ACSCU Onward to Excellence Through Research

7/29/2019 ACSCU Onward to Excellence Through Research

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Veneracion G. Cabana, Ph.D., F.A.H.A.Research Director, Mt. View College, Valencia City, Bukidnon

Visiting Scientist, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL25th ASCCU-AAI National Assembly

Hotel Koresco, Cagayan de OroMay 19, 2010


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Veneracion G. Cabana, Ph.D., F.A.H.A.Research Director, Mt. View College, Valencia City, Bukidnon

Visiting Scientist, The University of Chicago, Chicago, ILPAIR Outstanding International Researcher Awardee, 2010


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I. Research at a world class

university

II. Research in the PhilippinesIII.Proposals toward excellence

Talk Outline
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wellesley.edu/Controller/Images/question%2520marks.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.wellesley.edu/Controller/payrollbannerfaqs.html&h=158&w=175&sz=3&tbnid=H53HB9wolM8J:&tbnh=85&tbnw=95&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dquestion%2Bmarks%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cas.astate.edu/rise/images/Leo%2520plays%2520scientist.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cas.astate.edu/rise/2003_photo_gallery.htm&h=1440&w=2160&sz=869&tbnid=XHYeAfJmP3QJ:&tbnh=100&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscientist%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG


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The University of Chicago www.uchicago.edu

is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park

neighborhood of Chicago. Founded by the oil magnate John D.

Rockefeller 119 years ago [inaugurated July 1, 1891], it known for its

rigorous devotion to academic scholarship and intellectual life .it

was the site of the worlds first man-made self-sustaining nuclear

reaction (aka atomic bomb).and [has] the largest university press in

the United States. Ranked among the worlds top ten universities, it

is affiliated with 82 Nobel Prize laureates, its Law, Medicine,

Physics, and Business schools are among the best there is.
http://www.uchicago.edu/http://www.uchicago.edu/


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Part of the campus with several towers of the main quadrangle viewed from the Midway

Plaisance, a filled-in water thoroughfare during the 1890 World Fair on which site the

University was built. The buildings are a blend of traditional English Gothic and award-

winning modern structures designed by renowned architects .

The Campus


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At tHE FOrEFrONt OF MEDICINE

Billings Hospital DCAM

Billings Hospital (left) andthe Ducchossois Center for Advanced Medicine (DCAM, right),

two of the hospitals in the University of Chicago Hospitals complex. To the left of Billings is

the Chicago Lying-In Hospital for maternity and childbirth with Wyler Hospital further down

toward DCAM. To the right of DCAM is the Childrens Hospital. These are all huge buildings.

Billings alone is 7 stories high and covers 3 city blocks. Because of extremely cold winters in

Chicago, the buildings are connected by tunnels and bridges. The bridge connecting DCAM to

Billings can seen in this photograph. The Pritzker School of Medicine and most of the basic

science research facilities are located here.

Our lab complex is located at the other side of Billings facing toward DCAM.


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John Crerar Library

(medical sciences)

Regenstein Library

(main library)

$472 million in sponsored research grant awards per year. More than 3,200

patents have been filed since 1987.

The Program Project SCOR in Atherosclerosis (where I was a SCOR co-

investigator) received over $2,000,000 grant from the NIH each year.

In the US, 30% of research grants are from public funds, >60% are from private

sources. //www.uchicago.edu
http://www.essential-architecture.com/IMAGES2/Regenstein_Library_thumb.jpghttp://www.essential-architecture.com/IMAGES2/Regenstein_Library_thumb.jpghttp://www.essential-architecture.com/IMAGES2/Regenstein_Library_thumb.jpghttp://www.uchicago.edu/http://www.uchicago.edu/http://www.essential-architecture.com/IMAGES2/Regenstein_Library_thumb.jpg


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Argonne National Laboratory Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

The University of Chicago manages, supports, and engages with these two major

federal research centers where cutting-edge science is always underway. Together

these two great laboratories attract $900 million annually in federal research

grants.Argonne and Fermi are leaders in ensuring U.S. competitiveness in the

global economy, and provide .The research

that takes place in them, often in collaboration with Illinois universities, contributes

to the nations environmental, energy, and national security (www.uchicago.edu)

In Partnership
http://www.anl.gov/http://www.anl.gov/http://www.uchicago.edu/http://www.uchicago.edu/http://www.anl.gov/http://www.anl.gov/


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Henry Moore, sculptor

The sculpture Nuclear Energywas unveiled at 3:36 p.m. on December 2, 1967, precisely a

quarter-century after scientists at the University of Chicago achieved the first controlled self-

sustaining nuclear chain reaction, initiating the atomic age. The 12-foot bronze sculpture stands

on the site of the University's old Stagg Field, where the experiment took place under theleadership of Enrico Fermi.

tHE MANHAttAN PrOJECt AKA AtOMIC BOMB

The famous (or infamous) University of Chicago accomplishment


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Barack Obama taught constitutional law

at the University of Chicago Law

School, ranked 4th in the nation.

Michelle Robinson Obama was an

Associate Dean at the University

of Chicago, and a vice president

for the University of Chicago

Hospitals.

tHE uNIvErsIty OF CHICAGOs MOst FAMOus

Former Employees


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Godfrey Getz, MD, PhD

Professor, Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and the College

Former Director, SCOR in Atherosclerosis

Former Chairman, Department of Pathology

Former Dean, Pritzker School of Medicine

Curent Editor,Arteriosclerosis, Official Journal of the Council on ATVB

Who I Work With at the U of C


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My Lifelong Research involvement


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Our studies were focused on inflammation

and atherosclerosis. Inflammation is now

implicated as the root cause of atherosclerosis

and its fatal consequences, heart disease and

stoke, the leading cause of death in

industrialized nations and a rising scourge in

third world countries.

Coronary Angiogram


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+

0 0 0 048 484848

Massive decreases of HDL, the so-called good

cholesterol occur during inflammation

HDL

VLDLLDL

Hours post injection of croton oil to induceinflammation and the acute phase response

Cabana, V.G., Gewurz, H. & Siegel, J. (1982). Interaction of Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) with the Rabbit Acute Phase Protein

CRP,J Immunol128:2342.

Cabana, V.G. Gewurz, H. & Siegel, J. (1983). Inflammation-Induced Changes in Rabbit CRP and Plasma Lipoproteins,J Immunol

130:1736.

Cabana, V.G., Siegel, J.N. and Sabesin, S. (1989). Effects of the Acute Phase Response Upon the Concentration and Density of Lipids andApolipoproteins.J Lipid Research, 30:39.


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Fed diet containing milk fat

(saturated fatty acid).

Fed diet containing safflower oil

(unsaturated fatty acid)

Trans fatty acids had the same effect

Diet and atherogenesis

in genetically modifiedmice

Reardon, C.A., Blachowicz, L., White, T.,

Cabana, V.G., Wang, Y., Lukens, J.R.,

Bluestone, J. and Getz, G.S., (2001). Effect ofImmune Deficiency on Lipopoproteins and

Athersoclerosis in Male Apolipoproten E-

Deficient Mice.Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.21:1011-1016


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1. Cabana, V.G., Lukens, J.R., Rice, K.S., Hawkins, T.J. and Getz, G.S (1996). HDL Content and

Composition in Acute Phase Response in Three Species: Triglyceride Enrichment of HDL a Factor in

its Decrease. J Lipid Research 37(12):2662-2674.

2. Cabana, V.G., Gidding, S.S., Getz, G.S, Chapman, J. and Shulman, S.T. (1997). Serum Amyloid A

and High Density Lipoprotein Participate in the Acute Phase Response of Kawasaki Disease.

Pediatric Research 42:651-655.

3. Cabana, V.G, Reardon, C.A., Wei, B., Lukens, J.R., and Getz, G.S. , (1999). SAA-only HDL Formed

During the Acute Phase Response in ApoA-I-/-

and ApoA-I+/+

Mice. J Lipid Research 40:1090-1103

4. Cabana, V.G., Reardon, C.A., Feng, N., Neath, S. X., Lukens, J., and Getz, G. S. Serum

Paraoxonase: Effect of The Apoprotein Composition of HDL and The Acute Phase Response. Jour

Lipid Research 2003 44: 780-792, electronic publication, January 16, 2003, 10.1194/jlr.M200432-

JLR200.

5. Cabana, V.G., Feng, N., Reardon, C.A., Lukens, J., Webb, N.R., De Beer, F.C., and Getz, G. S. (2004).Formation of SAA-containing particles in vivo and in vitro with or without the acute phase response

and influence of apoA-I and apoE.Jour Lipid Research, 45:317-325.

6. Xu, X., Wu, D., Arnsdorf M., Johnson, J., Getz G.S., and Cabana, V.G. (2005). Chemical Colloids

Versus Biological Colloids: A Comparative Study for the Elucidation of the Mechanism of Protein

Fiber Formation.Biochemistry, 4:5381-538.

Examples of articles published in peer-reviewed international journals


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1. Cabana, V.G., Siegel, J.N. & Sabesin, S.M. (1988). Changes in the Concentration and DensityDistribution of Lipids and Apolipoproteins During the Acute Phase Response. Proceedings of the

VIII International Congress of Atherosclerosis, Rome, Italy.

2. Lewis, G.F., Cabana, V.G., Uffelman, K., Steiner, G., Polonsky, K.S. and Getz, G.S. (1994).

Production of Small HDL Particles after Intravenous Heparin in Hypertriglyceridemic (HTg)Diabetic and Non-diabetic Individuals. Studies Before and after Gemfibrozil Therapy. Presented

at the Xth International Symposium of Atherosclerosis, Montreal, Canada, October 9-14, 1994.

Atherosclerosis109 (1,2):224.

3. Cabana, V.G. and Getz, G.S. (1996). Acute Phase Response of ApoA-I Gene Knockout Mice.

Presented at the Gordon Conferences on Serum Amyloid A, DoubleTree Hotel, Ventura, CA,

February 2-4, 1996

4. Cabana, V.G., Reardon, C.A. and Getz, G.S. (1997). Production of Serum Amyloid A (SAA)-HDLDoes Not Require the Presence of ApoA-I-HDL or Matured T and B Cells. Presented at the 11th

Internation Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Paris, France, October 5-9, 1997.

5. Cabana, V.G., Reardon, C.A., Santamarina-Fojo, S., Lukens, J.R. and Getz, G.S. (1998). SAA-

HDL Interactions in Vivoand in Vitro. Presented at the 70th European Atherosclerosis Society

Congress, Geneva, Switzerland, September 6-9, 1998.

6. Cabana, V.G. Reardon, C.A., De Beer, F.C. and Getz, G.S. (2001). Production of SAA-HDL inthe Absence of the Acute Phase Response. Presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on

Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Arlington, VAMay 2001Cabana, V.G.Reardon, C.A., De Beer, F.C. and Getz, G.S. (2001). Apoproteins, The Acute Phase Response

(APR) and Paraoxonase (PON). Presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on Atherosclerosis,

Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Arlington, VAMay 2001.

7. Cabana, V.G. Olin, K., Reardon, C.A.,Feng, N., Chait, A. and Getz, G.S. (2001). SAA-only HDL:

Formation with or Without the Acute Phase Response and Binding to Proteoglycans. Presented

at the IXth International Symposium on Amyloidosis, Budapest, Hungary, July 2001.

Examples of presentations at national and international conferences


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LIGHT and Lymphotoxin Influence both Lipid

Metabolism and Atherosclerosis

Catherine A. Reardon, John Lukens, Sudarshana Sengupta, Alejandra

Arce Indachea, Telma Lemos, Veneracion Cabana, Yang-Xin Fu, and

Godfrey S. Getz, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago,IL 60637

Presented at the 10thAnnual Meeting of the ATVB, San Francisco, CA, Apri l 2010.

Our Latest Data

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otalLipoproteinChole

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C57BL/6LIGHT-tg

LDL HDLVLDL

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4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56Fraction

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LDL HDLVLDL


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El Nido, Palawan


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Rolling hills around MVCMalingon Falls on the property of

MVC, source of hydroelectric power

The Kitanglad Range view of MVC


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Administration Building

MVC


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We are an intelligent, creative, resourceful, adaptable people.

My big question is, why cant we compete globally?


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Fifty years after putting up an S&T agency(Department of Science and Technology) and 30

years after a national science academy (NAST), the

Philippines has yet to find a scientific system that is

anything close to meeting its twenty-first century

needs.Flor Lacanilao, 2008

Science in the Philippines

Flor Lacanilao,holds a Ph.D. in comparative endocrinology from the

University of California at Berkeley, a retired professor of marine

science, University of the Philippines Diliman. florlaca @ gmail.com


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No university from the Philippines

made it in the top 100 in the Asia

Pacific, or in the worlds top 500 asranked by a leading Chinese university

based on academic or research

performance.

Measuring research performanceby Flor

Lacanilao, Ph.D.


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2008 RANK 2007 RANK INSTITUTION

COUNTR

Y

OVERALL

SCORE

1 1 Harvard University US 100

2 2= Yale University US 99.8

3 2= University of Cambridge UK 99.5

4 2= University of Oxford UK 98.9

5 7= California Institute of Technology US 98.6

6 5 Imperial College London UK 98.4

7 9 University College London UK 98.1

8 7 University of Chicago US 98

9 10 Massachusetts Institute of Technology US 96.7

10 11 Columbia University US 96.3

19 17 University of Tokyo JAPAN 90

25 25 Kyoto University JAPAN 87.4

26 18 University of Hong Kong HK 87.1

39 53 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology HK 81.4

42 38 Chinese University of Hong Kong CHINA 81

44 46 Osaka University JAPAN 80.1

50= 36 Peking University CHINA 78.1

50 51 Seoul National University KOREA 78.1

http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/
http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings


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QS Top Universities, formerly known as Times Higher Rankings

Rankings for Asian universities 2009:

1 University of HONG KONG Hong Kong

2 The CHINESE University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

3 University of TOKYO Japan

4 HONG KONG University of Science and Technology Hong Kong

5 KYOTO University Japan6 OSAKA University Japan

7 KAIST Korea Advanced Institute of Science Korea, South

8 SEOUL National University Korea, South

9 TOKYO Institute of Technology Japan

10 National University of Singapore (NUS) Singapore

10 PEKING University China

12 NAGOYA University Japan

13 TOHOKU University Japan

14 Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore

15 KYUSHU University Japan

15 TSINGHUA University China

17 Pohang University of Science and Technology Korea, South

18 CITY University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

19 University of TSUKUBA Japan

20 HOKKAIDO University Japan

20 KEIO University Japan

22 National TAIWAN University Taiwan23 KOBE University Japan

24 University of Science and Technology of China China

25 YONSEI University Korea, South

26 FUDAN University China

27 NANJING University China

28 HIROSHIMA University Japan

29 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG University China

30 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay India

30 MAHIDOL University Thailand

www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-univers i ty-rankings-2009/
http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankingshttp://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/asianuniversityrankings/asian_university_rankings_top_200_universities/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.filination.com/.../top-asian-academic-universities-in-world-university-rankings-2009/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/asianuniversityrankings/asian_university_rankings_top_200_universities/http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings


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Probable Causes

1. Lack of field-specific professionals

2. Lack of investment in research

3. Improper research output

4. A culture of rewards not based on merit

5. Lack of moral fiber to do right for the sake of

being right


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(W)hereas science alone cannot save

the Philippines, the Philippineswithout science cannot be saved.

Flor Lacanilao


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(W)hereas research alone cannot

save the Philippines, the Philippineswithout researchcannot be saved.


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Progress Indicators


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PhD to population ratio:

Germany: has the highest science PhD to population

ratio 1 PhD to 3316 Germans.

Philippines: DOST says we just have 1374 in the

country.

If the Philippines has to play catch up then it needs 26,508

practicing science PhDs.

blackshama's blog, Friday, February 19, 2010, Science in the Philippine political arena

1. Lack of Field-Specific Professionals
http://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.htmlhttp://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.html


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Country Scientist/Population

Ratio

Japan 1:180China 1:180

Singapore 1:183

USA 1:216

Taiwan 1:223

Indonesia 1:248Philippines 1:7978

blackshama's blog, Friday, Febru ary 19, 2010, Science in the Philippine

political arena.

2 L k f I t t i R d D


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DM 36109, 36054 and 21847501-2009 Copyright Tekes

Sources: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicatorsand Statistics Finland

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Israel

Sweden

FINLAND

Japan

Korea

Iceland

USA

Austria

Germany

Denmark

Singapore

OECD

France

Great Britain

NorwayChina

Ireland

Philippines = 0.12%

2. Lack of Investment in R and DR&D investments in some countries

Percentage of GDP

%G

DP


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Percent of GDP Spent for Research and Development

2006 data

Israel 4.6 Sweden 3.7

Japan 3.4

Korea 3.2

US 2.6 (private funding not included; high portion ofreseach funds for medical science research)

Great Britain 1.7

China 1.4

Most others 1.0

Malaysia 0.69

Thailand 0.26

Philippines 0.12

3 I R h O t t


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3. Improper Research Output

Keynote address at the 27th Meeting of the Association of Systematic

Biologists of the Philippines, National Museum, Manila, 29-30 May 2009

Reprinted in www.phi l ippinestoday.net/mobile.php?v=1679

The Right and Wrong Way of Doing Research by Flor Lacanilao

The right (blue) and wrong (red) ways of doing research

An Analysis


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The widespread practice ofwrong research in the country

continues because authors get promotion, recognition, or even

award for gray literature. You see them writing science columns

in newspapers. Worse, you see them invited to speak in

recognition and commencement programs. Surely we can easily

use valid publications as a minimum requirement for such

functions. A simple change like this will guaranty a more

science-literate public and properly trained graduate students,

which can be the future leaders of our academic and science

institutions. blackshama's blog, Friday, Febru ary 19, 2010, Science in the

Philippine political arena

An Analysis
http://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.htmlhttp://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.htmlhttp://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.htmlhttp://blackshama.blogspot.com/2010/02/science-in-philippine-political-arena.html


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Reasons the top Asian Academic Universities in World University

Rankings have grown in stature

These countries have

Invested heavily in higher education in recent years, and this is

reflected in the improved quality in their top institutions.

Attempted to internationalize their universitiesby hiring more

faculty from overseas this helps to improve their visibility

globally.

Stressed the importance of their professors publishing in

international journals, which has no doubt increased the visibility

of their research."


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Philippine science: Time for a fresh start

Flor Lacanilao, retired professor of marine science,University of the Philippines, Quezon City

[email protected]

02 October 2008

Of the 27 Academicians and National Scientists in

biology, only eight have each 3 or more publications in

peer-reviewed international journals as sole or lead

author.

Four of the 16 Academicians and three of the 11 National

Scientists have each 0 such publication.

One National Scientist had 18, as sole or lead author, but

all published in the same journal.

Country Report: Physics in the Philippines, part 2 of 3
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Figure 4 shows the number of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) publications

from the Philippines in all disciplines compared to its neighbors from 2002 to 2007. The number of ISI publications from the Philippines is almost similar to that of

Indonesia and Vietnam while Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore are very far

ahead.

The research outputs from the Philippines are mainly in agriculture, followed far

behind by publications on environment and in earth science.

y p y pp , p

Monday, August 10, 2009 at 1:34am


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Figure 3. Publications of five ASEAN countries (A) and close up of the last three,

Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam (B). Note that the Philippines was ahead of

Indonesia and Vietnam from 1980, but was last in 2006. (Figures by courtesy of

Katherine Bagarinao.)

Doing research for development 2009 SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department

by Prof. Flor Lacanilao

[email protected]

y


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An Appeal from my heart

ASCU-AAI, society of accreditors, I am addressing you

with tears in my eyes and pain in my heart. Pray tell me, is

our accrediting process adequate? If most of the HEI faculty

are not doing research, will they be able to properly evaluate

research departments? In this area, is the accreditation

process in danger of being reduced to scoring scrapbooks of

Missions and Visions and pages after pages of sanitized

reports and grade notebooks? What about an in-depth

analyses of the real and practical considerations of an

institutions science curricula and research activities?


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Are your accreditors able to assess the safeguards that

ensure that research activities are properly conducted,

resulting data properly communicated, that data can stand

the stringent scrutiny of an international peer-review

process, and that no unethical practices including but not

limited to manufacturing and/or falsification of data,

misrepresentations of research procedures and results, and

plagiarism creep into the research activities? It is our

Christian duty to make sure it is so.

AN APPEAL... CONtD


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Proposed solutions

1. Hiring field-specific professionals

2. Investments for research, grant awards based on merit,

reviewers authorities in the field not just those in

position of authority.

3. Building adquate infrastructure.

4. Publications based on data not opinion.

5. Developing collaborative studies institutionally,

nationally and internationally.


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Proposed solutions

6. Stingent peer-review as practiced globally.

7. Critical self-evaluation for the sake of progress, not just

for the sake of accreditation or awards or promotions.

8. Periodic assessement of research output.

9. Academic awards based on merit.

10. A moral fiber to do right for the sake of being right.

This is our Christian duty.


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The Research Process

1. Idea-generating phase At first, just come

up with as many ideas as you can. Use

your curiosity, interests and enthusiasm to

generate questions. Then start reading

articles and books and talking with people

who work in that area.


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tHE rEsEArCH PrOCEss CONtD

2. Problem-definition phase The idea must then

be clarified and refined. Examine research and

learn how others have tested ideas like yours.

From your reading and searching you will come

up with a highly specific hypothesis or a more

general statement typical of exploratory research.


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3. Procedures-design phase Design and

experimental procedure that will allow you to

make measured observations. The research

design must meet ethical guidelines. Determine

the procedures that will be used to analyze the

data collected.


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4. Observation phase Actually do the research

and collect the data making empirical

observations

5. Data-analysis phase Analyze the data using

appropriate statistical procedures and other toolsof analyses.


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6. Interpretation phase How accurately do our

theories predict new observations. Results may

suggest ways to expand or modify the theory.

7. Communication phase Two major avenues for

communication: written communication in booksand journals and oral presentations.


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Ecclesiastes 12:12.


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