Ch.10 Imperialism

Acquiring New Lands

Imperialism The policy in which stronger nations take over weaker ones Economic: new markets, natural resources Political: gain colonies, power, status Military: compete in arms race,power Belief in racial/ cultural superiority of people of European descent (Anglo/Saxon)

United States Foreign Policy

• American businessmen with the help of American politicians tried to gain access (entrance) to foreign markets in several ways.

• During the presidency of William McKinley, Secretary of State John

Hay proposed the Open Door

Policy. This policy wanted to give all nations equal trading rights in China. Its goal was to open to American businessmen the Chinese market from which they had previously been excluded. It also urged all foreigners in China to obey Chinese law and observe practices of fair competition.

There is, of course, little or no

independence left Cuba under

the Platt Amendment.”

General Leonard Wood

Orville Platt

Puerto Rico Controls:

• Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.

• The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.

Puerto Rico:

• Puerto Rico became a US Territory following the Spanish-American War in 1898 and its residents became US citizens in 1917.

• It has been a US Commonwealth since 1952.

• Commonwealths have their own constitutions and greater autonomy than "territories." Puerto Rico's constitution and government structure is similar to those of the 50 US states, and it participates in many US Federal government programs.

American Imperialism

• The new territory promised markets, military bases, and influence overseas.

• As a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish-America War, the United States emerged as a world power.

• The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe Doctrine, established in 1823, which declared that US regards Caribbean region as its sphere of influence and the US could use force to protect it.

The Philippines

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Treaty of Paris • As a result of the Treaty of

Paris, Spain gave up its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its independence) and gave the US ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, and Guam.

• Business interests in the US also demanded the acquisition of the entire Philippine archipelago in the hope that Manila would become a trading post.

• McKinley forced the Spanish to “sell” the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000.

Cuba and the United States

• The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba.

• The U.S. signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903.

• Key Features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

• Cuba has become an “protectorate” of the U.S.

Today the US has a prison

in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Cuba, Puerto Rico,

and the Philippines

• American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards

in Cuba.

• They then turned against Spain's last island in the

Caribbean, Puerto Rico.

• Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American captain

George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron,

destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of

Manila in the Philippines.

“A splendid little war.”

• Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to

withdraw from Cuba and recognize the island’s

independence.

• By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to

use the armed forces to expel the Spanish from

Cuba.

• For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John

Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, “a

splendid little war.”

Cuban’s Rebel Against Spanish

Rule

• Cuban rebels started a violent revolution

against Spanish rule in 1895.

• These rebels were acting out, in part

because of a depression caused by a decline

in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba.

• Rebel violence led to more repressive

actions by the Spanish.

U.S. Imperialism

• Militarily speaking, the Spanish-American

War of 1898 was brief and not very bloody,

but its political consequences were

enormous.

• It led to United States imperialism and

greater participation in world politics.

Monroe Doctrine of 1823

• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of the 19th century and beyond.

• It declared that the United States had an interest in the Western Hemisphere and that European powers must not interfere in the affairs of developing nations there.

• The United States was a young nation in 1823 and did not really have the power to back up the Monroe Doctrine. However, the policy was used to justify the sending of U.S. troops into Mexico in 1866 (to intimidate the French) and the purchase of Alaska in 1867.

Aloha Hawaii

While both the Open Door Policy and Dollar Diplomacy were American attempts to engage in economic imperialism, the United States also embarked upon a limited policy of political imperialism.

In the early 1890s the United States marines helped American sugar planters depose (overthrow) the Hawaiian monarch Queen Liliuokalani. In 1898 Congress agreed to annex Hawaii or add it to United States territory.

Queen Lilioukalani (1891-93). American

planters, who had established sugar plantations

in Hawaii beginning around 1820, became

increasingly influential in the economy and

government of Hawaii; Queen Lilioukalani's

desire for a new constitution, restoring her royal

powers, caused a revolt by the planters, and

she was deposed in 1893. In 1894 a republic

was established, headed by lawyer and

missionary son Sanford B. Dole, and

annexation by the U.S. followed in 1898.

United States Foreign Policy • President William Howard Taft expanded upon the Open Door

Policy by advocating (calling for) Dollar Diplomacy. Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage American investment in Latin America (South and Central America).

• Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest threatened their investments.

• Partially as a result of these two policies, growth in international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War I. This period was the first era of a true “global economy.”

Roosevelt Corollary

• In 1904, Roosevelt issued a statement that came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Corollary means “what naturally follows from”.

• South and Central American Countries were poor and often borrowed money from European countries then were unable to repay the loans.

• To prevent European countries from attacking these countries in the Western Hemisphere and thereby violating the Monroe doctrine, Roosevelt announced that “chronic wrongdoing” by any Latin American nation entitled the United States to intervene in its affairs.

• This changed the Monroe doctrine by allowing one Western Hemisphere nation the intervene in the affairs of another.

Spanish-American War Next, the Spanish-American War was the 1898 war between Spain and the United States, which the United States won. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed both the Philippines and Puerto Rico and declared its right to intervene (become militarily involved) in Cuban affairs.

Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough

Riders on San Juan Hill in Cuba,

1898. When war was declared,

Assistant Secretary of the Navy

Roosevelt resigned his post and

recruited a volunteer cavalry

regiment that nicknamed itself the

"Rough Riders." After the invasion of

Cuba in June, Roosevelt's unit

marched overland to Santiago and,

on July 1, mounted a heroic charge

that allowed the Americans to capture

the ridges above the city and force

the Spanish fleet to evacuate and

surrender the city. The Rough Riders

suffered heavy casualties, but

Roosevelt became a national hero.

U.S. Takes Hawaii

Ch.10 Imperialism

Hawaii’s Economy 75% of wealth from sugar plantations Plantations owned by Americans Labor imported from Japan/ China

Hawaii’s Economy 1875 no duty on Hawaiian sugar 1887 king forced to grant voting rights to only wealthy landowners 1887 U.S. gained rights to Pearl Harbor

Hawaii’s Economy 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar Hawaiian sugar had to compete with other sugar growers, especially Cuba Annexation of Hawaii would mean Hawaiian sugar would become duty-free

Deposing the Queen

Queen Lil wanted to:

end property qualifications for voting

Restore power to native Hawaiians

Queen Lili’uokalani

“The cause of

Hawaiian

independence is

larger and dearer

than the life of any

man connected with

it. Love of country

is deep seated in the

breast of every

Hawaiian, whatever

his station.”

Deposing the Queen

The Americans sugar growers :

Organized a revolt against the Queen 1893

Queen Lil was arrested

Sanford Dole became the temporary president of Hawaii

Sanford Dole

Grover

Cleveland William

McKinley

“The New Temptation on the Mount: “ Behold all this I

will give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.”

A “World- Wide Empire” including Hawaii and the

Philippines, is offered on the horizon.

Republic of Hawaii Pres. Cleveland wanted the queen restored to power.

Dole refused to give up power.

Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii, but refused to annex Hawaii.

1897 Pres. McKinley made Hawaii an American territory.

Boxer Rebellion • European nations dominated

China’s cities

• Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils”

• The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign

• Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion”

•

Felipinos Rebel

• Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation

• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion

• The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) U.S. troops fire on rebels

•

Emilio Aguinaldo

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