§ Church corruption
§ Avignon Papacy
§ Relationship between royal governments and the church/ suspicion of the clergy
§ Papal need for money = indulgences (Johann Tetzel)
§ Printing Press + Vernacular + 95 Theses = Reform
§ The Catholic Counter-Reformation/ The Council of Trent
§ Witch Hunts
§ Religious Wars
Causes of the Reformation?
Response of the Church?
Act 1: Religious Transformation /The Protestant Reformation
Sixteenth-century EuropeC 23: The Transformation of Europe
Religious Transformation
PoliticalTransformation
EconomicTransformation
Social/IntellectualTransformation
Divide and conquer:
Religious Transformation
Key Concepts: 1450-1750CE
The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief and practices.
Illustrative examples:The practice of Christianity continued throughout the the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation.
St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
An indulgence, 1517, Translation: With the Authority of all Saints and with mercy for you, I free you of all sins and crimes and excuse you from all punishments for ten days - Johann Tetzel
"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
The doctrine of indulgences rested on 3 principles:
1. God is merciful, but he is also just.
2.Christ and the saints, through their infinite virtue, established a “treasury of merits”on which the church, through its special relationship with Christ and the saints, can draw.
3. The church has the authority to grant sinners the spiritual benefits of those merits.
The Spread of the Printing Press:
Johann Gutenberg 1468
The Spread of Lutheranism
Martin Luther1483-1546
Salvation Through Grace
“Justification By Faith Alone”
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
• 82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial."
• 86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day greater than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?"
John Calvin’s World in the 16c
Doctrine of Predestination
The Catholic Counter-ReformationThe Council of Trent 1545, 1563
1. Relied heavily on the works of St. Thomas Aquinas2. Acknowledged that abuses
alienated many people3. Demanded that church officials meet
directly to address matters of doctrine and reform4. Church officials must observe strict
standards of morality5. Required the church to establish schools
and seminaries to prepare priestsproperly for their roles(St. Ignatius of Loyola: The Jesuits)
Close monasteriesTranslate Bible into vernacularEnd priestly authorityReturn to the Biblical text as authority
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
75,000Peasants
Killed
Responses?
The Spanish Inquisition 1478-1576…Muslim?
Jew?Protestant?
~ 2000 killed
The Great Witch Hunt
Germany =3,229 witches killed (burned)Swiss Confederation = 5,417 witches killed (burned)Estimated 60,000 killed in total , 95% of them women
Reasons?? Explain misfortune, misogyny, eliminating non-conformists, rising role of women
PoliticalTransformation
ReformationEurope: (Late 16c)
King Henry VIIIEngland 1491-1597
TAX services, confiscated wealth of monasteries)
King Louis XI, Francis I
France (Direct taxes = Salt trade)
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Spain 1469
Religious Wars and Politics?
Political Transformation
Direct Taxesand
Standing armies
(E = navy)
IncreaseAbility to
control the nobility
The Holy Roman
Empire in the 16c
EmperorCharles V1500-1558Reigned
1519-1556
Challenges to unity?Abdicated throne in 1556
Phillip II = Spanish holdingsFerdinand = Austria
Peace of Augsburg
1555
King Henry VIII1491-1547
Queen Elizabeth I1533-1603
Centralizing Rulers
King Philip II1556-1598
Spain = 130 shipsEngland = 150 ships
KC : Competition overtrade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.
• Illustrative Examples of State Rivalries:• Thirty Years War
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)
The Defenestration of Prague 1618: Two Catholic governors Found guilty of violating right of freedom of religion
Religious Wars: Thirty Year’s War (1618-1648)The Peace of Westphalia 1648
•Most destructive eventin German history before the 20th C•1/3 of urban population died• 2/3 of rural population died•Economic crisis brought on by destruction of land and foods, •and the influx of Spanish silver =Severe inflation*Farmers and landholders suffered
The Peace of Westphalia 1648
1. Turning point in European political, religious and social history
2. Recognized the sovereign, independent authority of the German princes
3. Abandoned the notion of religious unity
4. And so, with the dissolution of central authority, the Holy Roman Empire was much weaker and would never recover.
Europe Before the Peace ofWestphalia
Europe After the Peace ofWestphalia
Absolutism
King Louis XIVr. 1643-1715
Czar Peter Ir. 1682-1725
Catherine Ir. 1762-1796
KC : Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule
• European notions of divine right
• European palaces, such as Versailles
King Louis XIVReigned 1643-1715
Peter I the GreatR: 1682-1725
Catherine IIthe GreatR: 1762-1796
POLAND: 1772-1797
•Austria, Prussia and Catherine II destroyed the Polish kingdom•Three “partitions”•Ultimately wiping Poland off the the map entirely
King Charles I1600-1649
England
Constitutional States:England and the Netherlands
Civil War: Beheading =Constitutional Monarchy
Glorious Revolution 1688-1689
Dutch Republic1581
It was common practice for the severed head of a traitor to be held up and exhibited to the crowd with the words "Behold the head of a traitor!”
Although Charles's head was exhibited, the words were not used, possibly because the executioner did not want his voice recognized. On the day after the execution, the king's head was sewn
back onto his body, which was then embalmed and placed in a lead coffin.
After execution, a “Commonwealth” (1639-1653) Oliver Cromwell “Lord
Protector” (1653-1659) Monarchy restored (Charles II) 1660
Oliver Cromwell’s body exhumed and decapitated (1661), his disinterred body was hanged in chains and then thrown into a pit, his severed head was on display until 1685
Monarchy restored (Charles II) 1660-1685
(James II) 1685-1688 (converted to Catholicism)
(King William of Orange and Queen Mary return to England from the Netherlands)Glorious Revolution 1688
Examples?
Constitutional Monarchies
ØHighly centralized state
ØRule of Law
ØRule over relatively homogeneousPopulations
ØPracticed mercantilism
ØPower of King shared withParliament
ØRecognition of some individual rights
Absolute Monarchies
ØHighly centralized state
ØRule by Divine Right of Kings
ØRule over relatively homogeneousPopulations
ØPracticed mercantilism
ØNO sharing of power with Parliament
ØNO Recognition of some individual rights
Constitutional VS Absolute Monarchies
Examples?
EconomicTransformation
Social/IntellectualTransformation
Aristotle’sView of the Universe
Geocentric: Ptolemy’s View of the Universe
-Motionless earth- all fallen objects were attracted to the earth so earth must be at center
-Surrounded by series of 9 hollow, concentric
spheres- 7 spheres held heavenly bodies
-8th sphere held the stars -9th sphere empty
- heavenly bodies were perfect
Social/Intellectual Transformation: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Heliocentric
Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”, 1543
Johannes Kepler: 1600s supported Copernicus
Galileo Galilei1564-1642
1609
An Enlightenment Salon
Effects of the Enlightenment:
• weakened organized religion• encouraged secular views based on reason• rational analysis of society• promoted the ideas of progress and prosperity
Key Ideas:•The ability to reason is what makes humans unique•Reason can be used to solve
problems and improve people’slives•The natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered by reason•Like the natural world, human behavior is governed bynatural laws•Governments should reflectNatural laws and encourage education and debate
I don’t care if the French monarchy
wants to pare down the number of horses
in its barns to cut costs. It would be
better to reduce the number of asses who
rode the horses!The Catholic church
too, should be crushed!
Voltaire: 1694-1798
PROGRESS!
The Ends Justify the Means
• Are humans naturally “good” or naturally “bad”? Explain. What impact does this have/ should this have on government?
• Can liberty exist in a society without compromise? Is it necessary to give up freedom for order?
• What is the best form of government to preserve human freedoms?
Sir Issac Newton: 1643-1727Universal gravitation: gravity affects objects in the universe as well as on earthThree laws of motion
The Enlightenment
John Locke1632-1704Self governmentPolitical equality (ALL had right to life, liberty and property)Right to overthrow the governmentNatural rightsTabula rasa “blank slate”Human beings are reasonable andgenerally good
Charles Montesquieu:1689-1755Separation of powers(so NO ABUSE of power)Three branches of governmentAcknowledged three forms of govt:Aristocracy, Republic, Despotic
Philosophes
What should the role of
government be?
Rene Descartes 1596-1650Cogito ergo sum: “I think, therefore I am”Analytical geometry
Everything should be doubted
until it can be proved by
reason
Man is born free but
everywhere is in chains!
(Francis Bacon) Scientific Method:1. Identify a problem or
research question to be answered
2. Form a hypothesis that can be tested
3. Perform experiments to test the hypothesis
4. Record the results5. Analyze the results of the
experiments that either proves or disproves the hypothesis
Jean Jacques Rousseau: 1712-1788•Classical republicanism•Human beings are naturallygood = “natural state”•Natural state corruptedby society thus creating theneed for a social contract
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION:Population Growth and Urbanization in
Europe
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1500 1700 1800
Millions
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
1550 1600 1650
Madrid
Paris
LondonBy 1700: populations rallied
from effects of the Black Plague and reached 120 MILLION
Western Europe: social classes change with new economic models, wealth undermined traditional country life, more individual freedom, strength of nuclear family, standing armies,
tensions upper class women had greater access to education, women’s rights, role in society
mercantilism = slavery
Eastern Europe: serfdom restricted rights of the peasants, linked to capitalism in the West (East supplied the raw materials)
Prosperity of a nation depends on supply of capital- positive balance of trade – ruling govt
advances these goals by protectionist role in economy
China, India, Ottomans = no incentive to build a standing army = no threat
S= Western Europe: social classes change with new
economic models, wealth undermined traditional country life, more individual freedom, strength of nuclear family, standing armies,
tensions upper class women had greater access to education, women’s rights, role in society
mercantilism = slavery
Eastern Europe: serfdom restricted rights of the peasants, linked to capitalism in the West (East supplied the raw materials)
Prosperity of a nation depends on supply of capital- positive balance of trade – ruling govt
advances these goals by protectionist role in economy
China, India, Ottomans = no incentive to build a standing army = no threat
P= Balance of Power
I= Geography is harnessed by technology to create a global network of economic and cultural
exchange, as well as war.
E = Urbanization, Capitalism, Joint Stock Companies, Supply and Demand, Putting-Out System guilds
(proto-industrialization) Trading PortsMercantilism, “The Wealth of Nations”Changing concepts of money and profit
HRE/ Constitutional StatesAbsolute Monarchy/ Divine
Right of KingsThirty Years’ War/ Peace of
Westphalia/ diplomacyBritish hegemony
Easternv.
WesternEurope?
