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FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
Vienna - February, 2007
ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATIONON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM
44-th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee
of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS)
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• Federal Space Agency of Russia continues consecutive activity in the field of space debris problems. This work concerns the safety of spacecraft and International Space Station, the latest one in a especial meaning.
• The activity on debris mitigation is being carried out within the framework of Russian National Legislation, taking into account the dynamics of similar measures and practices of other space-faring nations.
• Since 2000 designers and operators of spacecraft and orbital stages are in charge to follow the requirements of Federal Space Agency Standard "Space Technology Items. General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population" in all projects of space vehicles being again developed.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
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DYNAMICS OF LAUNCHES IN RUSSIA AND IN OTHER STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
4*) – Emergency on February 28, 2006**) – Emergency on July 28, 2006
25Total: Circular1“Briz-�"" Rokot "13
Circular1" Shtil"12
Circular1 + 1**)" Dnepr"11Circular1“Start-1"10
Circular1" Kosmos-3M"9
Circular1“Tsiklon-2"8
Highly elliptic orbit1" Molniya-M"7
Circular1" Fregat""Soyuz-2 (1b)"6
Circular2" Fregat""Soyuz-2 (1a)"5
Circular2" Fregat""Soyuz-FG" 4Circular6“Soyuz-U”3
MEO3 + 1*)“Briz-M"“Proton-M"2Circular2“DM"“Proton-K"1
Type of OrbitNumber of Launchings
Apogee MotorLauncher Type�/�
Totally 25 launches of various purposes were realized by Russia in 2006The launchers used in 2006 are listed in the table.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
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THE NET OF OPTICAL MEANS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE OTHER OBSERVATORIES FOR OBSERVATION OF SPACECRAFT AND SPACE DEBRIS IN
GEOSTATIONARY REGION
• The net of optical means consists of 12 observatories from Bolivia to Ussuriysk.
• Approximately 340º of geostationary ring could be observed.
• 161 new faint objects were found in GEO region and this number is equal to about 14.7% from total number of all cataloged geostationary objects.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
Scientific optical network
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DANGEROUS CONJUNCTIONS WERE CALCULATED IN GEO REGION DURING 2006
Spacecraft Dangerous object Distance of approach,
km
Date of event
Relative velocity,
m / s
2003-053�
Yamal-202
2005-010F
SL-12
5,3
30.06.06
70
1996-034A
Gorizont 32
1991-079A
Cosmos -
2172
6,2
07.05.
190
1993-069A
Gorizont 28
2000-013A
Express 2A
7,6
04.01.06
420
2000-029A
Gorizont 33
1991-064A
Cosmos -
2155
7,9
17.08.06
350
2005-010A
Express AM-2
1982-044A
Cosmos -
1366
8,5
11.04.06
780
2004-015A
Express AM-11
1990-112A
Raduga 26
9,1
07.06.06
520
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
� 194 events were detected with approaches of cataloged GEO objects to Russian operational S/C up to distance less than 50 km.
� 10 events were detected with approaches up to distances less than 10 km that is comparable with errors of orbital parameters calculations.
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230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
24.3.06 6.8.07 18.12.08 2.5.10 14.9.11 26.1.13 10.6.14 23.10.15
DISPOSAL OF THE EMERGENCY S/C “EXPRESS AM-11” FROM GEO
• The emergency of “Express AM-11” took place on 29.03.2006.
• The prospective reason was a depressurization of a contour of the heat-carrier as a result of impact with mechanical object.
• Disposal of the emergency S/C from the protected GEO region was performed since 30.03.2006 till7.04.2006.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
• 10 correction bursts was done totally. The first one was done by the correction engine. Another 9 bursts were done by using of engines of the orientation system.
• Orbital parameters of the S/C “Express AM-11” after disposal:� apogee - GEO + 324 km,� perigee - GEO + 266 km,� eccentricity = 0,00026.
Long term perigee evolution of the disposed “Express AM-11”
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ISS PROTECTION
• RSC ”Energia” worked out the numerical code “Spacecraft Protection” to calculate impact of meteoroid and SD to ISS.
• The results of calculation agree with code “Bumper” produced by NASA.
• The danger for ISS is estimated not more than 0,04% per year.
• The protection of the ISS Service Module is being enhanced by using of additional panels produced by Russia.
• By now the protection of cone part of the ISS Service Module have been enhanced by 6 additional panels. 17 panels of the same type have been delivered to ISS in 2006.
• After completion of this operation the protection of the ISS Service Module cone part will be at the same level as the protection of another ISS modules.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
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DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN STANDARDS ON SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION
Cooperation with ISO on Space Debris Mitigation
NATIONAL STANDARD«General Requirements
to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages on Space Debris Mitigation»
(Project)General space debris mitigation requirements
to design and operation of spacecrafts and orbital stages.Implementation of requirements
remains voluntary.
STANDARD (project)
ISO/WD/14N303Space systems –
Unmanned spacecraft,estimating mass of
remaining usable propellantThe proposal:
Measurements of fuel remaindersshould be included as reference
STANDARD (project)
ISO/WD/14N378Disposal of Satellites Operating
at Geosynchronous Altitude
The proposal:
the Standard should be basedon the «IADC Space Debris Mitigation
Guidelines»
STANDARD (project)
ISO/WD 24113Space Systems - Orbital Debris -Management for Debris Mitigation
The proposal:
To harmonize the Standard with STSC Space Debris Mitigation Document
SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
“Safety Requirements to Space Activity in conditions of Technogenic
Pollution of the Near-Earth Space”(Project)
Obligatory requirements to design and operation
of spacecrafts and orbital stages.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
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The Forecast of Risk Events in Near Earth Space
The Forecast of Dangerous
Conjunctions
The Forecast of Particle Impact
Asteroid and Meteoroid Population and Risk
Assessment Modelling
Data Analysis, Catalogues Management, Decision - Making
Essential Data Output Data Presentations
Catalogues of Space Objects
Observational Data, etc.
Data Processing and the Operative Tasks Solution Software
TSNIIMASH, Mission Control Centre
Data from INTERNET
THE AUTOMATED RISK WARNING SYSTEM IN A NEAR-EARTH SPACE
DATA BASE
ROSCOSMOSNASA, ESA, another
AgenciesRussian Academy of Science, Ministry of
Defense, etc.
FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
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FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
INCONSISTENCY of the project of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES” andthe “UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANT TO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES IN OUTER SPACE”
Principle 3., Items 2a., 2b.“(a) Nuclear reactors may be operated:
(i) On interplanetary missions;(ii) In sufficiently high orbits …..
…….(b) The sufficiently high orbit is one in which the
orbital lifetime is long enough to allow for a sufficient decay of the fission products to approximately the activity of the actinides....”
Guideline 6:“Spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages that have terminated their operational phases in orbits that pass through the LEO region should be removed from orbit in a controlled fashion. If this is not possible, they should be disposed of in orbits that avoid their long-term presence in the LEO region”.
Principle 3., Item 1d.The reliability of systems important for safety shall be ensured, inter alia, by redundancy, physical separation, functional isolation and adequate independence of their components.
Guideline 4:“….the intentional destruction of any on-orbit spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages or other harmful activities that generate long-lived debris should beavoided”.
The “UN PRINCIPLES RELEVANTTO THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES
IN OUTER SPACE”
The project of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES”
(STSC Num. A/AC.10S/C.1/L.284)
Joint session of Working Group on Space Debris and Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space is desirable to agree the project
of “UN COPUOS STSC SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION GUIDELINES”
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FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA
SUMMARY
� The Russian Federation is devoted to the international efforts on space debris problem resolution and is already implementing practical steps on space debris mitigation on a voluntary basis within its own national mechanisms.
� Russian NATIONAL STANDARD «General Requirements to Spacecraft and Orbital Stages on Space Debris Mitigation» and SPECIAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS “Safety Requirements to Space Activity inconditions of Technogenic Pollution of the Near-Earth Space” are under development.
� The Russian Federation is convinced that development of space debris mitigation guidelines of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the essential input in developing of an internationally approved measures to protect near-Earth space environment.