digestive System Diagram

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Heartburn-

-occurs in the Esophagus which has no mucus lining

-Acid from the stomach backs into the Esophagus

Ulcer-

-Occurs in the stomach which has a thick mucus lining

-The gastric juices have a pH of 1-2

-if there is a “hole” in the stomach acid hits nerve cells and forms an ulcer

H.pylori bacterial infection

Ulcers• What causes peptic ulcers?• The contents of the stomach are acidic. The acid helps to protect the

body from infection and helps break down the food that is eaten. The lining of the stomach and duodenum is covered in mucus (a thick, smooth fluid), which protects it from this acid. An ulcer can result when the stomach produces excess acid or there is insufficient mucus to protect the lining from damage.

• There are several factors that increase a person's risk of getting a peptic ulcer:

• infection with bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) - this is almost always present in people with ulcers, although it's also found in the stomachs of many people without ulcers or indigestion symptoms

• regularly taking certain medicines, particularly aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac

• smoking • drinking alcohol in excess

What types of bacteria do we have in our mouth?

Bacteria in body website• The microflora of the mouth is very complex. Since the mouth serves an important portal

of entry into the body, it also provides access to a wide variety of both aerobic (need oxygen to live) and anaerobic (live in the absence of oxygen) microbes. Saliva may contain up to 1,000,000,000 bacteria per milliliter. The types of microbes found in the oral cavity include: streptococci, staphylococci, corynebacteria, neisseria, lactobacilli, candida, and many others.

• The types of microbes recovered will vary based on the sites within the mouth that are studied. Streptococcus mutans is an important colonizer on the surface of teeth, especially in people that eat a high sucrose (sugar) diet. These bacteria will break down the sugar and produce substances that help them to stick to the tooth surface. When this sugar is broken down, a lot of lactic acid will be produced. The production of lactic acid lowers the pH (increases the level of acidity) in the mouth, which will aid in the growth of lactobacilli. If one studies the crevices between the teeth and gums, a large number of anaerobic microbes can be found. These crevices are microenvironments with low levels or an absence of oxygen, thus favoring these anaerobic microbes

http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pepticulcer.html-Normal mucosal folds ("rugae") in the gastric body. -Gastric Ulcer-Perforated ulcer

Heartburn

• Heartburn is a pain behind the breast bone, often described as ‘burning’ in quality. Pain can also be felt at the same level in the mid-line of the back. Most people suffer from heartburn at one time or another. In fact heartburn has nothing to do with the heart - it is a digestive problem. Heartburn is generally related to meals and posture and can often be relieved by remedies for indigestion.

What Causes Heartburn?

Acid is present in the stomach to digest food. Heartburn occurs when small amounts of this acid rise up into the gullet (esophagus) - the tube which carries food from the mouth to the stomach. This is called reflux.

The gullet, unlike the stomach, does not have a protective lining. So when it is exposed to the acid, it can become inflamed and painful.

Heartburn: Esophagus PainPhoto: Esophageal Sphincter

The Esophageal Sphincter is a specialized muscle which acts like a valve and is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). It remains closed most of the time, only opening to allow swallowed food and liquid to be swept through into the stomach

-Antacids are used to neutralize the acids in stomach for heartburn (acids going into esophagus) or ulcer (acids directly damaging stomach due to lack of protection from mucus lining in stomach)

Antacids usually include one or more of the following substances:

Calcium CarbonateMagnesium CarbonateMagnesium HydroxideAluminum Hydroxide

Acidosis Alkalosis

Blood pH less than 7.35 greater than 7.45

Breathing hypoventilation hyperventilation

Blood Gases O2 CO2 O2 CO2

Nervous System Slows-coma Speeds up--convulsions

Treatment Oxygen, BiCarbonate IV Paper Bag CO2

Carbonate Blood Buffers

• HCO3-/H2CO3 10:1 ratio

• Bicarbonate ion/Hydrogen Carbonate(Carbonic Acid)• Why this ratio?

– What enters the body more? Acids or bases?

• If CO2 levels increase, body must find a “place” for the excess CO2. So, it makes Carbonic Acid, which makes it more likely to go into Acidosis. This causes more hypoventilation, which leads to more CO2, which continues the cycle.

Blood Buffers and Exercisewebsite

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Many people today are interested in exercise as a way of improving their health and physical abilities. But there is also concern that too much exercise, or exercise that is not appropriate for certain individuals, may actually do more harm than good. Exercise has many short-term (acute) and long-term effects that the body must be capable of handling for the exercise to be beneficial. Some of the major acute effects of exercising are shown in Figure 1. When we exercise, our heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped per heart beat) all increase. Blood flow to the heart, the muscles, and the skin increase. The body's metabolism becomes more active, producing CO2 and H+ in

the muscles. We breathe faster and deeper to supply the oxygen required by this increased metabolism. Eventually, with strenuous exercise, our body's metabolism exceeds the oxygen supply and begins to use alternate biochemical processes that do not require oxygen. These processes generate lactic acid, which enters the blood stream. As we develop a long-term habit of exercise, our cardiac output and lung capacity increase, even when we are at rest, so that we can exercise longer and harder than before. Over time, the amount of muscle in the body increases, and fat is burned as its energy is needed to help fuel the body's increased metabolism.

SOx + H2O--> H2SO4--Sulfuric

H2SO3--Sulfurous

NOx + H2O--> HNO3--Nitric HNO2--Nitrous

--The Sulfur found from emmissions is naturally found in fossil fuels, in oil and coal. (gasoline)

--burned to make: electricity

--The Nitrogen and Oxygen are both found in air. They combine during high combustion processes.

Acid Rain Websites

• Basic Info

• Graphs and facts

• Soil type