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Activate:HowHumanMilkandBreast/ChestfeedingActivatesOurGenesThroughEpigeneticsByLaurelWilson,IBCLC,RLC,BSc,CLE,CCCE,CLDwww.facebook.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonwww.instagram.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonwww.motherjourney.comSubscribetoresearchnewsletterbytextingBreastmilkto66866Recentresearchonepigenetics,literallymeaningabovethegene,hasledmedicalprofessionalstoqueryabouthowtheenvironmentimpactsthedevelopingbabybothinuteroandthroughoutitslifetime.Thegenomeisthegeneticinformationinheritedfromone'sparents,buttheepigenomeiswhatdeciphersthegenomeforeachcellthroughoutthebody.Thisdecipheringprocessisimpactedbyanindividual’sinternalandexternalenvironment.Theexternalenvironmentcanincludenutrition,chemicals,toxins,etc.Theinternalenvironmentwouldincludeneuropeptides(emotionalmolecules)andstresshormones.TheenvironmentchangestheproteinsinthebodythathelptheepigenometranslateDNA.Thisfindinghasincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofnutritionontheepigenome.Studiesnowarefindingthatthechangesintheepigenomecaninfluencenotonlythatindividualbutcanbepassedalongtofutureprogeny,sometimesmultiplegenerationsout.Thefirstnutritionforahumanoutsidethewombishumanmilk,andthusitsepigeneticimpactisparticularlyexpansive.Newresearchhasexpandedthefieldofepigeneticstoincludehumanmilkandhowitpotentiallychangestheepigenometoaffectthelifelonghealthofababy.LearningOutcomes:• Definethetermsepigenomeandgenome.• Listonewaythathumanmilkcanhaveapositiveimpactonthe
epigenomeoftheinfant.• Whatarethethreemainareasofinfluenceontheinfantduringthe
criticalthousanddays.
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TopTakeaways:The7Generations
¡ Everymothercontainsherdaughterinherselfandeverydaughterhermother.Everywomanextendsbackwardsintohermotherandforwardintoherdaughter.~CarlJung
¡ 14generationsinanimalstudiesThreegenerationsofexposureatonce “Threegenerationsatonceareexposedtothesameenvironmentalconditions(diet,toxins,hormones,etc.).Inordertoprovideaconvincingcaseforepigeneticinheritance,anepigeneticchangemustbeobservedinthe4thgeneration.”https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/Only1-2%ofdiseasecomesdirectlyfromgeneticorigin.Ourgenesdonotdirectourlivesbecauseourgenescannotturnthemselvesoffandon.Onlytheenvironmentcandothat!WhatisEpigenetics?• Literallymeansabovethegene.• Howourenvironmentinfluencesgeneticexpression.• Genome=DNAplusEpigenome=Phenotype
FlipSwitch• Environmentalandchemicalexposures• Nutrition• Emotions,thoughts,beliefs• Stress
HumanMilk’sEpigeneticInfluence• Lactoferrin–ImmuneProtection• Prostaglandin–ObesityDisorders• LCPUFAn-3andCholesterol–Non-AlcoholicFattyLiverDisease
andHighBloodCholesterol• Oligosaccharides–NEC,ImmuneDisorders,Obesity
HumanMilkandMicrobiome• ArtificialmilkfedinfantshavecompletelydifferentpH.ChangespH
(fromanacidicbaseof5.1-5.4tomorealkalineof5.9-7.3whichallowsputrefactivebacteria)
• Changethefermentationprocessandmethylgroupsavailabletobody
• MicrobiomeDifferences
Canani,2011
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EpigeneticInfluences:• Methylationinfluencedbymaternalnutritionandexposure• ThriftyPhenotype(Hales,1992)• Infantbirthweight,gestationalageatbirth,andneurobehavioral
measures.(Marsit,2016)• PossiblethatplacentamRNAchangessetupdiseaseriskforlater
inlifeTheCriticalThousandDays
Mischka,2013 Humanmilkincreasesbifidobacterial,increasefolatewhichpromotesmethylationwhichdecreasesgenetranscription InfantformulaincreasesfirmicutewhichincreasesbutyratewhichpromoteshistoneacetylationwhichincreasesgenetranscriptionButyrateisashortchainfattyacid,contributingtofataccumulationhyper-acetylationMaybeonemechanismforobesityriskCafeteriaDietsDuringLactation
• CD-Highfat,highsugar,lowprotein• Duringlactationinrats(Pomar,2017)
o Lowerbodyweight,lowerleanmass,highfataccumulationo Hyperleptinemiao Thinoutside-fat-insidebodytype
CafeteriaDietsDuringLactation• CD-Highfat,highsugar,lowprotein(Speight,2017)
§ Reducedanxiety§ Locomotorincreased§ Altersmethylationtags
Kumar,2106Fattyacidprofilesandmicrobiotainhumanmilkdifferbasedontheregiontheparentlivesinandthetypeofbirththeyhad(vaginalvs.cesarean)Kosakaetal.
¡ HighlevelsofmiRNAinbreastmilkinfirstsixmonthsoflactation¡ Approximately1.3×107copies/liter/dayofmiR-181a¡ Onlyothertimehumanstransfergeneticinfooutsideof
reproduction
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Humanmilkfeedingallowsfortransferofgeneticmaterialbetweenhumans.• miRNAssurviveharshconditions
Prolongedroomtemp.AcidicconditionsRnasedigestionBoiling!!!!Pasteurization• Influenceisstrongestbeforeageof2
• Inadequacyofimmunesystemtorejectgeneticmaterial• Increasedplasticity• Increasedvulnerabilityofepigenomeduring
developmentalperiodMoore,2017Holdingyourbabycreatesepigeneticchange At4.5YearsLowContact=LessMatureCellsTheBehaviorofBreast/Chestfeeding• Poornurturing=Methylationoftheestrogenreceptor(ER)alpha
gene=futurepoormaternalbehavior.(Champagne)• Estrogengeneisimplicatedinoxytocin-keytoattachment,
maternalbehaviorandMOODstability!!!!Lactationchangespostpartumbrain,morethan700genesmaternalexpressedS.C.Gammieetal,2016Weinstock,2014PotentialBrainChangesinBabiesDuetoPrenatalStress• PrenatalStress
• ImpairsHPAAxis• DecreaseSocialInteraction• Anxiety• LearningImpairments
• PostpartumFostering• RepairHPAAxis• DecreaseAnxiety• NoChangeLearningDeficit• NoChangeinSocialization
EpigeneticInheritance¡ Humanresearch-influencebeyondthreegenerations–
HongerWinterwinter1944-spring1945¡ 30%nutrition¡ Earlypregnancyorlatepregnancy¡ Specificepigenetictagsfordiabetes
WhatisWeathering?“..earlyhealthdeteriorationasaconsequenceofthecumulativeimpactofrepeatedexperiencewithsocialoreconomicadversityandpoliticalmarginalization.”Geronimus,2006
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Marginalization,oppression,racism=earlyhealthdeterioration• Racism
• ChronicStress• DailyMicroaggressions• Poverty• LackofHCAccess• FoodInsecurity• PersonalTrauma
• WeatheringImpactingFeeding• Earlyreturntowork• Increasedformulafeeding• Safetyforbreastfeedinginpublic• LackofDonorMilkinNICUinHospital
Ultimatelyhumanmilkisimportant¡ ShareMilkSystems¡ ImprovingdonationstoDonorMilksites¡ Improvingaccesstohumanmilkforthoseinneed.¡ Wetnursing???¡
Questions,handouts,resources:¡ [email protected]¡ motherjourney.com¡ Facebook,Instagram
¡ @motherjourneylaurelwilsonQuestions?info@motherjourney.comFacebook.com/motherjourneylaurelwilsonTwitter.com/linfiniteeBibliography:Foraconstantlyupdatedversion,seewww.motherjourney.com
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