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ACMP MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010

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MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010 The move from the farm to an industry Jeff Hetrick Alaska Shellfish Institute [email protected]
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MARICULTURE IN ALASKA 2010The move from the farm to an industry

Jeff Hetrick

Alaska Shellfish Institute

[email protected]

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BEFORE 1988• Started 1910

Ø Oysters from JapanØ Peaked at 550 gallons of meat 1943

Ø Closed 1961

1976-1989

Ø Intrepid Wrangell area farmers

Ø ASGA formed

Ø Permitting nightmare

ØSurface trays

Ø Poor oyster survival and unpredictable

Ø Switched to longline lantern nets

Ø Hatchery first proposed 1979

Ø Total reliance on outside seed sources

Ø By 1989 only a single farm left

 

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THE AQUATIC FARM ACT OF1988

“It is the policy of the state to

encourage the establishment and

responsible growth of an aquaticfarming industry …”

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SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

• 1988 – Prohibition for importation of aquatic species

1990 – Single agency application

• 1995 – Oyster nursery culture began

• 1995 – Littleneck clam fishery for SE Alaska closed

• 1996 – Kachemak Bay Shellfish Mariculture Cooperative

• 1996 – Broadening Shellfish Aquaculture Conference

• 1997 – Tidelands leasing program DNR

• 1997 – Shellfish Hatchery operation began

• 1998 – Denial of on-bottom permit applications

• 2000 – Uniform sampling program ADEC

• 2002 – HB 208: Over the counter sites available

• 2002 – PSP testing changes for geoduck fishery

• 2004 – Shellfish and the Environment Conference

 

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 APPLIED

RESEARCH

• 1979 – Oyster growth study

• 1991 – Larval drift paper 

• 1995 - 99 – Oyster nursery

• 1999 – Basket cockle hatchery project

• 1999> - Molluscan broodstock program

• 2000- 02 – Cadmium in oysters• 2001 – Littleneck clam growout S.E. AK

• 2001- 2006 – Purple hinge rock scallop growout

• 2005 – Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• 2005 – Oyster marketing – Harrington. MS Thesis

• 2005> - PSP research

• 2006> - Economics of oyster farming

• 2008 – Oyster quality study, statewide seasonal assessment• 2009> – Intertidal geoduck growout

• 2009> - Quality improvement of frozen geoduck clam

• 2009> – Littleneck clam productions scale study

• 2009> - Oyster growout study – floating bag and intertidal

• 2009> - Domoic acid studies – Baseline data, kitdevelopment

 

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MARICULTUREMore than farming•

Shellfish hatcheries• Nursery culture

• Purchasing and sales

• Marketing

• Maintenance services

• Gear sales and fabrication

• Transportation

• Enhancement

• Tourism

• More……

For SaleAquaculture Gear in Stock

New Lantern Nets 

CANOON LAGOONOYSTER CO.

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THE PACIFIC OYSTER

• Not native to Alaska• Imported seed in

early 1900s

• Industry failed in late1960s

• Restarted again in the

1970s for thehalfshell market

• Only species allowedfor importation

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THE OYSTER FARM

 

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Growout

Foulingremoval

Sorting Restocking

HARDENING

HARVEST

FINAL CLEANING

CHILLED DRY STORAGE

MARINE TOXINTESTING

18-24 MONTHS

3-4 WEEKS MOVE FROMFARM 

FAILS

Seed theFarm

 ALASKAN OYSTER FARMING

3-4 times

PASSES

PACKAGE FOR MARKET

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 A LITTLENECK CLAM FARMPRODUCTION PLAN

• Determine clam distribution on the beach.

• Estimate the beach population

• Measure clams and graph the length frequencydistribution

• Interpret the length frequency distribution

• Develop the management plan. – Population control, seeding plan, harvest plan

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INVENTORY EXAMPLEThe Sampling Design

OCEAN

ROC

 

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TYPICAL CLAM BEACH

INVENTORY PLOT

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INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Total Length Frequency

0

2

4

6

8

10

1214

16

18

       1 4 7       1       0

       1       3

       1       6

       1       9

       2       2

       2       5

       2       8

       3       1

       3       4

       3       7

       4       0

       4       3

       4       6

       4       9

       5       2

       5       5

length (mm)

        f      r      e      q      u      e      n      c      y

Total Length Frequency

0

5

10

15

20

25

       1 5 9       1       3

       1       7

       2       1

       2       5

       2       9

       3       3

       3       7

       4       1

       4       5

       4       9

length (mm)

        f      r      e      q      u      e      n      c      y

0

5

10

15

2025

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age in years

   L  e  n  g   t   h   (

  m  m

32

1

4

Total Length Frequency

0

5

10

15

20

25

       1 5 9       1       3

       1       7

       2       1

       2       5

       2       9

       3       3

       3       7

       4       1

       4       5

       4       9

       5       3

       5       7

length (mm)

        f      r      e      q      u      e      n      c      y

3

2

14

32

1 4

Tenass Pass Blue Water 

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SITE PREPARATION

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SEEDING THE BEACH

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CURRENT RESEARCH

Purple hinge rockscallop

• Intertidal geoduck clamfarming

• Alternative oysterculture

•Sea cucumber farming

• Paralytic shellfishpoison and domoic acidmonitoring

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CHANGING

INDUSTRY

>

><

We must give up the way it isIn order to have it the way weWant.

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STATEHOOD ACTION

Alaska State ConstitutionArticle VIII Natural Resources

 SECTION 3. COMMON USE. Wherever

occurring in their natural state, fish, wildlife,and waters are reserved to the people for

common use.

 

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THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA

•Environmental protection – America’s last frontier

• Commercial fisheries – 52% of US catch

 – The state’s second most important income producer andAlaska will continue to assure its sustainability

 – But the U.S. still imports 85% of its seafood

Common property governs use of state fisheries landand water.

 – Tidelands are state land, very little private land

 – Uplands are mostly federal, state, & Native corporation

 – Must acquire state leases for tidelands and uplands leases forland-based structures, upland leases are rare

 – Affects access to wild stock a uaculture o ortunities

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THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA

•Mariculture is a newcomer – Fear factor associated with a new enterprises

 – Perceptions can lead to unnecessary concerns

 – Conflicts with existing and historic uses

 – Resistance to change that may be necessary

Private enterprise in a public domain – Accountability for the public resource

 – Restrictive regulations, sometimes impossible to follow

 – Right to fail (Supported by Alaska Dept. of NaturalResources)

• Historical problems 

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THE REALITIES OF DOINGAQUACULTURE IN ALASKA

•Business and financial – Alaska is remote

 – Alaskans looking for more lucrative financial enterprise

 – Little government investment (Even nationally)

 – Availability of aquatic farming load program

 –

Still much business aspects that we don’t know well• Transitional

 – Research and development needed

 – Culture practices changing

 – Training programs now beginning

 

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BENEFITS OFMARICULTURE

Ammonia Actualconcentration

(!g/L)

ExpectedAmmonia

(!g/L100% Flow

rate60.256 528.41

35-50% Flowrate

27.27 499.49

15-25% Flowrate

38.533 509.94

0% Flow rate 22.667 490.32

• Environmentally friendly – No pollution (No feeding)

 – High marine water qualitystandards

• Recreational – 100 FC/100ml

• Mariculture – 14 FC/100 ml

 – Nitrate removal

 – Pelagic/benthic coupling

 – Strict control of transport• Import ban accept for oysters

• Disease certification

• Hatchery inspections

• Genetics policy

• Transport zones

Rice2001

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BENEFITS OF MARICULTURE

Economics

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BENEFITS OF MARICULTURE

Compatibility – Environmentally

sustainable

 – Commercial Fishing

 – Part-time/seasonalemployment

 – Tourism

 – Eco-tourism and outdoorrecreation

 

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BENEFITS OFMARICULTURE•

Social – Recognition for shellfish

farming

 – Community stability

 – Business diversity

 – Public education andtraining offered

 

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ADVOCACY• Advocating for what?

 – Personal responsibility

 – Environmentalsustainability

 – Economic viability

 – Safe and wholesomemarketability

 – Social acceptability

 –

Production reliability – Regulatory accountability

 

NOAA Aquaculture PolicySummary Statement 1998

 A strong NOAA role in aquaculture will

stimulate job creation in public sector, helpto revitalize communities suffering from thecollapse of traditional fisheries stocks,utilize advanced technologies andmanagement regimes to resolve naturalresource conflicts and ensure thataquaculture is done in an environmentallysound manner, reduce the fisheries tradedeficit, and increase domestic production of finfish and shellfish and recreational

opportunities. Marine aquaculture canaugment restoration efforts of depletedmarine stocks and can provide safe, high-quality seafood for consumers.

  Alaska Aquatic Farm Act1988“It is the policy of the state toencourage the establishment andresponsible growth of an aquaticfarming industry …”

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THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM

• Farmer business management training

• Custom made financial management tools

• Economic modeling of farming

• Assisting with getting financing

• Assistance with formation of cooperatives

• Financial management

• Production management

• Technological advances

• Website development

• 


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