ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICEVOICELatin II Grammar Review: Lesson Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 5a5a

Characteristics of VerbsCharacteristics of Verbs

Verbs have five basic Verbs have five basic characteristicscharacteristics1.1. Person Person 2.2. Number Number 3.3. TenseTense4.4. VoiceVoice5.5. MoodMood

VoiceVoice

Voice indicates whether the Voice indicates whether the subject is subject is doingdoing or is or is receivingreceiving the action of the verbthe action of the verb Active voice reflects a subject Active voice reflects a subject

that is that is doingdoing the action the action Passive voice reflects a subject Passive voice reflects a subject

that is that is receivingreceiving the action the action

Active VoiceActive Voice

Examples:Examples: The dog The dog is biting is biting the man.the man.

Subject is dogSubject is dog The dog is The dog is doingdoing “the biting” “the biting”

The player The player kickedkicked the ball. the ball. Subject is playerSubject is player The player is The player is doingdoing “the “the

kicking”kicking”

Passive VoicePassive Voice

Examples:Examples: The man The man is bitten is bitten by the dog.by the dog.

Subject is manSubject is man The man is The man is receivingreceiving “the biting” “the biting”

The ball The ball is kicked is kicked by the player.by the player. Subject is ballSubject is ball The ball is The ball is receivingreceiving “the “the

kicking”kicking”

Formula for the Present Formula for the Present SystemSystem

Active and Passive voices use Active and Passive voices use the same basic formula for the the same basic formula for the present systempresent system Present Stem + Tense Sign + Present Stem + Tense Sign +

Pers. EndingPers. Ending Present Stem formed by Present Stem formed by

removing the “-re” or “-removing the “-re” or “-ere” from the 2ere” from the 2ndnd P.P. P.P.

Active Personal EndingsActive Personal Endings

SingularSingular

-o/m (I)-o/m (I) -s (you)-s (you) -t (he, she, -t (he, she,

it)it)

Plural Plural

-mus (we)-mus (we) -tis (y’all)-tis (y’all) -nt (they)-nt (they)

Passive Personal Passive Personal EndingsEndings

SingularSingular

-r (I)-r (I) -ris (you)-ris (you) -tur (he, she, -tur (he, she,

it)it)

Plural Plural

-mur (we)-mur (we) -mini (y’all)-mini (y’all) -ntur (they)-ntur (they)

Translating the Passive Translating the Passive VoiceVoice

Passive Voice translations Passive Voice translations must contain two elements:must contain two elements: Form of the verb “to be” as Form of the verb “to be” as an English helping verban English helping verb

The “past” tense form of The “past” tense form of the English verbthe English verb

Translating the Passive Translating the Passive VoiceVoice

Active Active PassivePassive

Present:Present: I am fightingI am fighting I I amam foughtfought

Imperfect:Imperfect: I was lovingI was loving I I waswas lov loveded

Future:Future: I will saveI will save I will I will bebe sav saveded

Perfect:Perfect: I have createdI have created I have I have beenbeen creatcreateded

Pluperfect:Pluperfect: I had carriedI had carried I had I had beenbeen carri carrieded

Future Perfect:Future Perfect:I will have foundI will have found I will have I will have beenbeen foundfound

Present Passive TensePresent Passive Tense

amo, amamo, amāārere Stem = amStem = amāā Pres Stem + P.E.Pres Stem + P.E.

amamoror amamāāmurmuramamāārisris amamāāminiminiamamāāturtur amamāānturntur

English English TranslationTranslation

English Helping English Helping Verbs: “am, is, are” Verbs: “am, is, are” + -ed form+ -ed form

I I amam loved loved you you areare loved loved he he isis loved loved we we areare loved loved y’all y’all areare loved loved they they areare loved loved

Imperfect Passive TenseImperfect Passive Tense

habeo, habhabeo, habēērere Stem = habStem = habēē Pres Stem + ba + Pres Stem + ba +

P.E.P.E.

habhabēēbarbarhabhabēēbamurbamur

habhabēēbarisbarishabhabēēbaminibamini

habhabēēbaturbaturhabhabēēbanturbantur

English English TranslationTranslation

English Helping English Helping Verbs: “was/were” + -Verbs: “was/were” + -ed formed form

I I waswas held held you you werewere held held she she waswas held held

we we werewere held held y’all y’all werewere held held they they werewere held held

Future Passive TenseFuture Passive Tense

porto, portporto, portāārere Stem = portStem = portāā Pres. Stem + bo/bi/bu Pres. Stem + bo/bi/bu

+ P.E.+ P.E.

portportāāborbor portportāābimurbimurportportāābberiserisportportāābiminibiminiportportāābiturbitur

portportāābunturbuntur

English TranslationEnglish Translation English Helping Verbs: English Helping Verbs:

“shall/will” + -ed form“shall/will” + -ed form

I I shall beshall be carried carried you you will bewill be carried carried it it will bewill be carried carried we we shall beshall be

carriedcarried y’all y’all will bewill be

carriedcarried they they will bewill be

carriedcarried

Future Passive TenseFuture Passive Tense

duco, ducereduco, ducere Stem = ducStem = duc Pres Stem + a/e Pres Stem + a/e

+ P.E.+ P.E.

ducducarar ducducemuremurducduceriseris ducduceminieminiducduceturetur ducducenturentur

English English TranslationTranslation

English Helping English Helping Verbs: “shall/will” + -Verbs: “shall/will” + -ed formed form

I I shall beshall be led led you you will bewill be led led he he will bewill be led led

we we shall beshall be led led y’all y’all will bewill be led led they they will bewill be led led

Review of TermsReview of Terms

11stst P.P: P.P: 11stst person singular, person singular, present tensepresent tense

22ndnd P.P. P.P. present infinitive; present present infinitive; present stemstem

33rdrd P.P. P.P. 11stst person singular, person singular, perfect tense; perfect tense; perfect active perfect active stemstem

44thth P.P. P.P. perfect passive participleperfect passive participle

Perfect Passive System Perfect Passive System FormulaeFormulae

Perfect Passive verbs are Perfect Passive verbs are two word two word formsforms

Formulae:Formulae: Present Perfect Passive: 4Present Perfect Passive: 4thth P.P. and P.P. and

sumsum Pluperfect Passive: 4Pluperfect Passive: 4thth P.P. and P.P. and erameram Future Perfect Passive: 4Future Perfect Passive: 4thth P.P. and P.P. and

ero ero

Perfect Passive TensePerfect Passive Tense

amo, amamo, amāāre, amavi, re, amavi, amatus – a, umamatus – a, um

44thth P.P. and sum P.P. and sum

amatus sumamatus sum amati amati sumussumus

amatus esamatus es amati estisamati estis

amatus estamatus est amati amati suntsunt

English TranslationEnglish Translation English Helping Verbs: English Helping Verbs:

“has/have been” + -ed “has/have been” + -ed

I I have beenhave been lovedloved you you have beenhave been

lovedloved he he has beenhas been lovedloved we we have beenhave been

lovedloved y’all y’all have beenhave been

lovedloved they they have beenhave been

lovedloved

Pluperfect Passive TensePluperfect Passive Tense

duco, ducere, duxi, duco, ducere, duxi, ductus – a, umductus – a, um

44thth P.P. and eram P.P. and eram

ducta eramducta eram ductae ductae eramuseramus

ducta erasducta erasductae eratisductae eratis

ducta eratducta erat ductae erantductae erant

English TranslationEnglish Translation English Helping Verbs: English Helping Verbs:

“had been” + -ed “had been” + -ed

I I had beenhad been ledled you you had beenhad been ledled she she had beenhad been ledled we we had beenhad been ledled y’all y’all had beenhad been ledled they they had beenhad been ledled

Future Perfect Passive Future Perfect Passive TenseTense

facio, facere, feci, facio, facere, feci, factus – a, umfactus – a, um

44thth P.P. and ero P.P. and ero

factum erofactum ero facta erimusfacta erimus

factum erisfactum eris facta eritisfacta eritis

factum eritfactum erit facta eruntfacta erunt

English TranslationEnglish Translation English Helping Verbs: “will English Helping Verbs: “will

have been” + -ed have been” + -ed

I I will have beenwill have been donedone you you will have beenwill have been

donedone it it will have beenwill have been donedone we we will have beenwill have been donedone y’all y’all will have beenwill have been

donedone they they will have beenwill have been

donedone