Acronyms - SA Cities of South african citieS report 2016 Acronyms ... DHS Department of Human...

396 S tat e o f S o u t h a f r i c a n c i t i e S r e p o r t 2016

Acronyms

ACSA Airports Company South Africa

AGSA Auditor-General of South Africa

ANC AfricanNationalCongress

APDP AutomotiveProductionDevelopmentProgramme

BCMM BuffaloCityMetropolitanMunicipality

BEPP BuiltEnvironmentPerformancePlan

BNG BreakingNewGround

BRE BusinessRetentionandExpansion

BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa

BRT Bus Rapid Transit

C40 CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup

CABRI CollaborativeAfricanBudgetReformInitiative

CBD CentralBusinessDistrict

CBO Community-basedOrganisation

CBP Community-basedPlanning

CEO ChiefExecutiveOfficer

CESTII CentreforScience,Technologyand InnovationIndicators

CFO ChiefFinancialOfficer

CID CityImprovementDistrict

CIDB ConstructionIndustryDevelopmentBoard

CLC CommunityLawCentre

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

COGTA DepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditionalAffairs

CoJ CityofJohannesburg

CPI CorruptionPerceptionsIndex

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

CWP CommunityWorksProgramme

DACST DepartmentofArts,Culture,ScienceandTechnology

DEA DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs

DEADP DepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsandDevelopmentPlanning

DHS DepartmentofHumanSettlements

DIFD UKDepartmentofInternationalDevelopment

DiMP DisasterMitigationforSustainable LivelihoodsProgramme

DoE DepartmentofEnergy

DoH DepartmentofHousing

DPME DepartmentofPlanning,Monitoring andEvaluation

DST DepartmentofScienceandTechnology

dti DepartmentofTradeandIndustry

DWS DepartmentofWaterandSanitation

EDP EconomicDevelopmentPartnership

EEDSM EnergyEfficiencyDemandSideManagement

EMM EkurhuleniMetropolitanMunicipality

EPWP ExpandedPublicWorksProgramme

ERLN EconomiesofRegionsLearningNetwork

FAO FoodandAgriculturalOrganisation

FBS FreeBasicServices

FET FurtherEducationandTraining

FFC Financial and Fiscal Commission

FIZ Free Internet Zone

GCRO GautengCityRegionObservatory

GDP GrossDomesticProduct

GEAR Growth,EmploymentandRedistribution

GFCF GrossFixedCapitalFormation

GGLN GoodGovernanceLearningNetwork

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GIZ GesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit

GTAC GovernmentTechnicalAdvisoryCentre

GVA Gross Value Added

HDI HumanDevelopmentIndex

HSRC HumanSciencesResearchCouncil

ICLEI InternationalCouncilforLocal EnvironmentalInitiatives

Icsid InternationalCouncilofSocietiesofIndustrialDesign

ICT InformationandCommunicationTechnologies

IDP IntegratedDevelopmentPlan

IEC Independent Electoral Commission

IFAD InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment

IFC InternationalFinanceCorporation

IGR IntergovernmentalRelations

IGT IntergovernmentalTransfer

IPTS IntegratedPublicTransportSystem

ISPPIA InternationalStandardsfortheProfessionalPracticeofInternalAuditing

IUDF IntegratedUrbanDevelopmentFramework

IWMP IntegratedWasteManagementPlan

KPI KeyPerformanceIndicator

KWh Kilowatt/hour

ac r o n y m S 397

KZN KwaZulu-Natal

LGMIM LocalGovernmentManagement ImprovementModel

LUMS Land-useManagementSystems

M&E Monitoring&Evaluation

MCEP ManufacturingCompetitiveness EnhancementProgramme

MFMA MunicipalFinanceManagementAct

MIG MunicipalInfrastructureGrant

MILE MunicipalInstituteofLearning

MinMecs Ministers’andMECs’Forum

MM MunicipalManager

MSP Multi-stakeholderPartnership

MTSF MediumTermStrategicFramework

NBI NationalBusinessInstitute

NDP NationalDevelopmentPlan

NEMA NationalEnvironmentalManagementAct

NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisation

NGP NewGrowthPath

NLTA NationalLandTransportAct

NMT Non-MotorisedTransport

NPC NationalPlanningCommission

NSDF NationalSpatialDevelopmentPerspective

NSI NationalSystemofInnovation

NSSD NationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopment

NWAC NetWageAfterCommute

NWMS NationalWasteManagementStrategy

NWRS NationalWaterResourcesStrategy

OCA OperationCleanAudit

OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operation andDevelopment

PARI PublicAffairsResearchInstitute

PAYT Pay-As-You-Throw

PCA PrincipalComponentAnalyses

PDG PalmerDevelopmentGroup

PEFA PublicExpenditureandFinancialAccountability

PFM PublicFinancialManagement

PPP Public-PrivatePartnership

PRASA PassengerRailAgencyofSouthAfrica

PURP PietermaritzburgUrbanRenewalProgramme

PV Photovoltaic

R&D ResearchandDevelopment

RDP ReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme

REIPPPP RenewableEnergyIndependentPowerProducerProcurementProgramme

SAA SouthAfricanAirways

SACN SouthAfricanCitiesNetwork

SAIRR SouthAfricanInstituteofRaceRelations

SALGA SouthAfricanLocalGovernmentAssociation

SANRAL SouthAfricanNationalRoadsAgency

SAP Systems,Applications,Products

SCM SupplyChainManagement

SDBIP ServiceDeliveryandBudgetImplementationPlan

SDF SpatialDevelopmentFramework

SDGs SustainableDevelopmentGoals

SDI ShackDwellersInternational

SEA SustainableEnergyAfrica

SECO SwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairs

SHS SustainableHumanSettlements

SLA SustainableLivelihoodsApproach

SMME SmallandMediumandMicroEnterprise

SoCR StateoftheCitiesReport

SOEs State-ownedEntities

SPLUMA SpatialPlanningandLandUseManagementAct

Stats SA StatisticsSouthAfrica

StepSA SpatialandTemporalEvidencePlatform for South Africa

TOD Transit-orientedDevelopment

TUHF TrustforUrbanHousingFinance

UCLG UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments

UCT UniversityofCapeTown

UDZ UrbanDevelopmentZone

ULMG UrbanLandMark

UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme

UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkonClimateChange

VAT Value-addedTax

VPUU ViolencePreventionthroughUrbanUpgrading

WDC WorldDesignCapital

WHO WorldHealthOrganisation

WMA WaterManagementArea

WRC Water Research Council

WSA WaterServiceAuthority

WSP WaterServiceProvider

WWF World Wildlife Fund


FIGUrEs

Figure 1.1 State of South african cities reporting timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Figure 1.2 population of the world and major areas (2015–2100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Figure 1.3 proportion urban population (1990–2050) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Figure 1.4 World urban population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Figure 1.5 aligning the SDG targets and nDp objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Figure 1.6 cities and towns are anchors and gateways within regional and rural economic networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Figure 1.7 change in total population between 1996 and 2011 (showing larger values only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Figure 1.8 population change total for the 20 top places (1996–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Figure 1.9 rate of population change 1996-2011 (>5000 only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Figure 1.10 percentage of population and growth rate of Sa cities and towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Figure 1.11 net migration trends in cities (2006–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Figure 1.12 population and economic growth trends for three Gauteng metros (1996–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Figure 1.13 transect line from Lenasia to north-eastern tshwane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Figure 1.14 comparison of transect population density values Lenasia–north-eastern tshwane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Figure 1.15 aerial imagery comparison of tembisa area (2002 and 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Figure 1.16 increased footprints, densities and demand profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Figure 1.17 “tensions” describing the duality between the emerging global and domestic considerations . . . . . . . . 41Figure 1.18 Sacn’s thematic areas for good city governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Figure 2.1 cape town: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 2.2 ethekwini: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Figure 2.3 tshwane, ekurhuleni and Johannesburg: change in built-up/urban footprint (1990–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . 55Figure 2.4 from principles to outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Figure 2.5 main mode of travel to work (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Figure 2.6 alternate transport-urban form growth trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Figure 3.1 Johannesburg’s Vat registrations (march 2014–february 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 3.2 cape town’s Vat registrations (march 2014–february 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 3.3 city contributions to South africa’s total economic output (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figure 3.4 city growth in GVa (1995 to 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Figure 3.5 economic sector share of city GVa (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Figure 3.6 per capita income or real GVa per capita (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Figure 3.7 cities labour absorption rate (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Figure 3.8 city share of South africa’s employment by skill and formality (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Figure 3.9 city average share of South africa’s employment by skill and formality (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102Figure 3.10 city economic sectors experiencing increasing and decreasing labour intensity (2003–2013) . . . . . .103Figure 3.11 Labour productivity or value of output per worker at constant 2005 prices (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

ta B L e S a n D f i G u r e S 399

Figure 3.12 changes in the education composition of city populations aged 19+ years (1995 and 2013) . . . . . . .105Figure 3.13 estimated city share of gross expenditure on r&D based on GVa weights (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Figure 3.14 estimated city gross expenditure on r&D based on population weights (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Figure 3.15 city gross fixed-capital formation (Gfcf) as a percentage of GVa (2003 and 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Figure 3.16 annual growth in city real Gfcf (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Figure 3.17 annual growth in city population (2003–2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116Figure 4.1 Social vulnerability – locating South africa’s vulnerable people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Figure 4.2 housing and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Figure 4.3 net migration flows based on iec data (2006–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Figure 4.4 Soshanguve net wage surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Figure 4.5 Soshanguve net wage contours superimposed on total jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Figure 4.6 mamelodi central (walk feeder to public transport) net wage surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138Figure 4.7 change in dominant race per sub-place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140Figure 4.8 Gini coefficient for selected african cities in 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Figure 4.9 extent of change in Gini coefficient (2001–2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Figure 4.10 percentage of population with more than a matric certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Figure 4.11 protests in metros 2012–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153Figure 4.12 protest issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153Figure 5.1 Sustainable development priorities and means of implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163Figure 5.2 energy use and emissions for a typical metro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167Figure 5.3 average baseline energy consumption per sector (GJ/a) in a city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Figure 5.4 potential energy savings and carbon emissions reductions per sector/annum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Figure 5.5 the waste hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173Figure 5.6 Waste volumes disposed of at landfill sites per city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Figure 5.7 recycling figures for the city of cape town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.8 recycling figures for ethekwini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.9 recycling figures for ekurhuleni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Figure 5.10 Depiction of in- and out-flows of water catchments into Gauteng cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179Figure 5.11 Depiction of in- and out-flows of water catchments into KZn cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Figure 5.12 percentage of households with access to water (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Figure 5.13 access to sanitation (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181Figure 5.14 months of inadequate household food provisioning cape town, msunduzi, and Johannesburg . . . .187Figure 6.1 policy and regulation defining the transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204Figure 6.2 policy and legislation defining transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205Figure 6.3 Strategies to accelerate transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206Figure 6.4 Governing strategies that support transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209Figure 6.5 turnout for national and provincial elections (1995–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214Figure 6.6 percentage of voter turnout per metro (2000–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214


Figure 6.7 percentage of senior management (Sm) and all posts filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218Figure 6.8 LGmim scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221Figure 6.9 municipal audit consistency (2008/9–2012/3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Figure 6.10 Service delivery rankings (score out of 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231Figure 6.11 expanded conception of a well-governed city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233Figure 7.1 reporting and oversight lines for municipal finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242Figure 7.2 nelson mandela Bay municipality’s finance function in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Figure 7.3 city of tshwane’s finance function in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243Figure 7.4 institutional arrangements for budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244Figure 7.5 city revenue (2009/10–2013/14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250Figure 7.6 revenue by source (2013/14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251Figure 7.7 total expenditure by city (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Figure 7.8 Summary of capital expenditure (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Figure 7.9 Summary of operating expenditure categories (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255Figure 7.10 Bad debt per city (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258Figure 7.11 Long-term liabilities as a % of operating revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263Figure 7.12 Summary of municipal assets (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268Figure 8.1 the quadruple helix – transforming cities together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288Figure 8.2 city spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288Figure 8.3 Summary of key infrastructure Dialogues themes discussed 2012–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292Figure 8.4 arnstein’s ladder of participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Figure 8.5 an urban innovation framework for South african cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

ta B L e S a n D f i G u r e S 401

tAblEs

Table 3.1 narrow and expanded unemployment rate (Q2 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100Table 3.2 Doing Business in South africa: Where is it easier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112Table 3.3 Key economic development levers across broad public sector and private sector competences . . . .113Table 4.1 change in access to good basic services (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Table 4.2 change in lowest income classes (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144Table 5.1 Waste collection models in the cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Table 5.2 Land transformation and natural areas within cities (2000–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190Table 5.3 Land transformation and coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192Table 6.1 We can influence local government decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213Table 6.2 anc (as dominant party) support trends in metros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215Table 6.3 Staff complement in the engineering sub-directorate in Buffalo city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219Table 6.4 areas of financial governance that need improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225Table 6.5 alignment challenges facing urban management plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Table 6.6 improvements in basic service delivery (2001–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230Table 7.1 Summary of audit outcomes (2010–2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240Table 7.2 List of finance performance indicators with definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249Table 7.3 Summary of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250Table 7.4 aggregate city expenditure (2003–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253Table 7.5 expenditure on employees (2009–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256Table 7.6 capital expenditure by infrastructure type (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259Table 7.7 overspending of operating budgets in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261Table 7.8 underspending of capital budgets in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Table 7.9 Debtors in metro municipalities (2010–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Table 7.10 private sector investor types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266Table 8.1 Statements of intent and proposed interventions in State of cities report (Socr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281Table 8.2 the different types of partnerships used in South africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299Table 8.3 enabling interventions by role-player group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305


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My City, through My lens

S A C N I N S t A g r A m C o m p e t I t I o N

I see the city through their eyes, through the lives we live, the opportunity to build friendships and family and to do the things that bring us joy.

@kojobaffoe

eThekwini: @jaz031

ekurhuleni: @pandanicoleium

City Of Johannesburg: @thewaldi

Msunduzi: @sarah_wang

City of Tshwane: @leboditibane

lavish lifestyles for a few, but poverty for too many others. huge advances in science, technology and design industries whilst thousands remain homeless and hopeless. how do we bridge the divide?

@skyegrove

Mangaung: @tysonfree

Nelson Mandela bay: @crazyninja88

In order to arrive at our desired destination we ought to begin with the end in mind.

@elish_baxCity of Cape Town: @hikeaddict

City of Johannesburg: @thewaldi

public transport is the backbone of cities. It connects people and people to economic opportunities.

@norm_engel

buffalo City Municipality: @sabelo_masiza

To view all the images submitted for the competition

visit our instagram profile @sacitiesnetwork

#sACnurbanComp15

As part of the build-up towards the 4th south African Urban conference and the state of the cities report 2016, the sAcn ran an exciting Instagram competition aimed at encouraging the broader public, and urban youth in particular, to reflect on what their city means to them.

the competition ran across nine south African cities: buffalo city, cape town, Ekurhuleni, ethekwini, Joburg, mangaung, msunduzi, nelson mandela bay and tshwane. It invited youthful participants to respond to the theme My City, through My Lens, reflecting their experiences and what inspiration and action was

necessary for their city to support a fulfilling urban life.

the majority of the images used in this socr have been drawn from the impressive range of photos that were submitted during the My City, through My Lens competition. the city profiles each open with the winning image that was selected by city-based juries. these Instagrammers were also announced at the Urban

conference 2015 and awarded prizes. the following collage displays other runner-up images and selected quotes from the initiative.

R U N N E R U P I m a g E s

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