ACS MODULAR MESSAGING CERTIFICATIONq22 NOTES Avaya Modula Messaging with Microsoft Exchange AVA00312WEN Business Communications Applications Solutions connect workers, customers, and business people via telephone, voicemail, email and fax in new, convenient and cost efficient way. - Mobile workforce - Advanced mobility Types of Business Communications Applications Telephony Conferencing Contact Center Unified Communication Voice Messaging Collaboration Email Instant Messaging Mobility Determine Customer’s Communications Needs - Do they need to solve a business need? - Do they need to update existing business solutions? - Do they need to leverage existing solutions from a financial standpoint? Avaya Modular Messaging is IP based and modular providing advanced solutions: TDM, IP or hybrid. Can integrate with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes. AMM allows employees to become more productive by reducing mail handling time, allowing associates to become more organized.
Transcript
ACS MODULAR MESSAGING CERTIFICATIONq22
NOTES
Avaya Modula Messaging with Microsoft Exchange AVA00312WEN
Business Communications Applications Solutions connect workers, customers, and business people via telephone, voicemail, email and fax in new, convenient and cost efficient way.
- Mobile workforce- Advanced mobility
Types of Business Communications ApplicationsTelephonyConferencingContact CenterUnified Communication Voice MessagingCollaborationEmailInstant MessagingMobility
Determine Customer’s Communications Needs - Do they need to solve a business need?- Do they need to update existing business solutions?- Do they need to leverage existing solutions from a financial standpoint?
Avaya Modular Messaging is IP based and modular providing advanced solutions: TDM, IP or hybrid.Can integrate with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes.
AMM allows employees to become more productive by reducing mail handling time, allowing associates to become more organized.
AMM reduces number of systems, allows you to centralize system, reduces management and costs, extend standard interface to users beyond main site to regional.
Business Needs:Solve a business needUpgrade systemsExpand or enhance existing systems- storage, ports or features
Customer Requirements for Purchasing Messaging Systems:Telephone User InterfaceSwitch IntegrationsScalabilityReliabilitySecurityFeaturesApplicationsPrice Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Avaya IP Messaging Portfolio:Modular Messaging: single or multisite messaging solution
Message Networking: connects/networks individual voice or multimedia messaging systems
Unified Communications Ctr: Delivers speech-enabled access to apps including messaging, communications and collab tools
I. Modular Messaging
Customer Features:
Separated message store from message apps Message Store Options: Avaya Message Storage Server (MSS)
Microsoft Exchange , IBM Lotus Notes Domino Scalability: AMSS (4-144 ports 1-5 application servers 20k users)
Exchange/IBM Lotus Notes (4 – 240 ports 1-10 app servers) Built-In Mobility: find me/notify me/call me Advanced mobility integration to Avaya Unified Communication Ctr. Speech Access Standards-Based: IMAP4, POP3, SNMP, SIP, H.323, QSIG, GSM, G711, SMPT/MIME Desktop Messgng: Outlook, Lotus Notes, IMAP4 compatible clients and web clients TUI- Modular Messaging Aria, Audix, Serenade TUIs IP/TDM Call processing integrations Avaya and other vendors
II. Message Networking
Networks or connects individual systems
Allows Modular Messaging to communicate with multiple systems or with Avaya Interchange Increases collaboration and workflow across multiple sites
Customer Benefits:
Protocol Converters: AUDIX, Serenade, Aria digital networking, SMTP/MIME, VPIM, AMIS, OCTEL ANALOG Networking
Topologies: Protocol bridge or hub and spoke Enterprise Lists Application Directory Concentrator Scales to 500,000 users on 500 messaging systems Available on S3210R or S3500 –H Linux Ser vers
III. Unified Communication Center
UCC is Avaya’s advanced mobility offer provided hands-free, eyes-free, speaker-free speech access to voicemail, email contacts, calendars, calling and conferencing, Find Me/Follow Me capabilities
Standalone S3210R Linux Server Integrates with a variety of Avaya servers Voice, fax and multimedia messaging 4-12 ports 100 to 1000 mailboxes Multiple switch integration gs Vmail networking (analog and tcp/ip) Visual desktop message access (Message Manager) 35 language support Linux based Open standards-based
Intuity Audix 770
Provides embedded voice messaging for ACM Communication Manager delivering feature rich messaging for small to mid size
Embedded messaging for the S8300 server supporting up to 450 users Voice messaging No fax or email integration (Visual Desktop) Message Manager Support for UCC Digital networking – can send messages to users in other voicemail systems via LAN/WAN
Traditional Messaging Solutions
Traditional solutions are in the process of being phased out and replaced by Modular Messaging
Life Cycle Milestones:
End of Sale of new systems and upgrades – June 2006
End of Expansions and additions - June 2007
End of Manufacturer support – June 2011
Message Storage Server (MSS) Functions
Modular Messaging
Infrastructure:
Messaging Application Server Options
1- S3500 Windows Server 2- Customer Provided Server w/ Microsoft Exchange or IBM Lotus Domino
Message Storage Server Options:
1- Avaya Message Storage Server MSS2- Microsoft Exchange3- IBM Lotus Domino
Architecture
Avaya MSS Configuration
1- Up to 5 MAS’s
Microsoft Exchange/IBM Lotus Domino
1- Up to 10 MAS’s
(When MAS’s share a common set of properties it is known as a voicemail domain)
MAS functions
- Provides an interface between message store and pbx- System interface into pbx- Houses associated ports- Switch integration- Caller and subscriber touchtone tiu- Text-to-speech- Call applications & Auto Attendant- Voice encoding and decoding- Fax capabilities- Notification of new message /waiting call waiting NWI or outcalling- Trace functionality- Admin tools
MSS supports or provides these functions:
- Modular Messaging mailboxes which store messages and recorded greetings- Delivery of message to local mailboxes- Message networking for message delivery local and remotely- Directory services inc. mailbox account information- Support for desktop messaging clients- Ldap directory synch w/remote systems- Backup/restoration of sub mailbox & system data- Distribution lists- Broadcast messages- Sub admin and sys adm
Email Message Storage
Modular Messaging with Microsoft Exchange uses Active Directory
** A 3rd Party fax server is required for fax capabilities when Exchange or Domino is used as message store **
Architecture – Switch Integration or SWIN
IP (SIP and H.323)
Qsig over T1
DSE- intel dialogic board acts as an interface between MAS and pbx
Analog
Modular Messaging Software Components -can be installed on separater server
- Doesn’t use proprietary hardware platforms- Enterprise-wide administration- Diagnostics, reporting- Local access and sustainability- Centralization of shared services and hardware
Has 3 User Interfaces
PC
Microsoft Exchange Message Store/Lotus Notes-
Provides add-ins for Microsoft Outlook and Lotus Notes interface allowing messages to be accessible through LAN
Avaya MSS-
Messaging Restricted Outlook Thick Client
** can’t add non-MM subscribers to personal distribution list
** can’t forward voicemail and portability is restricted
WEB
Web client is only used for Avaya MSS configurations but Web Subscriber Options can be used with any message store.
TELEPHONE
ARIA, SERENADE AND AUDIX
** hands-free phone based interface can be used with advance mobility options when using UCC Nuance Speech
Users can be signed either of those 3 tui
** unsent message feature enabled through cos saves message for later if call drops **
Telephony Features
Tui- Outlook, Notes
Caller Applications- bulletin boards, auto attendants, listen only mailboxes
UCC- provides speech enabled access to voicemail, email, fax by using simple spoken commands from any phone
Find Me/Notify Me/Call Me
Find Me - redirects callers to a live MM subscriber
Notify Me - allows subscribers to be notified of new messages or even if someone called and didn’t leave a message by sending a message to pager, text message or calling pager
Call Me- enables outcalling, alerts subscribers to new messages in inbox by calling a designated number
Modular Message Infrastructure
Runs on Avaya S3500 or S3400 or Customer Provided Equipment
Only 5 MAS can connect to the Avaya MSS and 10 for Microsoft or Lotus
RMB- Remote Maintenance Board
- Remote cpu reset- Diagnostic- Dial-out for alarm origination- Voltage and temperature monitoring
Servers
S3500 MM 3.1
- Has more memory than S3400- Standard system used for MM 3.1 config- Faster and smaller than S3400- Can be used for both MAS and MSS config- If MSS config runs on Windows 2003 SAK- If MAS config runs on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0- MSS-S Standard Availability- MSS- H High Availability
S3400
- Can be used for both MSS and MAS config- Can be upgraded to 3.1
PC Access
Many standards-based email clients can be configured by MM subscribers to support receive/send and manage message options
Clients may support: LDAP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP4
Microsoft Outlook/Lotus Notes Client Access- MM plugin for Microsoft exchange allows subs to create, read and send voicemail from their email client
Subscriber Options- a Gui that allows subs to manage their greetings, password, mailbox parameters, rules, schedules and preferences.
TUI can manage all of the same items but is easier with Sub Opt for example pdl- personal distribution lists
Advanced Mailbox features are only accessible through Sub Options- Call Me/Find Me/Notify Me
Can be used from Outlook or Notes using appropriate add-in or used in stand alone mode
Personal Operator- can maintain “0” from extension through TUI, Subs Options and Web Sub Options
Web Access-
Modula r Messaging Web Client gives subs web access to:
- create and manage messages,- listen to voice messages- view fax messages- text messages- sort, search and move messages
** only supports Avaya MSS config not Exchange or Domino
Security
Triple AAA Servers
RBAC- Roles Based Access Control (web based) allows you to assign administrative access based on roles and functionality to administrator
Admin History Log- logs system changes , admin sessions and LDAP transactions
Can encrypt remote LDAP directory updates by requiring SSL
Admin Tools- can be added to supplementary server
Tracing Service Admin
Webserver Client
Offline Call Answer Store
Add’l Services- Fax Sender Service
MWI service
Call Me Service
Mailbox Monitor Service
Message Networking 3.1
The following functions reside on a Message Networking Server:
- each system is connected to every other system by a common protocol to exchange messages
Hub and Spoke
- each system is connected through a central point
Bridging
- when you are bridging a new system to an existing voice network
Server functions-
Modular Messaging MAS provides:
Caller Applications
Telephone User Interface
Message Store (MSS or Exchange/Domino)
- houses config data- LDAP- Message Database
Configurations
1. MAS/MSS Hardware and Software- Avaya MM and Avaya MSS- Avaya S3500 for both MAS and MSS
2. MAS Hardware and Software & CPE Exchange Message Store- Avaya MM software- Avaya S3500 for MM
3. MAS Hardware and Software & CPE Domino Message Store- Avaya MM software- Avaya S3500 for MM
4. MAS Software only - Avaya MM software- CPE server for MAS and MSS
Avaya Message Storage Server Functionality
Subscriber mailbox storage Distribution lists Message storage, including multimedia components: voice, fax, text and binary att. Message deliver to local mailboxes Message networking for deliver to remote destinations Directory services including mailbox account information Support for desktop messaging clients Directory synchronization with remote systems Subscriber administration and system administration
Availability Options on both Standard and High
Intel Pentium IV, 3.4 Ghz processor, 2 gb RAM
Avaya Remote Maintenance Board
4.7 GB RW DVD for backups (system backups over LAN), installs and updates
UPS with 30 minute holdover is recommended
Only on High Availability
Power supplies and fans are both redundant and hot swappable
Four 72 GB hot swappable SCSI disks with RAID Level 5 data redundancy
Only on Standard Availability
Dual 80 GB IDE disks with software mirroring
Microsoft Exchange Message Store
Modular Message 3.1 for Exchange support Microsoft Exchange Sever 2000 and 2003
For each sub. Microsoft Exchange provide a single mailbox that holds all messages- voice, text, corporate email and fax
To manage subscribers and MAS’s Microsoft Exchange uses Active Directory
** In Modular Messaging 3.1 for Exchange the directory server must be an Active Directory Domain controller configured as a global catalog- it can be on the Exchange server or separate.
Exchange 2000 w/ Active Directory 2000
Windows 2000 server SP4 or Windows 2000 Advanced Server SP4 or Windows Server 2003 standard edition SP1 Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition SP1
With: Exchange 2000 server SP3 roll-up or Exchange 2000 Enterprise Serer SP2 roll-up
Exchange 2003 w/Active Directory 2003
Windows Server 2003 Standared Edition SP1 Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition SP1
With: Exchange 2003 SP2 Server
Modular Messaging 3.1 for Domino supports Lotus Domino Server 6.5 & 7.0
Domino uses the Domino Directory to manage attributes for Modular Messaging subscribers and MASs. Modular Messaging 3.1 for Domino requires IBM Lotus Domino Unified Communications (DUC) 1.2.3.
Supplementary Server
- Can be used with all types of Message Stores- Primary function is tracing but other MM service may be enabled- Considered member of VMD - has no port boards- Not connected to switch- Can be from Avaya (S3500) or CPE
- Only one supported per VMDSupplementary Server Functionality
- Are not members of VMD- Have no port boards- Not connected to switch
Types:
Web Subscriber Options Web Client ( MM for MSS only) UCC Offline Access
UCC servers have port boards, but they are of a different type than those used by an MAS
Modular Messaging and Data Collection Tool (DCT) and Configuration Wizard make installation fast and accurate.
System Management
AIM (available for Modular Messaging for MSS systems only)
Mailbox Manager only MM for MSS- manages mailbox inventory and conducts moves andds and changes, can manage multiple systems
Tracing Service Administration
Comes standard but may be provisionally optimized
Can reside on one of the MAS’s or supplementary server
If on supp server does not count toward 5/10 max MAS per VMD
Offline Messaging Functions
Offline Call Answer/Offline Access-
- callers can still leave messages which are cached on MAS until MSS comes online- Caller will not be able to hear greetings just system gen. message for sub and recorded
name- MAS can store up to 5,000 hours of messages- TUI users can still access new messages not stored- The MAS pings MSS every 30 seconds to see if online- Subs can only listen to messages, not respond or forward
Email and Client Access
If MAS is down users can use UCC Speech Access , email client or web client to retrieve messages stored up to the point of outage since the function shifts to MSS to communicate with instead of MAS.
Caller Applications
Will work with system offline
Announcements don’t work
Prompts continue to work
Reliability
N + 1 is core redundancy by way of N + 1 server configuration where you are implementing more than one MAS to increase availability and reliability.
A call comes into any port/channel and if one MAS goes down the others within the VMD pick up the slack.
The cutover is automatic for Avaya systems.
Redundancy
MAS Redundancy
- when one of the MAS in a multi-MAS VMD goes out of service the system can continue to send and receive messages and redirect traffic to another MAS.
- if the MSS is down the MAS continues to provide Call Answer and retrieval of new messages
MSS Redundancy
- The MSS- H is recommended for customers with Avaya MSS- Dual hot swappable power supplies and fans- Scsi Raid level 5 disks- MSS-S two MAS per VMD- MSS-H 5 MAS per VMD- 144 ports per VMD
Exchange Peer Failover
- In a Modular Messaging for Exchange system, when a MAS detects a that the primary Exchange server is down it automatically attempts to reach another Exchange server (peer failover)
- This feature is enabled using the VMSC Voice Mail System Configuration App
Domino Cluster
- When two or more Domino servers mirror each other’s data- If one server fails the clients switch to the other server in the cluster
Survivable Modular Messaging-
- Enables a customer to automatically failover voice mail service from a centralized site to a co-location or remote location site.
- Uses ACM and creates a duplicate of the MM system- Available for MM for MSS, Exchange and Domino
Modular Messaging Installation
PRE-REGISTRATION
1. Must pre-register system even before the hardware arrives2. Once system has been pre-registered you can use ART Automatic Registration Tool which
generates product id tsc PPP login and Ip addresses for remote access by Avaya Support3. Preregistration allows you to open a ticket during installation for support if necessary4. MSS must be installed and connected before it is registered.
COMPLETE PLANNING FORMS
Information required on planning forms:
Server namesIP addressesDomain namesAccountsExtensions
passwords
Data Collection Tool DCT
5. Engineer must input info from planning forms into DCTDCT is a Windows Application which converts planning form info to an XML file with .mmdct extension. The MM Config Wizard uses this file to configure MAS’s
6. Save the .mmdct file onto a flash usb drive
** The DCT can not be used to upgrade from MM 3.0 to 3.1
9. Verify Avaya provided cables can be used or if customer has color code and distance from server
to network connection
10. Obtain from customer:
ip addresssubnet maskgateway info and dns serv ip info and corporate domain names
11. Ensure pbx administration is completed:Make sure extensions are configuredEach coverage path is configuredAbility to test each channel individually
Equipment, Tools and Software
Test equipment
Handset with mwi configured on pbx
Fax or butt set
Volt/ohm meter
Tools
Medium flat head screwdriver
Phillips screwdriver
Small needle nose pliers
Small wire cutters
Ball point pen/ pointed instrument
Software
Windows service pack updates
Anti-virus software (customer provided)
Modular Messaging software updates/patches from Download Center
Site Requirements
Server No. Power Supply Volts AC Hertz Amps Weight
MAS 1 100-240 50/60 hz 10/5 40 lb w/o boards
MSS- S 1 100-240 50/60 hz 10/5 41 lb
MSS-H 2 100-240 50/60 hz 6/3 52 lb
Unpacking System Hardware
1. Unpack server
2. Verify all hardware and software components needed are on-site
3. Label each unit and component as you identify it
4. Save one shipping carton and packing material in case of return
For Modular Messaging for Avaya MSS you will have:
- 1 Avaya MSS either high or standard availability (confirm high or stand.)
- 1-5 MAS’s per MSS or 1-10 MAS’s per Exchange/Domino
- Cables/Connectors
- Peripherals
Optional
- Supplementary Server or CPE Server
Modular Messaging 3.1 Servers
- It is crucial to distinguish between the server because they look very much alike
- Cable connections vary
- Software installation procedures vary
Identifying the S3500 MAS
Label located on right side near front identifies type of server: MAS, MSS-S or MSS-H
The S3500 is smaller and faster and has more memory than S3400.
If the server has port boards it must be setup as an Avaya MAS.
The Avaya MAS is packaged with the Avaya Modular Messaging Application Server
Software
An MSS is packaged with the Avaya Modular Messaging Application Server Software and
the Boot Software for the MSS media
Has a DVD player but the MSS has a DVD recorder
** Systems with IP H.323 or SIP Switch integration do not have any port boards. **
Identifying the S3500 MSS
Standard Availability (MSS-S)
(2) 80 GB IDE Disk drives and RAID level 1 data mirroring
1 power supply on the back
Drive lights are inactive
High Availability (MSS-H)
(4) 72 GB SCSI disk drives RAID level 5 for data redundancy
2 power supplies on the back
Power supply failure indicator
Drive lights are on
Message Networking 3.1
Message Networking 3.1 is a turnkey server-based solution that connects individual voice or multimedia
messaging systems.
- Uses :store and forward or hub approach to networking
- Receives messages
- Performs the necessary protocol conversions
- Delivers the message to one or multiple recipients
Companies need to:
- Connect diverse messaging systems Avaya or Non Avaya with systems that use SMTP,
MIME, VPIM AND AMIS protocols in addition to those that use Avaya protocols
- Take advantage of new technologies while leveraging existing networks/messgn
systems
- Maintain enterprise security standards: MN 3.1 security features are compatible with
MM 3.1. Can use AAA servers, RPAC, tracing, secure protocols between machines
Key Features and Benefits:
1. Expands messaging and network capacities to accommodate growth by bridging new systems
with existing ones.
2. Simplifies configuring, networking, administering and updating messaging networks
3. Augments messaging efficiency, information sharing and ease of use through enterprise lists,
enterprise directory management and addressing and ldap interfaces.
4. Seamlessly integrates digital and analog messaging systems and products
5. Accommodates existing security models while increasing robustness
The primary purpose of Message Networking is to give different voicemail systems the ability
to send and receive messages to each other.
Message Networking 3.1 supports almost any combination of digital messaging servers, using:
TCP/IP
SMTP/MIME
OTHER VENDOR SYSTEM USING (VPIM) VOICE PROFILE FOR INTERNET MAIL
Message Networking can network analog systems using:
Audio Message interchange Specification (amis)
Octel Analog Networking
Analog to Analog
digital to digital
analog to analog
COMPTIA CONVERGENCE EXAM
STUDY NOTES
Lesson 1Telecommunications Traffic EngineeringTrunk Connectivity ClassificationsDirection- Incoming, outgoing or two-wayCapacity- Quantity of information carriedTransmission Type- Analog, Digital, data or voice, or both
The capacity of a trunk can be measured by the number of individual lines it provides or in the case of digital data trunks its transmission speeds.
Amplitude describes the power or loudness of a signal.Frequency refers to the number of times per second a wave swings back and forth in a cycle from its beginning point to its ending point is relational to pitch (hi or low) . Closely spaced waves are hi pitch and loosely spaced waves are low pitches.
Frequency dertermines the pitche of a sound and amplitude determines the loudness and by varying these characteristics, engineers can record or pla back almost any sound!
Analog BandwidthA POTS local loop is designed to carry voice transmissions in the frequency range of 0 thru 4,000hz. The higher a circuit’s bandwidth the wider its frequency range and the more data it carries.
Digital TransmissionDigital communication technology carries many types of signals or payloads –voice, video, data- on the same physical media and at the same time. Instead of a pattern of continually changing waves, digital signals are transmitted in the form of binary bits: data represented as a series of 1s and 0s. Binary means there are only two values for a bit: on or off. On bits : 1’sOff bits: 0’sWhen bits are transmitted over wires: a 0 is represented by zero voltage a 1 is represented by either a positive or negative voltage of about +/-3 volts.
Reasons why digital technologies create more accurate and clearer voice communication:1- Digital bits can only be on or off2- Digital transmission makes it easier to distinguish between signal or distortion “noise”
A digital signal is much easier to reconstruct on the far end despite distortion or noise.1kilobit is 1,000 bits1 megabit is 1 million bitsA full T1 is 1.544 mbps that is 1 million 544 thousand bits per second
Trunk usage Measurements
Carried Load-Amount of traffic a server or pbx actually carries during a given time period. The carried load is limited by the PBX capacity and the number of available trunks.Switch and trunk capacity can be the bottlenecks that reduces the carried load’s capacity.A carried load = duration of telephone calls AND the number of incoming calls
ProbabilityP= f/(f + u)P is probabilityF favorable outcomesU unfavorable outcomes
Grade of ServiceGrade of service expresses the probability that any single call will be blocked. The probability that calls will be blocked on the first try during the busy hour.
CCS- The basic measurement of carried load is a CCS, 100 call seconds. For example a 5-minute call is representative of 300 seconds holding time on a trunk or 3CCS. Formula to convert to CCS when hold time has both minutes and seconds:[(minutes x 60) + seconds]/100 = CCS
When hold time just has whole minutes: Multiply by .6
ErlangAnother common holding time measurement. An Erlang represents 1 hour of traffic or 36CCS36CCS = 3600 seconds = 60 minutes x 60 seconds
Erlang B Traffic FormulaCalculates the grade of service likely when a certain volume of traffic is carried by a fixed number of trunks.
VOIP Link Capacity
Scenario:20 IP Phones768 Kbps Fractional T1IP Phones configured to use G.729 CodecEach IP Softphone operates at 36CCSThe G.729 Codec requires 8kbps to represent a 10 ms voice packet, plus overheadWan link uses PPP encapsulation w/ 48 bytes of protocol overhead
30 IP SoftphonesWan link is a 1.544 mbps T1Each softphone operates at 36 CCSUsing G.729 codec which requires 8kbps for a 10 ms voice packet(G.729 sends 8kbps packets every 10 seconds)The Wan link is using PPP encapsulation:48 bytes of protocol overhead
10 byte G.729 voice packetBandwidth required is 46.4kbps
Central and Satellite Offices Linked by Tie Trunk
Tie trunks carry internal traffic between the two offices so the volume of traffic depends on the organization’s work flow.The tie trunks also carry inbound and outbound calls for the satellite office. Therefore, the quality of service of the satellite office depeds on the capacity of the tie trunks that connect it to the CO in the main office location. If too few tie trunks connect the CO to the satellite, customers will receive frequent busy signals.
We can use Erlangs to estimate the capacity that a WAN link might require to carry VOIP traffic.
Data PrioritizationIn a congested network, high priority traffic may not get across the WAN as fast as necessary because RTP traffic must be combined with batch traffic over the same WAN interface. Solution is to get more bandwidth by compression.
A typical prioritization scheme assigns an administratively defined priority to each packet, then forwards packets to one of four priority queues: Urgent High Medium Low
Urgent PriorityNetwork-critical traffic, such as routing protocol updates about topology changes are automatically assigned an urgent priority; urgent packets take a precedence over all other traffic. After all packets in the urgent-priority queue are forwarded, the router forwards packets from other queues across the WAN interface in an order controlled by a user-configurable parameter.
Protocol ReservationThis parameter lets a network engineer guarantee that a portion of a WAN link’s bandwidth will be available for a specific protocol or application. When a percentage of bandwidth is reserved for a protocol that amount is guaranteed to be available even if the pipe is full. If the protocol traffic falls below the threshold the unused portion of the reserved bandwidth is made available for use by other protocols and applications.
Session FairnessA protocol reservation enhancement and ensures traffic from all users is forwarded evenly from all users, so that no single user is allowed to monopolize WAN bandwidth. For example, if only 24% of a WAN link is reserved for http traffic and there are 10 concurrent http sessions each user is only allowed to consume one-tenth of bandwidth.
Traffic Shaping It is a component of a Diffserv network, traffic shaping serves to condition inbound traffic flows to meet the current network conditions. Traffic shaping attempts to control inbound traffic by forcing it to conform to a specified a outbound flow rate. We can use traffic shaping on our frame based LAN’s as well as on cell-switching and packet-switching networks.
BootCamp Comptia Convergence + and CTP
Items on Convergence Test Friday test:
1. Which of the following are layer 3 protocols:IPQsigIsdnq.931x.25icmp
** Layer 3 protocols have I’s and P’s.
2. Voip Protocols: SIPH.323MGCP
They are all on Layer 7 Application Protocols
3. Lines go to individual devicesTrunks go from pbx to pbxT1- carrier has 24 channels64k channels eachTotal bandwidth 1.544Total throughput 1.536Does robbed bit signaling (inband)
4. PriDigital facilityOut of band signaling23 channels plus 1 deltaUsable bandwidth: 1.472Total bandwidth 1.544Total throughput 1.472
5. BRI2 bearer channels 64k each plus 1 delta 16kTotal throughput 128K
6. E1EMEATotal bandwidth 2.048 mbps30 plus 2 channels0-16 are used for signaling the rest for framing
7. Simplex- one direction only8. Half duplex- talk in both directions9. Full duplex- talk either direction at the same time
Page 810. Know the difference between amplitude and frequency11. Broadband- multiple signals on the same wire ex. Is cable tv12. Baseband- single signal on the same wire
13. Types of modulation-Amplitude amFrequency fmPhase pm
Broadband is am + pm = 64 quamFor cable use quadrature amplitude modulation
14. Actual frequency allocated by the CO for a Pots channel is between 0 - 4k The actual sample is 300 and 3,400 hertz
15. ADSL- Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line16. Nyquist Theorem-
8k sample x 8 bits = 64 kThis is G.711 audio codec** anything with a G is an audio codec**
19. G711 has a mos score of 4Mos- 1 through 5
50% of every call has silence25% is unique and useful25% repeated call
20. Jitter buffer stores information and repeats itPage 9
21. G.711 has a sample rate of 8k (2 x highest usable frequency) mos 4.022. G.722 has a sample rate of 16k (4 x highest usable frequency) mos 4.323. Toll quality is 4.0 or better24. MOS is the perceived quality of voice call25. SSL is secure socket layer = TLS transport Layer Security
Page 85526. G.729 will be compared to G711 on the exam27. Which of the following are toll quality?
G.711G.728G.722
28. AMI- Alternate Mark InversionSending 1 then 0 then 1 then 0 B8zx- to avoid wander and stay synced whenever a series of 0’s is received AMI automatically replaces it with a Bipolar Violation and this maintains the clocking
29. Isochronous- arrives on time every time
30. Synchronous- synced to stratum clock31. Asynchronous- not synced with stratum clock32. Pleisiosynchronous- phone systems use this globally
Page 11.33. Analog Transmission- when you use a repeater you also repeat noise34. Digital Transmission- noise gets cleaned up well because it is just 1’s and 0’s
Page 12Types of trunks
Types of Trunks
CO TrunksGroups of circuits that connect a pb x to the Central Office serving the local loop or local exchange. They also connect the private network with the public network. They can either be incoming or outgoing or both.FX TrunksProvide a direct connection between local customer equipment and a distant Central Office. WATS Trunks- Wide Area Telecommunications ServiceThese trunks allow customers to make Outward Wats) or receive (Inward WATS) long distance calls and have them billed at a bulk rate on a total-time basis, rather than on a per-call basis.The US is divided into 5 bands, the home state is in band 0. Customers may subscribe to some or all of the bands.TIE TrunksCircuits that are physically linking two different switches. The switches can be located in the same room or different states. Provides a direct link to the other location bypassing the PSTN. Advantageous in that companies with different physical locations can can route internal calls so that local outgoing and incoming facilities are not tied up. Most common signally is E&M , 2 and 4 wire. E & M refers to the separation of trans mission and reception over the wires. These can be both incoming or outgoing.DID TrunksThese trunks allow a caller to dial directly to a station or group of stations served by a pbx without the call being transferred by an auto attendant. DID trunks can only be one way incoming trunks. E&M wink start signaling is used on DID trunks. RAN TrunksRan trunks provide outgoing physical link between a recorded announcement system and the telephone switch. ( Recorded Announcement Trunks). These are incoming only.Paging TrunksPaging trunks are the links between the switch and customer-supplied speaker or radio paging equipment. They are outgoing only. Special Access TrunksForeign Exchange FX a onlocal CO within the USTerminates at a foreign co.
Ringdown CircuitA ring down circuit is a special telephone line that rings a destination as soon as the caller picks up the handset. A dedicated line that permanently connects two telephones, a ring down line can not be used to call other numbers.Airports commonly feature courtesy phones from car rental agencies or hotels and elevators.USP- Usage sensitive pricingBilling based on usage/volume.
CO TrunksTrunks that connect a CO to a CO
Page 13NPA- Number Plan Area provides Area CodeBefore T1After DS1DS3 or T3 = 28 T1
Page 14Private lines- flat rate per month and measures toll charges based on airline miles and amount of bandwidth leased
DACS- Digital Access Cross Connect Switch can setup a semi-permanent circuit
Page 15Ringdown Circuit is like the bat phone, rings when you pick it up
Page 16Carried Load- Amount of traffic actually carried on a circuit
Converation time + Operating Time = Hold TimeHold Time is how long you are using the resources of trunk
Operating Time is the time it takes to setup and tear down the call
Latency = DelayIt is how long it takes to get stuff through a thing
Satellite phone latency is 500 ms or half a second
Max Voice Delay for Voip is 150 ms
Page 18Constant distribution is when the calls are always the same length (prerecorded calls)Exponential Distribution is when overall most calls fewer and fewer get longer and longer
Page 20Grade of service- the number of blocked calls100 calls and 2 get blocked then its .021000 calls 5 get blocked its .005
Page 21Erlang 1 hour of traffic or 3,600 seconds or 36 ccsStatic Busy hour- fixed timeBouncing Busy hour- variable times
CCs= Centum call seconds or 100 call seconds
Page 22Erlang B Assumptions:# of trunks is limitedCalls can come from anywhereIf my call gets blocked, I won’t call backSwitch is fully availableAll calls are exponentially distributed
Page 23 Poisson Model- redial
Page 24 Erlang CNo busy signal- call goes to acd and music on hold it is always handled
Page 27CUR- Call Usage RatePUR- Port usage rate ratio is 2 ports for every 1 call
Tromboning- instead of calling directly from one local co to the other you call through a longer loop of Co’s to offset costs such as in latin American countries and the expensive cell phone service rates
Hairpinning- for ip endpoints it is when you connect them to each other bypassing the pbx to save resources and increase efficiency
Page 28.Data prioritization1- Know what you are carrying2- Prioritize it3- There are 4 different types of priorities queues:
Urgent, high medium or lowOne way to control the payload is to reserve bandwidthSession Fairness- ensures traffic is forwarded from all users evenlyTraffic Shaping- allows you to control output/input of traffic
** telnet is not secure **
Page 35 and 36 Key Systems-Can only support the number of calls to the number of lines
Page 39Q.931 / Qsig Voice transmission FundamentalsRTP is realtime transport protocolCarries payloadCarries payloadCarries payloadCarries payload of voice, video, audio
RTP encapsulates the payload
Please Do Not Tell Sales People Anything
ApplicationPresentationSession RTCPTransport TCP, UDP, RTPNetwork IPData Link Ethernet..PPPPhysical T1…Sonet…RS232..Serial
RTP carries the payloadRTCP tracks RTPTCP waits for the next packet if none, then asks for retransmitUDP says it didn’t come forget it and keeps on going
RTP carries the payloadMAN is 802.6 (Metropolitan Access Network)Wireless is 802.11 (access points can have 2 antennas I I)Wireless MAN is 802.16
MAC Address is 48 bitsIP Address 32 bits UDP Port Address is 16 bits
Firewalls block udp by default ***Prefer to run RTP on UDP
Layer 2 is the only layer that adds a header and trailer IP suite only has 4 layers
Transport {Session {TransportInternetwork {NetworkData Link Layer{Data Link {Physical
ICMP- Int. Cont. Mess. Protocol1-Source Quench Message is when TCP says to sender MY Buffer is Full!!
2-Ping- Echo Request ICMP type 83-Type 0- Echo Reply
CALEACommunication Assistance for Law Enforcement AgenciesGives cops legal right to monitor communications or wiretap
IP configIp addressDefault gatewayDomain nameSubnet mask
**switches extend the same thing** routers connect different thingsRouters are a type of gateway because they connect two different ip ranges
Layer 7 Protocol ConvertersITU_T or CCITTH.323SBC- Session Border Controllers are located at the core, edge or distributed
Data Link Layer- FramesNIC, bridges, switchesEthernetMAC addresses
Physical Layer-BitsHubs, Repeaters, Modems, DSU/CSUT1, Sonet, RS232, Serial
3 Address Types-Port Address (transport/udp and session RTCP)IP Address (Network Layer)Mac Address (Data Link Layer)
4 units of measure-Packets, streams, messages, frames
Page 40
RTP runs on UDPRTP carries payload for SIPRTP encapsulates the payload
** questions will be rephrased. **Be Alert**If 3 answers look the same but are wrong choose the different one
H.245- is the signaling for H.323SDC- Session Description Protocol does signaling for SIPBoth H.323 and SIP set up and tear down callsSIP- Session Initiation ProtocolRTP carries the PayloadRTP Canonical Name
QOSApplicationPresentationSessionTransport RSVP (Intserv does the signaling)Network TOS -> IP Precedence, DSCP tags packets in code point fieldDatalink IEEE 802.1q (tags) framesPhysical
You set Qos on layer 2 Datalink 802.1qYou set Qos on layer 3 Transport DSCP on router or l3 switchRSVP- Resource Reservation Protocol
- Used by iNTserv integrated services for signaling- With intserve its either 100% or nothing if there is a link down it doesn’t work
Diffserv or DSCP does Qos on layer 3 tags packets2 to 6th power = 64 possible resultsCode point field is 6 bitsNo Qos in place= best effortDSCP Qos= Best Effort plus0 tags= best effortNumbered tags= best effort plus
Intserv= gets qos or noDSCP is gets qos at some hop points even when a link is downRouters destroy frames but not packets
Mac Address has 2 halvesOui and serial- 48 bits longOui tells you nic manufacturer/unique identifierThe mac address is in the Ethernet header
MAC ADD |Dest. Addr. Source address (IP)|Port Dest/Source Addr| PayloadDL Layer | Network Layer | Transport
HTTP Port: 80
IP Address takes you from one end to the other- doesn’t changeMAC Address changes from one device to the next on your routeDaemon are services on Linux which listen for incoming requests
Page 42In IP header TTL field and check sum field are the only things changingThe clock on a T1 ticks 8000 times per second
Nyquist Theorem is 2 x the highest usable frequency which is 4k x 2 = 8k sampled at 8000 times equals 64k g711 pcm
Page 43DTMF- dual tone multi frequency7 unique tones required to make dtmfNo of addresses is 2 to 32nd powerIPv4- decimal dotted octet periodIPv6- .02 percent of people use it colon hexadecimal 16 symbols 0-9 abcd
Page 441964- STMF introduced at the world’s fairDC- dialtone and talk voltageRinging voltage is 90AC
Page 48T1 is inband signaling- robbed bitESF- extended superframeISDN is out of band w/delta channel not being in same talk pathSS7 netowork packet-based qsig and out of band
Page 48Inband signaling shares single transmission as voicepath
Out of band- isdnQsig is used for out of band signaling for SS7 for private networking between pbx’s
Page 53NPA- number plan area which is area code 305-Prefix- exchange 987-Subscriber identifier- last 4 digits 0595
When running out of telephone numbers turn on overlay codes at CO which allows you to run more than one area code within the LATA
Page 55Prefix codes555-0100 to 555-0199 for movies, fictitious numbers800-855 Hearing Impaired311 non emergency411 directory assistance511 traffic info611 cell phone repair711 trs telecom relay service
811 excavation advance notice911 emergency
Page 56Toll freee only works in US900 no’s are used by Microsoft and Avaya
Digit translationdISa- like ras in avaya pbx can use codes to dial out of switch to make long distance calls
Page 61Auto attendantsEnum- electronic numberMaps phone no’s to ip addressesPresence- triangulates by Gps satellitsPresence- your willingness and ability to communicateI’m away from deskAnd ability is text, video, cell, audio, sms
Combine presence/enum/dns will utilize 100 times more bandwidth
NAPTR- Naming authority pointerLink that will find youUse naptr record to call you or text youIt searches for a name and the person’s phone ringsWorks with DNS recordNAPTR will return a URI(Uniform Resource Identifier)URI SIP:[email protected] like an email w/sip in the front
Uniform Resource Locator or URL http://www.(server)bob.(domain)com (tld) Top Level Domain
CC TLD- Country Code Top Level Domain like .com, .tv, .org, etcThe // prompts you to look into a directory
Page 62Port NumbersHttp: 80https: 443ftp data: 20 *** data is always on even port **ftp control: 21rtp data: 5004rtcp control: 5005
SIP: 5060Protocols use pairs for calls both rtp and rtcp for example
** Know how to build an enum**18005551212Reverse it: Add dots: Add e164 suffixAnd Add arpa at the end2.1.2.1.5.5.5.0.0.8.1.e164.arpa
ARPA- Advanced Research Projects AgencyRobert Kringley documentary**ARPA Net was internet backboneThis agency gave inventor 2 million so internet could be built which is a packet network
** Know subscribers in a tandem office1. Subscribers connect to a class 5 switch2. Pots also connect to a class 5 switch
Page 65LNP- Local Number Portability
Page 67- 68NEBS- is a list of polices used for protecting equipmentFor example network equipment stands for Network Equipment Building Standards.
E911- Enhanced 911 Service
Page 75Know TDM Phones- same as digital phonesLoop Start- is a signaling technique by which a party gets dial tone by closing (shorting) a dc current loop.Ground Start- a signaling technique by which one party gets dial tone by momentarily grounding one side of a two-wire trunk.
TUESDAY APRIL 21, 2009
A ROLLOVER CABLE is one where the following pinout exists:12345678||||||||87654321
It is used for console port services.
CROSSOVER CABLE is one where the following pin-out exists:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 to 3 3 to 1 6 to 2 2 to 6 / | | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
169.254.x.x APIPAAutomatic Private IP Adresses
- Class B- Not routable just bridgeable- 0 config- Can’t get to internet- Can’t find dhcp and patch is not connected to switch
WiresharkCapture->Options-> select NICPromiscuous- captures packet for other MAC addresses not just your own192.x.x.x is a Class C private ip address
Ethernet Header is 20 bytesTrailer 14 bytesHeader 14 bytes
** Capture filter allows you to isolate specific issuesDisplay Options- Uncheck- hide capture dialogUncheck- enable network names resolutions if you have dns issuesStatistics->voip calls->select call->p;ayer->decode->check boxes->play3 different fields in WiresharkTop field- everything2nd field- interpretation of selected stream of data3rd field- hex dump or the raw bit stream
ARP- Address Resolution ProtocolMPLS and ARP are both on layer 2 and a halfYou use ARP to find MAC addressesArp-a = arp cachesIf you ping a device not on your network your arp will not contain its mac address only its default gateway.
** an arp requests the destination addressSo it sends out a broadcast which is all 111111111A Destination mac address is the first field in the Ethernet header
The Ethernet header is 20 bits longDSCP 6 bitsG711 is mulaw- $$ money in the US** Know SIP / h.323 Handshake
Switches and CAM TablesHubs are repeaters.CAM TABle is in switches Content Addressable MemoryStores the mac addresses and ports of devices on lanA switch learns by filling its CAM table:
1- Floods2- Learns
-filter - forwards
3- Forgets it. Drops info after 5 minutes
Layer 2 flood is ffffffffffLayer 3 is 255.255.255.255Physical/DataLink/Network/Transport/Session/Presentation/ApplicationARPs can’t be controlled.Broadcast storm is when there is cam table thrashing- the request for mac/port keeps going and going because there is no ttl field in layer 2 unlike in layer 3.Solutions is to turn on Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE802.1D.Downsides is that it is very chatty.When implement a hub and spoke topology do not turn on STP IEEE802.1d just statically address all devices.
CLASSES OF NETWORKSPAN- Personal Area Network ex. Bluetooth 802.15.1LAN-Local Area NetworkMAN- Metropolitan Area NetworkCAN- Campus Area NetworkWAN- Wide Area NetworkGAN- Global Area Network
NETWORK TOPOLOGIESBus-Star- is how the topology looksStar/bus- what we use todayPoint-to-Point- T1, ADSLPartially Meshed- one site is connected to anotherFully Meshed- total redundancyCloud- fully meshed vendor network
COMMUNICATION MODELSMaster/Slave- all requests come from the Master and the slave responds. Master does the polling.Peer-to-Peer- no dedicated server but computers are connected to each otherClient/Server- client makes the requests, the server just responds for example in a restaurant “who is in charge?” the server just serves, the client request all of the services
NETWORK SIGNALLINGFM- Frequency ModulationAM- Amplitude ModulationQuam- Quadrature Amplitude ModulationTDM- Time Division MultiplexingPCM- Pulse Code ModulationManchester EncodingDifferential Manchester EncodingCycles are measure in hertz
TYPES OF TRANMISSIONSSIMPLEX- one signal on wireDUPLEX- sending and receiving at the same timeHALF DUPLEX- sending first then receiving, can’t be done at same timeSynchronous- clocked to stratum clockAsynchronous- not clocking to stratum clock
BROADBAND Versus BASEBANDCoaxial Cabling- 10base5- thicknet and size of a sharpie10base2- thinnet and size of a pencil10 = speed 10 mbpsBase = baseband5 = 500 meters segment2 = 185 meters
Standard rule for connecting hubs/switches5-4-3 RULE5 segments…connected by4 repeaters….populated by3 pc’sWays to connect them:Can use dedicated cross over port on switchMDX buttonProprietary cableCrossover Cable
DTE DTE DTEPC crossoverX PC PC
Straight straight X HUB X Switch straight RouTerDCE DCE DCE
X DCE SWitch
Rollover cable goes to console portCrossover cable goes from laptop to laptop
TWISTED PAIR CABLINGUTP- no protective sheathSTP- protective sheath over group of wiresScreened- each individual wire is wrapped in foilPlenum Space
1- Plenum rated cabling is most restrictive2- Riser cable3- General purpose4- Residential- least restrictive
USB and Fire Wire use copper cabling to transport data and power from pc’s to peripheral devices. USB maximum is 127 devices and voltage is +4.5 vdc 500mFireWire max is 63 devices and voltage +8 to +40 vdc
MultiMode- (shotgun)LED lightDoesn’t go as farLarge Core
Types of Multimode-
Step- which causes delayGraded Index- points light towards center which is faster
What is Jitter?Jitter is variable delay for voip traffic
FIBER CONNECTORSST- stick and twistSC- stick and clickLC- little clickMTRJ- mechanical transfer registered jack
WIRELESS802.11 FHSS AND DSSSFrequency Hopping Spread SpectrumDirect Sequency Spread Spectrum802.11a- 5ghz – 54 mbps 8 overlapping channels802.11b – 2.4 ghz – 11mbps 3 overlapping channels }802.11g- 2.4ghz - 3 overlapping channels } go farther than 802.11a802.11i using AES Wpaz** the slower connection brings all others down to its speed **The lower frequency goes farther..
The blue tooth IEEE standard is 802.15.1STP is 802.1DWireless 802.11a802.11b802.11g
Well Known Ports20 FTP Data21 FTP Control22 SSH- secure shell23 Telnet25 SMTP53 DNS67 s & 68 C Bootp/dhcp69 TFTP – UDP80 HTTP443 HTTPS123 NTP110 POP3143 IMAP4161 & 162 is SNMP
OSI ModelEncapsulation adds headers (outgoing)The lesser serves the greaterSegmentation divides messages into manageable chungsDecapsulation removes headers (incoming)Reassembly builds the messageFragmentation is now accepted to keep voice packets small
Physical LayerBitsMediaSonetHubs Repeaters
SONETSTS-1/OC-1 ** trick for remembrng take ½ *** 51.84STS-3/OC-3 155.5STS-12/OC-12 622.08
Question on test:Given following bandwidth requirements which STS/OC level should you choose?G711 10 softphones etc.Answer: 155.52 mbps STS 3/OC3
Synchronous Transport Signal (STS)Synchronous Transport Module
DATA LINK LAYER-CELLS- 53 bytes Fixed sizeHave header and payload onlyDo not use Vlan 0 **-FRAMES for Ethernet PPD, Frame RelayHeader, payload, trailerFrames are variable sizeSwitches, NICS, Bridges, VlanHardware Address, MAC 48 bits
APPLICATION LAYERTHE user interface layerWell known port numbers on layer4 which point to specific application on layer 7
Wireshark captures only on local segmentNot through routersUnless switch port is mirroredWireshark.org can get you samples of captures
CSMA/CDCarrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision DetectionEthernet uses thisJamming signal stops other NICs from transmitting for a time after a collisionCells use CSMA/CABack off time which is a time to wait before transmitting
Ethernet V2 is originalEthernet HeaderType tells you what type of payload- 0800 is IP|Preamble|SOFD|Dest.Addr|Source Addr|Type|Length|Payload |FCS 7 bytes |1byte| 6 bytes |6bytes | 2 bytes |46 – 1500| 4 bytesLength tells you how long payload is LLC Ieee 802.2Ethernet 802.3 Wimax 802.16802.11 WirelessIP has two layers in Datalink- Logical Link Control and Media Access Control
Maximum size of IP Packet 1500 bytesMTU- Maximum Transmission Unit
EncapsulationTCP or UDP encapsulates data, video, audio, voice IP encapsulates TCP or UDPEthernet encapsulates IP
DevicesAny bridge is half wireless half bridge and half duplexRepeater STP IEEE 802.1dRouter l3Gateway l7 protocol conversion ARP is to find MAC AddressIp config /all is used to find mac address
IP Address TypesUnicast- one to oneMulticast- one or more to a groupClass D Network- IGMP for IPv4 224 – 239 1st Octet224.0.0.1224.0.0.2 routers on network224.0.0.5 OSPF routers224.1.1.41 H.323 Gatekeeper discovery address
No broadcast on IPv6Broadcasts
- Are limited by routers 255.255.255.255- Directed broadcast- 192.168.1.255- Layer 2 limited broadcast ffffffff
Anycast- one to first available ipv6 only******2 32nd power or 4.2 billion ip addresses
Public Addresses Default MasksClass A 0 – 127 255.0.0.0Class B 128- 191 255.255.0.0Class C 192 – 223 255.255.255.0Class D 224 – 239 No subnet masks for class d they are multicast** Even Odd Private IP Addresses Usable HostsClass A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255. 16,777,214Class B 172.16.x.x - 172.31. 65,534Class C 192.168.x.x 254
Transport RangesWellknown Ports- 0 to 1023Host File FieldsIP Addr | FQDN |aliases |#Comments10.0.0.1 www.as.com dns-sbc bob # dns server
127.0.0.1 must be in the local hosts file** can create short names for ips in hosts file
NAPTRQos at Layer 3 is DSCP
Page 105Identify PayloadPrioritize itUse Qos
Clarity- accurately hearing what is being said
Page 108Round trip delay satellite is 500 msWander- lose timing or clockingJitter- variable delayAvailability- uptime
MPLS- Multi Protocol Label SwitchingCan add labels like:Precedence, VPN, RSVP QoS Packet RoutesRouters look at labels instead of having to read headers and is much fasterFEC- forwarding equivalence classDefines a group of packets to which domain provides a specific treatment locallyLabels- 20 bits long
RED-Random Early DetectionWRED- not as randomWFQDiffserve- in IP Header 6 bits
** Memorize**DSCP Code PointsWhat you do when you see the code point-Default PHB- Best EffortClass Selector PHB (Per Hop Behavior)- backwards compatible with TOSAssured Forwarding- 4 groups of 3 subclassesExpedited Forwarding- on or off value is 46 (101110) either hi or low
Recognized DSCP- For Future Use- not out yetGlobal 3 bitsLocal 3 bits
Vlan ID- 2to 12th power Subnetting: 2 to 10th powerHow many vlans 802.1q – 4096GARP- used to propagate topologiesGVARP- automatic configuration of vlan802.1p precedence802.1q is vlan 0=-40968 different levels
Priority QueueingClass Based WFQPriorityLow Latency Queueing- LLQ don’t make it wait just send it through as fast as you can
Page 138PCM sampled at 0-4k 8,000 timesActual is 300 – 3,400
Page 142 H.323 1719 port and 1720H.225/h.2250 do signalingh.245 does compatibilities exchangeSIP 5060 PORT
Page 43Network Capacity Baselining
- Determine what traffic is normal- Documents performance
Monitor Mode- tracking what is currently happening
Analyzer Mode- Looking for an issueWhat is task Manager used for:CPU UtilizationServices/Processes
CTP- Q.931 Handshake
Page 158 Subrate Facilities- DDS Digital Data ServicesProvides speed less than DS0 speeds
Know PPTP-Point to Point Tunneling Protocol is an Application Layer 1 protocolVPN software uses this protocol Know GRE- PPTP encapsulates frame by adding GRE protocol header
