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MASTER GUNNER COURSETERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: IDENTIFY AND DEFINE ALL STEPS REQUIRED FOR THE ACQUISITION PROCESS AND ENGAGEMENT DECISION AS PART OF THE ENGAGEMENT PROCESS
CONDITIONS: GIVEN A FM 3-22.1, CALCULATOR, AND WRITING EQUIPMENT IN A CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT
STANDARDS: WITHIN ONE HOUR, THE STUDENT MUST SCORE 80% OR BETTER, ON A CLOSED BOOK 20 QUESTION EXAMINATION TO RECEIVE A
PASSING SCORE
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: NONE
RISK ASSESMENT LEVEL: LOW
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: NONE
EVALUATION: UPON COMPLETION OF THIS SESSION YOU’LL BE EVALUATED WITH A WRITTEN EXAMINATION IAW FM 3-22.1. YOU MUST RECEIVE A MININUM OF 80% TO GET A GO.
LEAD-IN: DURING THE LAST LESSON, YOU WERE TAUGHT HOW TO SAFE TARGETS. DURING THIS LESSON, YOU’LL LEARN ABOUT THE AQCUISITION PROCESS.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: Identify and define the different search techniques.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly list and define the different search techniques.
The acquisition process is a series of progressive andinterdependent steps (or actions): detection, location,identification.
•Crew and Squad Search/Detect -Ground search -Air search
•Locate -Target direction -Target range
•Target Identification -Classify -Identify -Discriminate
ACQUISITION PROCESS
TARGET SEARCH
PROCESSACQUISITION
Crew and squad search (observation) is theact of carefully watching designated areas.Sectors of observation are assigned by the BCto each crew member and fire team memberfor target acquisition.
RAPID SCAN--- is usually the first method used, moving or not
---quickly detect obvious signs of enemy activitynote: scan starting from center sector, from near to far
- Optics or the naked eye may be used
CREW AND SQUAD TARGET SEARCHTECHNIQUES
GROUND SEARCH TECHNIQUES:
PROCESSACQUISITION
SLOW(50meter)SCAN--- If no targets are detected in rapid scan crew and squad members conduct a more deliberate search. Slow scan follows the rapid scan, and is a more deliberate scan of the terrain.
--- optics are always used for this technique ( ISU, Bino’s) note: scan starts from left to right overlapping the first scanned area
in 50 meter increments best used when in a defensive position or from a short halt
CREW AND SQUAD TARGET SEARCHTECHNIQUES
GROUND SEARCH TECHNIQUES:
PROCESSACQUISITION
DETAILED SEARCH---is the third search technique when no targets have been detected during the rapid and slow (50meter) scan
---the crew concentrates on one specific area or location and studies that area intensely.
---they look for direct and indirect target signatures in a clockwise manner around the focal point of the sector
PROCESSACQUISITION
GROUND SEARCH TECHNIQUES:
CREW AND SQUAD TARGET SEARCHTECHNIQUES
OFF-CENTER VISION METHOD--- this is the fourth method used
--- at night without optics
---the squad members move their eyes in short
abrupt and irregular movements
---to prevent fade out, they move their eyes frequently
PROCESSACQUISITION
GROUND SEARCH TECHNIQUES:
CREW AND SQUAD TARGET SEARCHTECHNIQUES
CREW AND SQUAD TARGET SEARCHTECHNIQUES
AIR SEARCH TECHNIQUES:FLAT TERRAIN SCAN -Crews search the horizon using
short movements from object to object more detail is seen this way than with a continuous scan of the horizon
HILLY TERRAIN SCAN -Crews search the sky beginning just below the horizon and move upward. Crews use prominent terrain features to ensure overlapping search areas
PROCESSACQUISITION
NOTE: When conducting ground search, crews search near to far. When conducting air search, crews search far to near.
SEARCH TIPS
1. Initial scanning done without optics*All squad members should scan differentareas
2. Continuous search*Any targets missed on the first scan maybe seen in subsequent scans of the sector
3. Sectors of observation*All squad members must look for targets within their assigned sectors
4. Scanning on the move*The Gunner should use the rapid scan method
PROCESSACQUISITION
SEARCH TIPS
5. Turret optics adjustments*Gunner should adjust the reticle brightness,dome lights should be off, panel light dimmershould be adjusted. This aids the acquisition process.
6. BC’s sight extension*The BC’s sight extension should be coveredwhen not in use.
7. NBC operations The crew members’ fields of view are narrowedWhile wearing protective masks, scanning must be continuous.
PROCESSACQUISITION
SEARCH TIPS
8. Areas to search*The crew must search in areas where targets are most likely to appear.
PROCESSACQUISITION
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: Explain the elements of target detection.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly explain the elements of target detection.
TARGET DETECTION
Target detection is the discovery of any target
such as personnel, vehicles, equipment, or objects
of potential military significance on the battlefield.
Target detection occurs during crew search.
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
Target signatures are indicators or clues that aid an observerin detecting potential targets. The six signature types are.
•Soldier signatures
•Tracked vehicle signatures
•Antitank signatures
•Artillery signatures
•Aircraft signatures
•Obstacle and mine signatures
PROCESSACQUISITION
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
SOLDIER SIGNATURES
-FOX HOLES
-BROKEN VEGETATION
-FOOTPRINTS(weather conditions permitting)
-NEW / OLD FIRES
-TRASH
-SMALL-ARMS WEAPONS NOISE AND FLASH
TRACKED VEHICLE SIGNATURES
-VEHICLE TRACKS ON THE GROUND
-USING THERMAL SIGHTS
-ENGINE NOISE
-EXHAUST PLUME AND SMOKE
-DUST CLOUDS FROM MOVEMENT
-DISTURBED AREAS OF VEGETATION
-WEAPON’S FIRING REPORT/ SMOKE FROM WEAPON
-A BRIGHT FLASH AT NIGHT
-OPEN HATCH SILHOUETTES
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
ANTI-TANK SIGNATURES
-SHARP CRACK OF THE ATGM BEING FIRED
-MISSILE LAUNCH”SWISH” SOUND
-FAST TRAVELING HOT SPOT WITH A VAPOR TRAIL
-LONG, THIN WIRES FROM FIRED ATGMS
-DESTROYED ARMORED VEHICLES
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
ARTILLERY SIGNATURES
-LOUD, DULL SOUNDS
-GRAYISH-WHITE SMOKE CLOUD
-BRIGHT, ORANGE FLASH AND BLACK SMOKE FROM AIRBURSTS
-RUSHING NOISE SEVERAL SECONDS BEFORE ROUND IMPACTS.
*SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY HAVE THE SAME THERMAL
INFRARED SIGNATURE AS TRACKED VEHICLES
*TOWED ARTILLERY SIGNATURES VARY ACCORDING TO THE
TOWING VEHICLE
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
AIRCRAFT SIGNATURES
-GLARE OF THE SUN REFLECTING OFF AIRCRAFT CANOPIES
WINGS,WINDOWS AND ROTOR BLADES OF HELICOPTERS
-AIRCRAFT ENGINE NOISE
-VAPOR TRAILS FROM ENGINE EXHAUST AND FIRED MISSILES
-DUST AND MOVEMENT OF FOLIAGE FROM HOVERING
HELICOPTERS
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
OBSTACLES AND MINE SIGNATURES
-LOOSE OR DISTURBED DIRT IN A REGULAR PATTERN
-A DESTROYED OR DISABLED VEHICLE THAT APPEARS TO HAVE STRUCK A MINE
-TANK DITCH/WIRE OBSTACLE
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET SIGNATURES
DETECTION CHALLENGES
•Peripheral targets
•Targets that are camouflaged or in shadows
•Targets that can be heard but not seen
•Targets under less than ideal indirect illumination
•Mirage effects caused by high temperatures and heat waves near the ground
•Small, single targets such as lone, dismounted ATGM or
RPG positions
•Natural or man-made obstacles
•Behavioral or physical deficiencies (Fatigue)
PROCESSACQUISITION
THERMAL SIGHTS
5 Sources of heat:
•Solar heat
•Fuel combustion
•Body heat
•Friction
•Thermal reflections
PROCESSACQUISITION
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: List the target location methods
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly list the target location methods.
TARGET LOCATION
Target location is the determination of
where a target is on the battlefield. Locating a
target occurs as a result of observation and
detection during crew search.
PROCESSACQUISITION
TARGET DIRECTION
•Sector method
•Traverse method
•Reference point method
•Grid method (Least desired)
PROCESSACQUISITION
•Clock method
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: Define the two range estimation techniques.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper and FM 3-22.1.
STANDRDS: The student must correctly define the two range estimation techniques.
At times, because of the tactical situation, the BC or gunner may have to estimate range. These methods are used ONLY to estimate range. The two methods are:
RANGE ESTIMATION
PROCESSACQUISITION
100 meter unit-of-measure method-Visualizes 100 meter increments on the ground.
For ranges greater than 500 meters the crew member selects a point halfway to the object determines the number of increments to the halfway point and then doubles the range.
RANGE ESTIMATION
PROCESSACQUISITION
Flash to bang method -Multiply number of seconds from flash to bang by 350 meters
EXAMPLE: Two seconds between flash and bang2 x 350 = 700
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: List the methods of range determination.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly list the methods of range determination.
RANGE DETERMINATION
Range determination significantly affects
target engagement. Errors in range
determination (over/short of the target) cause
more first round misses than errors in
deflection (left/right of the target).
WHY IS THAT?
PROCESSACQUISITION
RANGE DETERMINATION METHODS
BRADLEY COMMANDER:
•Binoculars (mil-relation formula)
•Reference materials (maps, range card)
•ISU (horizontal ranging stadia, lead lines)
•Laser range finder (AN/GVS-5)
•Bradley eye-safe laser range finder (BELRF)
•M1 laser range finder
PROCESSACQUISITION
GUNNER:
•ISU reticle lead lines
•ISU horizontal ranging stadia
•Auxiliary sight
•Range card
•Bradley eye-safe laser range finder (BELRF)
RANGE DETERMINATION METHODS
PROCESSACQUISITION
THE BMP MEASURED AT 6 MILS
FLANK READING = 6.75m W=R x 1000 M
THE BMP MEASURED AT 8 MILS
(843) 800 meters
THE BMP2 MEASURED AT 10 MILS
(675) 700 meters
(1125) 1100 meters
PROCESSACQUISITION
MIL-RELATION (WORM) FORMULA
*NOTE ENSURE YOU ROUND TO THE NEAREST TENTH
EXAMPLE: .35=.40 / .34=.30
THE BMP MEASURED AT 6 MILS
FLANK READING = 6.75m W=R x 1000 M
THE BMP MEASURED AT 8 MILS
(843) 800 meters
THE BMP2 MEASURED AT 10 MILS
(675) 700 meters
(1125) 1100 meters
PROCESSACQUISITION
MIL-RELATION (WORM) FORMULA
THE BMP MEASURED AT 6 MILS
FRONTAL READING =3.1m W=R x 1000 M
500 meters
THE BMP MEASURED AT 3 MILS
1000 meters
THE BMP2 MEASURED AT 2 MILS
1600 meters
PROCESSACQUISITION
MIL-RELATION (WORM) FORMULA
TOW MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT RANGE
PROCESSACQUISITION
Estimate TOW maximum engagement range
*IF TARGET HULL AND TURRET FILLS ¾ OR .75 MILS OR LESS OF
THE RETICLE IT IS UNENGAGABLE (BEYOND 3750M)
TOW MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT RANGE
PROCESSACQUISITION
Estimate TOW maximum engagement range
*IF TARGET HULL IS EQUAL TO OR SMALLER THAN THE 2 MIL
STADIA LINE IN THE ISU IT IS UNENGAGABLE (BEYOND 3750M)
HORIZONTAL RANGING STADIA
PROCESSACQUISITION
* THE ISU CHOKE SIGHT IS USED BY MOVING THE TOP AND BOTTOM STADIA LINES ALONG THE VEHICLE UNTIL THE TRACKS OF THE VEHICLE ARE ON THE BOTTOM STADIA LINE AND THE HULL OF THE VEHICLE (NOT THE TURRET) IS ON THE TOP STADIA LINE THE RANGE IS THEN READ FROM THE TOP STADIA LINE.
HORIZONTAL RANGING STADIA
PROCESSACQUISITION
*USING THE ISU TO CHOKE THE TURRET OF A VEHICLE FOLLOWS THE SAME STEPS AS CHOKING THE HULL WITH ONE EXCEPTION,THE RANGE IS DIVIDED IN HALF (THIS VEHICLE IS APPROX 1250M.
AUXILIARY SIGHT
PROCESSACQUISITION
THE AUX SIGHT HAS TWO RANGE SCALES:
• THE HE SCALE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE AUX SITE IS REPRESENTED BY BROKEN LINES AND EXTENDS TO 3200M
• THE AP SCALE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE AUX SITE IS REPRESENTED BY SOLID LINES AND EXTENDS TO 3400M
• THE CREW MEMBER MUST CHOKE THE VEHICLE IN THE AUX SITE
USING THE BROKEN (HE) OR SOLID (AP) STADIA LINES AND READ THE RANGE FROM THE APPROPRIATE AMMUNITION
*NOTE WHEN USING THE COAX THE HE SIDE IS UTILIZED
AUXILIARY SIGHT HE FLANK VIEW
TRUCK AT 1200M OUTSIDE/BROKEN STADIA LINES ARE USED TO CHOKE IN THE TARGET
PROCESSACQUISITION
32
20
16
12
8
4
34
24
14
6
HE AP
AUXILIARY SIGHT (FRONTAL)
PROCESSACQUISITION
•TO DETERMINE THE RANGE TO A FRONTAL TARGET USING THE AUX SITE THE HALF STADIA METHOD IS USED.
• ALIGN THE VERTICAL RANGING LINES WITH ONE SIDE OF THE TARGET AND ALIGN THE APPROPRIATE AMMUNITION STADIA LINE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TARGET.
BRADLEY EYESAFE LASERRANGE FINDER
•Determines target ranges from 200 to 9990 meters towithin 5 meters
•Laser ranging must be performed in the gun mode and cannot be used with the TOW selected(select either AP or HE SS, LO, HI or Coax).
•Range data can be manually overridden by turning therange control knob to a selected range.
PROCESSACQUISITION
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: Define the three steps in target identification.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper, and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly define the three steps in target identification.
TARGET IDENTIFICATION
Target identification is the recognition of a
potential target by type. This identification
must determine the target as friendly or
enemy. Target identification consists of:
PROCESSACQUISITION
• Classification
• Description
• Discrimination
CLASSIFICATION
Classification is the process of categorizing
targets by types (truck, tank, IFV). Soldiers
quickly scan the targets key recognition
features, and then categorize it accordingly.
Classification is the first step toward
identification.
PROCESSACQUISITION
IDENTIFICATION
Once a target has been classified, it must be
identified. Identification is the positive
determination of a target by nomenclature or
series (T-80, Scorpion series).
Note: Identification does not determine whether or
not a target is friendly or threat.
PROCESSACQUISITION
DISCRIMINATION
PROCESSACQUISITION
Discrimination is the determination that a target iseither friend or threat. Although Russian equipmenthas been sold in large numbers world wide, soldierscould find themselves facing British, French, andAmerican made equipment. It is critical that soldiersidentify and discriminate a target before pulling thetrigger.
Some tools and techniques available to soldiers to assist in target discrimination are:
•Combat identification panel (Battle board)•Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS)•Unit markings (VS-17 panel, chem lights,
unit symbols)
CHECK LEARNING
What is the Acquisition Process?Series of progressive and interdependent steps or actions: detection, location, identification
How many ground search techniques are there? And name them.
Rapid scan, slow(50meter)scan, deliberate search, off-center vision method
PROCESSACQUISITION
What are the two types of crew and squad target search techniques?
Ground search techniques and air search techniques.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ACTION: Identify and define the steps in the engagement decision process.
CONDITIONS: Given a classroom, writing instrument, paper, and FM 3-22.1.
STANDARDS: The student must correctly identify and define the steps in the engagement decision process.
•Target determination
•Weapon / Ammunition selection
•Target confirmation
The engagement decision process is a series of progressive and interdependent steps (or actions):
ENGAGEMENT DECISION
TARGET DETERMINATION
Targets are categorized by the threat level
that they represent. To defeat multiple targets,
the most dangerous targets must be engaged
first.
DECISIONENGAGEMENT
TARGET THREAT LEVELS
•MOST DANGEROUS: Enemy target with armor defeating capabilities, that appears to be preparing to engage you.
•DANGEROUS: Enemy target with armor defeating capabilities that is not preparing to engage you.
•LEAST DANGEROUS: Enemy target that does not have an armor defeating capability.
DECISIONENGAGEMENT
DETERMINING FACTORS
When multiple targets of the same threat level are
encountered, the targets must be prioritized according to
the threat they represent. Factors used to determine
this are:
•Engage close-range targets before long-range targets.
•Engage stationary targets before moving targets.
•Engage frontal targets before flank or rear targets.
DECISIONENGAGEMENT
WEAPON / AMMUNITIONSELECTION
The logical selection of a weapon or
ammunition that is appropriate for a
given target.
DECISIONENGAGEMENT