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ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
In the name of Allah who is most merciful and beneficent.
First of all we are thankful to ALLAH ALMIGHTY who
gives us the knowledge and ability to think, understand,
interpret and countless blessings who made me able
enough to write this report. We would also like to thank
our HOLY PROPHET (P.B.U.H) without their guidance
we are nothing. We are thankful to our respectable
Lecturer MADAM: SAFIA SAGHEER who guided us at
each and every step. We would also like to thank my
friends who helped us to accomplish this task with their
ideas and efforts.
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DEDICATION
To our parents and teachers whom prayers have enabled us to complete this
report
&
To our Friends who always encourage us.
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Contents
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1. Economy
2 Rise and decline of dirigisme
3 Sectors of the economy
4. Industry
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5 Energy
6. Privatizations of EDF
7. Agriculture
8. Tourism
9. Weapons industry
10. External trade
11. Regions economy
12. Departments economy and cities
13. Notes and references
14. See also
15. External links
16. Poverty in France
ECONOMY OF FRANCE
POPULATION
total: 64,057,792note: 62,150,775 in metropolitan France (July 2009 est.)POPULATION GROWTH RATE
0.549% (2009 est.)NATIONAL PRODUCT REAL GROWTH RATE
0.3% (2008 est.)2.3% (2007 est.)2.4% (2006 est.)GDP - PER CAPITA (PPP)
$33,200 (2008 est.)
$33,300 (2007 est.)$32,800 (2006 est.)note: data are in 2008 US dollarsUNEMPLOYMENT RATE
7.4% (2008 est.)7.9% (2007 est.)INFLATION RATE (CONSUMER PRICES)
2.8% (2008 est.)1.5% (2007 est.)
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EXPORTS
$601.9 billion (2008 est.)$546 billion (2007 est.)IMPORTS
$692 billion (2008 est.)$600.9 billion (2007 est.)
TELEPHONES - MOBILE CELLULAR
56.719 million; 55.358 million (metropolitan France) (2007)INTERNET USERS
31.295 million; 30.838 million (metropolitan France) (2007)
Browse by industry
AgribusinessAgriculture
Agricultural Machinery
,
Agricultural Products
Beverage
Alcoholic Drink
,
Soft Drink
Food
Cereal Based Products
,
Condiment, Sauce, Oil and Spice
,
Dairy Products and Egg
, ...
Consumer Goods and ServicesClothing and Textile
Children's and Infants Clothing
,
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Clothing Accessories
,
Men's Clothing
, ...
Consumer Electronics
Audio and Video Equipment
,
Telephony
,
Television Broadcasting
, ...
Consumer Trends
Furniture and Decoration
House ware
Home Goods
DIY and Garden Equipment
,
Household Products
,
Major Appliance
, ...
Personal CareBaby Products
Cosmetic and Toiletry
,Fragrance, ...
Retail
Catalog and Mail Order
,
Department Stores
,
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e-Commerce
, ...
Tourism and Leisure
Leisure
,
Tourism
Heavy IndustryChemical and Material
Advanced Material
,
Metal and Mineral
Construction and Building
Building and Engineering
,
Building Material
,
Construction Equipment and Machinery
, ...
Energy & environment
Energy
,
Energy technology
,
Environmental services
Manufacturing
Aerospace and Defense
,
Automotive
,
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Chemical
, ...
Transportation
Logistics and Freight
,
Maritime Transport
,
Railway Transport
, ...
Information Technology and MediaHardware and Electronic Equipment
Security SystemsInternet Business
Media
Motion Pictures and Movie
,
Press
,
Radio BroadcastingSoftware
Business Software
Telecommunication Services
Broadband
,
Internet Access, ISP
,
Network Equipment
, ...
Life Sciences
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Biotechnology
Healthcare
e-Healthcare
,
Manage Care
,
Medical Facility
, ...
Medical Devices
Diagnostics
,
Medical Equipment and Supply,
Ophthalmic Devices
, ...
Pharmaceutical
Drug and Medication
,
Over-The-Counter Drug,
Pathology
, ...
ServicesBusiness Services
Accounting and Corporate Finance
,
Advertising and Marketing
,
Business Consultancy and Audit
, ...
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Financial Services
Banking
,
Insurance,
Online Finance
, ...
Economy of France
Currency 1 euro (1) = 100 cent
Fiscal
year
Calendar year
Trade
organisati
ons
EU, WTO and OECD
Statistics
GDP $2.09 trillion nominal : $2.98 trillion[2]
GDP
growth
0.4% (2008) [3]
GDP per
capita
Nominal : $46,016 (2008) PPP : $34,208
GDP by
sector
agriculture (2.7%), industry (24.4%), services (72.9%) (2004)
Inflation (
CPI)
1.5% (2007) [4]
Populatio
n
6.2% (2008)
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below pov
erty line
Labour
force
27.88 million (2008)
Labour
force
by
occupatio
n
services (71.5%), industry (24.4%), agriculture (4.1%) (2007)
Unemploy
ment
8%[1]
Main
industries
machinery, chemicals, automobiles,metallurgy, aircraft, electronics;dextiles, food processing; tourism
External
ExpOrts $490 billion (2006) [5]
Export
goods
machinery and transportation equipment$ aircraft,plastics,chemicals, pharmaceutical products,iron and steel,beverages, electro
Main
export
partners
Germany 14.7%, Spain 9.6, Italy 8.7%,United Kingdom 8.3%, United States7.2%, Belgium 7.1% (2006)
Imports $529.1 billion (2006) [6]
Import
goods
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals
Main
import
partners
Germany 18.9%, Belgium 10.7%, Italy8.2%, Spain 7%,Netherlands 6.5%,United Kingdom 5.9%, United States5.1% (2005)
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Public finances
Public
debt
$1.210 trillion (64.7% of the GDP) (2006)
Revenues $1.150 trillion (2006)
Expenses $1.211 trillion (2006)
Economic
aid
donor: ODA $10.1 billion (2006) [7]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars
Rise and decline of dirigisme
Following the Second World War, Republic France embarked on an ambitious and very
successful programme of modernizations under state impulse and coordination. This
program ofdirigisme, mostly implemented by right-wing governments, involved the state
control of certain industries such as transportation, energy and telecommunication
infrastructures as well as various incentives for private corporations to merge or engage
in certain projects.
However, dirigisme came to be highly contested after 1982 when newly
elected socialist president Franois Mitterrand called for increased governmental
control in the economy, nationalising many industries and private banks. By 1983
with the initial bad economic results[citation needed] the government decided to
renounce dirigisme and start the era of rigueur ("rigour") orcorporatization. As a
result the government largely retreated from economic intervention; dirigisme has
now essentially receded though some of its traits remain.
Despite significant liberalization over the past 15 years, the government continues to
play a significant role in the economy: government spending, at 53% of GDP in
2001, is the highest in the G-7. Labor conditions and wages are highly regulated.
The government continues to own shares in corporations in a range of sectors,
including banking, energy production and distribution, automobiles, transportation,
and telecommunications which differs from countries like the U.S or U.K where
most of these companies are privatized.
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Sectors of the economy
Industry
France, as with many modern industrialized nations, has a large and diverse
industrial base. Leading industrial sectors in France are telecommunications
(including communication satellites), aerospace and defense, ship building (naval
and specialist ships), pharmaceuticals, construction and civil engineering, chemicals,
and automobile production (3.5m units in 2008).
Research and development spending is also high in France at 2.3% of GDP, the third
highest in the OECD.Energy
With no domestic oil production, France has relied heavily on the development
ofnuclear power, which now accounts for about 78% of the
country's electricity production, up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in
1990.Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities.
In 2006 of electricity in France amounted to 548.8 TWh, of which:[5]
428.7 TWh (78.1%) were produced by nuclearpower generation
60.9 TWh (11.1%) were produced by hydroelectric power generation
52.4 TWh (9.5%) were produced by fossil fuel power generation
21.6 TWh (3.9%) by coal power
20.9 TWh (3.8%) by natural gas power
9.9 TWh (1.8%) by other fossil fuel generation (fuel oil and gases by-
products of industry such asblast furnace gases)
6.9 TWh (1.3%) were produced by other types of power generation(essentially waste-to-energy andwind turbines)
The electricity produced by wind turbines increased from 0.596 TWh in
2004, to 0.963 TWh in 2008, and 2.15 TWh in 2008, but this still accounts
only for 0.4% of the total production of electricity (as of 2006).
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Privatisation of EDF
In November 2007, EDF (which stands for Electricit de France), the largest
electricity provider in France, was floated on the French stock market, with the
French State keeping more than 70% of the capital. EDF is not the only electricity
provider in France. Other electricity providers include CNR (Compagnie nationale
du Rhne) and Endesa .
Agriculture
France is the European Union's leading agricultural producer, accounting for about
one-third of all agricultural land within the EU. Northern France is characterized by
large wheat farms. Dairy products, pork, poultry, and apple production are
concentrated in the western region. Beef production is located in central France,
while the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine ranges from central to southern
France. France is a large producer of many agricultural products and is currently
expanding its forestry and fishery industries. The implementation of the Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have resulted in reforms in the agricultural sector of the
economy.
France is the world's sixth-largest agricultural producer and the second-largest
agricultural exporter, after the United States [citation needed]. However, the destination of
70% of its exports are other EU member states and many poor African countries
(including its former colonies) which face serious food shortage. Wheat, beef, pork,
poultry, and dairy products are the principal exports. The United States, although the
second-largest exporter to France, faces stiff competition from domestic production,
other EU member states, and third world countries. U.S. agricultural exports to
France, totalling some $600 million annually, consist primarily of soybeans and
products, feeds and fodders, seafood, and consumer oriented products, especially
snack foods and nuts. French exports to the United States are mainly cheese,
processed products and wine.
The French agricultural sector is heavily dependent upon subsidies from theEuropean Union, which account for 11 billion. France is the main country in the
EU that is against the reduction of subsidies. Subsidies have given France a
competitive advantage which also demotes the concept of free trade. Specific
government policies, such as the infamous reclassification of French wine as a
'health food' to avoid VAT, also goes a long way to create a thriving domestic sector.
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Tourism
France is the most visited country in the world with over 75 million visitors a year.
As of 2008, the most recent statistics compiled by the World Tourism Organization;
see World Tourism rankings. Tourism is a significant contributor to the French
Economy. In the 1960s the government heavily promoted the development
ofskiing in the French Alps through the development of new high level resorts
including some of the world's most extensive ski trails.
Weapons industry
France is the third largest weapons supplier in the world. The French arms industry's
main customer, for whom they mainly build warships, guns, nuclear weapons and
equipment, is the French Government. Furthermore, record high defense expenditure
(currently at 35 billion), which was considerably increased under the government
of Prime MinisterJean-Pierre Raffarin, have contributed to the success of the French
arms industries. In addition, external demand plays a big part in the growth of this
sector: for example, France exports great quantities of weaponry to the United Arab
Emirates, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Singapore and many others.
External trade
French exports in 2007
France is the second-largest trading nation in Europe (afterGermany).[6] Its foreign
trade balance for goods had been in surplus from 1992 until 2001, reaching
$25.4billion (25.4 G$) in 1998; however, the Frenchbalance of trade was hit by the
economic downturn, and went into the red in 2000, reaching US$15bn in deficit in
2003. Total trade for 1998 amounted to $730 billion, or 50% of GDPimports plus
exports of goods and services. Trade with European Union countries accounts for
60% of French trade.
In 1998, U.S.-France trade totalled about $47 billiongoods only. According toFrench trade data, U.S. exports accounted for 8.7%--about $25 billionof France's
total imports. U.S. industrial chemicals, aircraft and engines, electronic components,
telecommunications, computer software, computers and peripherals, analytical and
scientific instrumentation, medical instruments and supplies, broadcasting
equipment, and programming and franchising are particularly attractive to French
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importers.
The principal French exports to the United States are aircraft and engines,
beverages, electrical equipment, chemicals, cosmetics, luxury products and perfume.
France is the ninth-largest trading partner of the U.S.
Regions economy
The economic disparity between French regions is not as high as that in other
European countries such as Spain, Italy or Germany.
The most important regions are Ile-de-France (4th agglomerations for her economy
in the world), Rhnes-Alpes (6th economic european region thanks to its services,
high-technologies, chimical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Ctes
d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (industries) and
Pays de la Loire.
Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool), are relatively
wealthy without ranking very high in absolute term.
The rurals area are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre, and wines
productions account for a significant amount of the economy in Aquitaine
(Bordeaux region), and champagne for Champagne-Ardennes.
List of French regions ranked by GDP total and per capita.
Rank Region GDP(in millions euros,
2007)
GDP percapita
(euros, 2007)
1 le-de-France 480 870 42 7122 Rhne-Alpes 165 034 28 131
3Provence-Alpes-Cted'Azur
120 365 25 693
4 Nord-Pas de Calais 86 747 21 5555 Pays de la Loire 84 990 25 4016 Aquitaine 76 895 25 3747 Bretagne 73 511 24 443
8 Midi-Pyrnes 67 486 25 1409 Centre 61 968 25 00510 Languedoc-Roussillon 53 197 21 75211 Lorraine 53 013 22 76912 Alsace 46 870 26 19613 Haute-Normandie 44 864 24 92314 Picardie 41 276 22 02215 Poitou-Charentes 39 286 23 311
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16 Bourgogne 38 733 23 88017 Champagne-Ardenne 33 550 25 09318 Basse-Normandie 33 253 23 09919 Auvergne 30 632 23 12720 Franche-Comt 27 016 23 782
21 Rgions d'outre-mer(2002) 22 891 13 37522 Limousin 16 326 22 66423 Corsica 5 846 21 508
Source : INSEE.
Departements economy and cities
SomeDepartements in France are very rich compared to others. Paris, Hauts-de-Seine (GDP per capita : 67 000 in 2000) and Rhne, for example, concentrate a lot
of company headquarters. TheYvelines is the second richest dpartementin France
according to the income of inhabitants. In Hauts-de-Seine the wages are on average
28 000 per capita, in Yvelines 27 900, and in Paris 25 000 against 15 000 in
France (data 2004 INSEE).
Finally, in France like in other countries, a lot of cities are extremely rich in much
ofRegions, so the richest is Marnes-la-Coquette in Hauts-de-Seine with 81 750 per
household (according to INSEE, data 2004)
A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf ofBarclays
Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 3,000,000 dollar millionaires in France.
Notes and references
1. ^Euro area unemployment up to 7.5% - Eurostat
2. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009". International Monetary
Fund. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
3. ^http://www.france24.com/en/20090515-france-officially-hit-recession-gdp-negative-growth-economic-crisis
4. ^[1]
5. ^ Source:LElectricit en France en 2006 : une analyse statistique
6. ^ "Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2007".
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World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
See also
France
Economic history of France
Economy of Paris
Poverty in France
Economy of Europe
Economy of the European Union
External links
Official French exporters directory - Firmafrance.com is the Official French
exporters B2B directory, powered by Ubifrance and officially endorsed by the
Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry of France.
OECD's France country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of France
French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE)
Investing in French Stocks - Nov, 2006 Global investor commentary on the
current state of French stocks.
The French Revolution of 2007 -Nicholas Vardy March 9, 2007 - Investor
perspective on changes affecting French markets and economy.[show]v d eMembers of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
[show]v d eOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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[show]v d eEconomy of Europe
[show]v d eEconomies of the dependencies ofEuropean Union states
Poverty in France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A homeless man in Paris.
Life in France
Culture[show]Economy[show]Society[show]Government[show]
edit box
Poverty in France has fallen by 60% over thirty years. Although it affected 15% of thepopulation in 1970, in 2001 only 6.1% (or 3.7 million people) were below thepoverty
line (which, according toINSEE's criteria, is half of the median income).
Before, the poor were for the most part retirees. The trend reversed itself in the 1980s
with an increase in unemployment among young people; while poverty among the elderly
dropped 85% (from 27.3% to 3.8%), among those still in the workforce it increased by
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38% over the same 30 years (from 3.9% to 5.4%). Various social welfare programs have
had an important impact in low-income households, and in 2002, they may in some cases
have represented more than 50% of the household's income.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Status in 2005
2 Bidonvilles
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 Notes
7 External links
Status in 2008
In 2008, thepoverty line was fixed at 645 euros per person per month. By comparison,
the revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI, which idea draws on guaranteed minimum
income, although it is not distributed to any one) was at that time 440.86 euros per month
for a person living alone.[2] The French poverty line is slightly higher than that of
the United States,[3] suggesting that some who would be considered living in poverty in
France would not be if they had the same income in the United States. However, it is
difficult to compare them as they are not calculated in the same way, notwithstanding
differences in cost orstandards of living. While the French poverty threshold is
calculated as being half of the median income, the U.S. poverty threshold is based on
dollar costs of the economy food plan, that is, on income inequality[4]
In 2005:
A million children (8%) were living below the poverty line;
42,000 children were affected by lead poisoning, a sign of decrepit housing; lead-
based paint has been forbidden for building painters since 1915, to all professionals
since 1948, and to everyone since 1993. The risk of exposure to lead today is four
times greater for buildings constructed before 1915 than for a building constructed
between 1915 and 1948.
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500,000 housing units were unclean.
200,000 students were in difficult financial situations, which has led young women to
pay for their studies by selling their "services," e.g. by placing ads forprostitution on
the Internet. This phenomenon is on the rise in the country (in 2006, the students'
union SUD Etudiant estimated the number to be 40,000).[5]
Nevertheless, social services allow France to have one of the lowest child mortality rates
despite this poverty.
Despite the positive developments, it seems that rural areas have been attracting more and
more of those left behind; a non-negligible segment of at-risk city populations have been
moving to the country and joining the ranks of small-time farmers among "rural" welfare
recipients. This phenomenon is partly explained by the lower cost of rural living
compared to the expense of city life.[6]
Another indicator of poverty is the RMI. In 1994, in metropolitan France, the number of
RMI recipients was 783,436; ten years later (in June 2004), it rose to 1,041,026. In
the overseas departments, it was 105,033 at the end of 1994 and 152,892 in June 2004.[7] By 31 December 2005, the figure stood at 1,112,400. [citation needed] From December 2004
to December 2005, the number of RMI recipients increased by 4.7% according to
the Secours catholique NGO.[8]
Bidonvilles
Although poverty seems to have decreased overall, a form of extreme misery has
reappeared in the 2000s. The media have attracted attention to bidonvilles (shanty towns),
which were thought to have disappeared in the 1970s, with the transformation
ofNanterre's bidonville into a modern city (at the end of the 1960s, there were 89 shanty
towns on the outskirts ofParis, and 43% of French Algerians lived in bidonvilles in 1963,
a year after the Evian Accords put an end to the Algerian War[9] ). Such urban
communities, without roads orpublic services (no electricity, one access point to water),
are a reality for example in Villeurbanne (Lyon), where a bidonville contains 500 persons
with Roma origins, a third of them being children.[10][11][12] In February 2007, bulldozersdestroyed a bidonville in Bobigny, near Paris, where 266 Romanian and Bulgarian
citizens had been registered.[13][14][15][16]
Furthermore, bidonvilles are common in the overseas departments.[17]
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See also
Abb Pierre
Poverty by country
Footnotes
1. ^(French)Le rapport de l'Observatoire national de la pauvret et de l'exclusion
sociale 2003-2004, second part and third part. See p. 26 of Part 1.
2. ^(French)Montant de l'allocation de revenu minimum d'insertion
3. ^2005 Federal Poverty Guidelines, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, retrieved February 15, 2007
4. ^The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds A Brief
Overview, by Gordon M. Fisher, USDepartment of Health and Human Services,
[[GSS/SSS Newsletter [Newsletter of the Government Statistics Section and the
Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association]], Winter 1997,
pp. 6-7]
5. ^(French)La prostitution gagne les bancs de la fac,Le Figaro, October 30, 2006
6. ^ Alexandre Pags (2005),La pauvret en milieu rural, Toulouse, Presses
Universitaires du Mirail
7. ^Les bnficiaires du RMI selon la situation familiale, INSEE (Source : Cnaf,fichier FILEAS, donnes au 31 dcembre 1994 et au 30 juin 2004). Published in
June 2004
8. ^STATISTIQUES DACCUEIL 2005 - Pauvret: facteur d'isolement , Secours
catholique
9. ^Le Gone du Chaba(French)
10.^Dans le bidonville des Rom de Villeurbanne,L'Humanit, January 24,
2007 (French)
11.^Les enfants des bidonvilles font leur rentre scolaire, 20 Minutes (Lyon),
October 11, 2006 (French)
12.^ "Photos". Retrieved 2007-02-20.
13.^Le bidonville de Bobigny ras de la carte, 20 Minutes, 2 February
2007 (French)
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14.^Ile-de-France. Le bidonville de Bobigny progressivement ras au bulldozer,La
Gazette des Communes, 1 February 2007 (French)
15.^Le bidonville de Bobigny,Radio France Internationale (audio reportage) 30
January 2007 (French)
16.^Bienvenue Bidonville-sur-Bobigny, 20 Minutes, 17 January 2007 (French)
17.^Quand la France rase illgalement maisons et bidonvilles,Radio France
Internationale, April 28, 2006 (French)
References
Report by the Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohsion sociale (CERC),
February 17, 2005[1]
April 2005 report on poverty in France by Emmas given by its president MartinHirsch to the ministre des Solidarits, de la Sant et de la Famille Philippe Douste-
Blazy
Notes
This article is based on theFrench Wikipedia articlePauvret en France,
retrievedFebruary 15,2007.
External links
(French)Seuils de pauvret en France, sur le site de l'INSEE
(French)Taux de pauvret en France, sur le site de l'INSEE
(French)Observatoire national de la pauvret et de lexclusion sociale
(French)Observatoire des Ingalits, Donnes sur la pauvret