1
Acoustics lesson 4
Steve VanlanduitSteve Vanlanduit
8-10-2012 1Herhaling titel van presentatie
Course overview
Course content:– Physics of soundy– Hearing– Measurement of soundMeasurement of sound– Acoustics in enclosed spaces– Transmission of sound– Transmission of sound– Legislation on noise
Overview
• Europeanp• National
on Possible
fli t• Regional• Province vo
luti conflicts
• Province• Commune
E
Co u e
Legislation in Europe
Legislation in Europe
Improvement of free market Improvement of health pprinciple
D i d d i
p
UDesign and production
Maximum requirements
Use
Miminal requirementsq
Technical requirements via:norms
Miminal requirements
Harmonization- norms- auditing- certification
No influence on economycertification
Legislation in Europeg p
Directives on noise:Directives on noise:• Directive ‘machines outdoors’• Directive ‘exposure of workers’• Directive ‘environmental noise’• Directive environmental noise
Source: http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
Machines outdoors
Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors
Machines outdoors
Observations:• Equipment for use outdoors of the same
power currently on the market can differ by more than 10 dB
• Noise is identified as one of the most Noise is identified as one of the most pressing environmental problems in urban areasa eas
Machines outdoors
Goals: • Prevent obstacles to the free movement of such
equipment• Reducing permissible noise levels• The public should also be provided with information
on the noise emitted• The affixing and use of the CE conformity marking
Machines outdoors
All machines to be used outdoors available on the market from 1/1/2002from 1/1/2002
Two groups:
artikel 12 (limit values)
artikel 13 (no limit values)( )
Measured sound power level(LWA)
Guaranteed (LWA) < admissible sound power level
Exeptions:p
Transportation means for goods and persons
Military, police and emergency material
Machines outdoors
Machines artikel 12 Machines artikel 13 Builders’ hoists Compaction machines
Machines artikel 13 Chain saws Water jet machines
Compressors Concrete-breakers Construction winches
Hydraulic hammers Leaf blowers Concrete mixers Construction winches
Dozers, dumpers Excavators
Concrete mixers Caterpillars Waste containers
Cranes Lawnmowers
Waste containers Piling equipment Shredders
Power packs ...(in total 22)
...(in total 41)
Machines outdoors
Artikel 12: machines with limit values
Machines outdoors
Machines artikel 12Machines artikel 12 Limit noise power level CE –marking and noise power level markingg p g Declaration of conformity Compilation of technical documentation
l f h h l d b f b d Evaluation of the technical documentation by notifying body Periodic production inspection by notifying body
Machines outdoors
Machines artikel 13Machines artikel 13 CE –marking and noise power level marking Declaration of conformityy Compilation of technical documentation Evaluation of the technical documentation by the manufacturer
d d b h f Periodic production inspection by the manufacturer
Machines outdoors
• Anex 1: definitions of machines • Anex 1: definitions of machines • Anex 2: declaration of conformity• Anex 3: method of measurement• Anex 3: method of measurement
• Operation of equipment during testBasic noise emission standard cfr EN ISO• Basic noise emission standard cfr EN ISO 3744:1995
• Noise emission of specific equipment• Noise emission of specific equipment
Noise exposure of workers
Number of permanently handicapped persons
Akoestiek en geluidshinder Les 5
Source: Fonds voor Beroepsziekten (FBZ)
Noise exposure of workers
120
80
100
60
80
icap Social
d
20
40
Hand Handicap
Di bili0
20 Disability
‐200 50 100 150
Hearing impairement, in dB
Noise exposure of workers
80dB(A) : after 10 years 10% has between 25 en 40dB ( ) yhearing impairement at 4kHz
Less than 80 dB : no hearing impairement
ISO 1999:1990Acoustics -- Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment
AbstractPrescribes a practical relation for these quanitities expressed as A-
h d l l d d d f h lweighted noise level in dB and duration of exposure within a normal working week (40 hours) and the percentage of personnel that is to be expected to obtain a raised hearing threshold of 25 dB or more as a result of this exposure, averaged from 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz.
http://www.measure.demon.co.uk/Acoustics_Software/h_loss.html
http://www.iso.ch
Noise exposure of workers50
354045
%
2530
co, in %
80 dBk, in
%
101520
Risic
90 dB
100 dB
Ris
k
0510
0 10 20 30 40
Aantal jaren blootstellingNumber of years of exposure
Noise exposure of workers
Akoestiek en geluidshinder Les 5
Noise exposure of workers
Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council pof 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents the risks arising from physical agents (noise)
Noise exposure of workers
• Risk?• Measure peak value or daily exposure level
• Exposure limit values and exposure action values:Exposure limit values and exposure action values:• 82dB: exposure limit value• 85dB: upper exposure action value85dB: upper exposure action value• 87dB*: lower exposure action value
*measured including hearing protection
Noise exposure of workers Daily exposure level:
Weekly average:
Partial exposure level:
Noise exposure of workers
Noise exposure of workers
Obligations of employers:• Assess risks and if needed measure noise levels• Take measures to avoid exposure:
• Eliminate sources of the risk• Other working methods• Other work equipment• Other work equipment• Design and layout of workplace• Appropriate maintenance programme• Organization of the work program• Technical means (insulation, absorption)
• Signs in areas with noise > upper action level• Signs in areas with noise > upper action level• Personal hearing protection if exposure can not be
preventedp e e ted
Noise exposure of workers
Noise exposure of workersChoice of personal protection:• Damping :• Damping :
• Ear plugs: damping 10 - 15 dB(A) • Ear muffs: demping 15 - 30 dB(A)• Oto plastics: damping 15 - 25 dB(A) • Oto plastics: damping 15 - 25 dB(A)
• Comfort• Type of work• Type of work• Duration of exposure• Communication• Compatibility with other personal protection
Noise level in dB% of time% of time
Noise exposure of workers
Health surveillance:Health surveillance:• When worker is hired• Periodical:• Periodical:
• >= 87dBA: yearly• >= 85dBA: every three years> 85dBA: every three years• >= 80dBA: every five years
Noise exposure of workers
Bekesy tone audiometry– Test tones 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000 Hz– Continuous or pulsating (260ms)
Noise exposure of workers
• Speech audiometry• Otoacoustic emmion, cochleography, EEG• Impedance audiometryImpedance audiometry
Environmental noise
Environmental noise
Directive CEE/2002/49 relating to the assessment and management of environmental assessment and management of environmental noise
Ob iObservations:• Noise pollution is one of the most important
environmental problemsenvironmental problems• Limited or no information on noise source• No common indicator for comparison betweenNo common indicator for comparison between
sources and states
Environmental noise
Environmental noise = sound created outdoors caused byhuman activities including: • Railway traffic• Road trafficRoad traffic• Airway traffic• Industrial activities
NOT d ti ti iti• NOT: domestic activities
All environmental noise to which humans are exposed in All environmental noise to which humans are exposed in particular in built-up areas, in public parks or other quiet areas in an agglomeration, in quiet areas in open country, near schools hospitals and other noisesensitive buildings and areasschools, hospitals and other noisesensitive buildings and areas.
Environmental noise
Goals:Goals:• Harmonized indicators (LDEN ,Lnight)• Noise maps• Action plansp• Making the information available to the
publicpublic
Environmental noise
N
idayLAeqdayL ),(1.0101lg10
i
day N 1g
– Day = 7AM 7PM– Evening = 7PM 11PM– Night = 11PM 7AM
Environmental noise
Assesment of noise indicators:
– Measurementsi i l i l d i ISO – principles governing long-term average measurements stated in ISO
1996-2: 1987 and ISO 1996-1: 1982.
– Calculations: I d t i ISO 9613 2 ‘A ti Ab t t f d – Industry noise: ISO 9613-2: ‘Acoustics — Abatement of sound propagation outdoors, Part 2: General method of calculation’. usinginput data from EN ISO 3744.
– Aircraft noise: ECAC.CEAC Doc. 29 ‘Report on Standard Method of Computing Noise Contours around Civil Airports’, 1997.
– Road traffic noise: ‘NMPB-Routes-96 (SETRA-CERTU-LCPCCSTB)’.– Railway noise: The Netherlands national computation method published
in ‘Reken- en Meetvoorschrift Railverkeerslawaai ’96, Ministerie in Reken en Meetvoorschrift Railverkeerslawaai 96, Ministerie Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, 20 November 1996.
Environmental noiseNoise map (source: Flemish government)
Environmental noise
Geluidsbelanstingskaart
roads
railway
Environmental noise
Timing:
1. Measurements and noise maps:a) 30 June 2007: large agglomerations (> 250.000 a) 30 June 2007: large agglomerations (> 250.000
inhabitants), major roads, railways, airportsb) 30 June 2012: all agglomerations
2. Communication to European Commission and the public3. Action plans to reduce the noise
a) 18 July 2008: large agglomerationsa) 18 July 2008: large agglomerationsb) 18 July 2013: all agglomerations
Environmental noise
Planned actions in Flanders: http://www.lne.be/themas/hinder-en-risicos/geluidshinder/beleid/eu-p // / / /g / /richtlijn/actieplannen
Mobility: Reduction of traffic, speed, improvementof flow
Road traffic: Road hardening, quiter tires, quitervehicles
Railway: Roll noise, impact noise, arc noise(squeal), steel bridges
Railway traffic: Vehicles
Transfer path: Integration in design, shields, urban planning
R i I l ti b ildi d i Receiver: Insulation, building design
