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Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Adaptation Policy and Governance of Climate Change
Dr. Achala AbeysinghePrincipal Researcher/ Team LeaderGlobal Climate Law, Policy and [email protected]
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Dr. Achala AbeysinghePresentation Outline
Part I: Key concepts of adaptation Part II: Evolution of global responses on
adaptation Part II: Adaptation finance Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
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Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Part I: Key concepts of adaptation
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheWhat is adaptation?
“Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects…”(IPCC)
“Process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed, and implemented” (UNEP)
“The process or outcome of a process that leads to a reduction in harm or risk of harm, or realisation of benefits associated with climate variability and climate change. (The UK Climate Impacts Program)”
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheWhy adaptation?
CO2 emissions have risen (145 fold since 1850, projected to rise by an additional
54% by 2030 (UNEP))
At the present rate, global mean temperature will increase above 4°C relative to pre-industrial level by 2100 (IPCC 2013)
“Increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts” ( Heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires… IPCC)
The CO2 emitted today will stay in the atmosphere for more than 100 years
The response to climate change mitigation so far has been inefficient
Therefore countries and communities have to address climate change
impacts today and tomorrow
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Dr. Achala AbeysinghePrinciples of adaptation
Country driven Gender responsiveness Participatory Human rights
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Climate change and equity: key questions
Who is vulnerable to climate change impacts? Who should receive support? Who should pay for adaptation?
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheClimate change and equity
From1980 to 2013, roughly 1.28 million people lost their lives in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) due to climate-related disasters (Over half of the global percentage)
Between 2010 and 2013, a total of nearly 240,000 people from LDCs lost their lives to climate related disasters (67 per cent of deaths from climate related disasters worldwide)
People in the LDCs were five times more likely to die from climate related disasters than people living anywhere else on earth.
Data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (Brussels).
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
It is better to face Sandy in the US than Aila in Bangladesh?
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Every country is vulnerable to climate change but some are more vulnerable.
Lack of capacity and resources exacerbates climate vulnerability
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Part II: Evolution of Global Responses on Climate Change Adaptation
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Evolution of global responses to adaptation
Paris Agreement Article 7
2015
Lima decision
on Adaptation component in Intended Nationally Determine
d Contributio
ns
2014
Cancun Adaptatio
n Framewor
k
2010
Nairobi Work
Programme on
Climate Change
2005
National Adaptation
Programmes of Action
(NAPAs) and Least
Developed Countries
Fund (LDCF)
2001
Poor cousin of mitigation
1992
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Key elements of adaptation under the UNFCCC
Principles Planning Institutional arrangements Funding Monitoring and evaluation Learning/ awareness
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Planning: NAPAs and NAPs National Adaptation Programmes of Action- NAPAs (2001)
To address urgent and immediate adaptation needs of LDCs
National adaptation plans- NAPs (2010) Medium and long term adaptation plans for all developing
countries
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheInstitutional Arrangements
Adaptation committee Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Learning, knowledge and awareness Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) Nairobi Work Programme Adaptation Committee
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Part III: funding for adaptation
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Adaptation finance and the UNFCCC “The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in
Annex II shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.”
“The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least developed countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology”
“The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources…”
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Equity and principles of adaptation finance Adequacy Predictability Balanced between adaptation and mitigation New and additional Grant based Easy access
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheFinancial Mechanism: UNFCCC
The Global Environment Facility (GEF): an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention
The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
GEF Trust Fund
The Kyoto Protocol: Adaptation Fund (AF)
The Green Climate Fund (GCF): as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheStatus of Funds
Source: Climate Fund Update, June 2015
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheOther climate funds
Source: Climate Fund Update, June 2015
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheAmount/ Adequacy
Word Bank: $70–100 billion (between 2010 and 2050)The UNFCCC: Up to US $67 billion a year annually by 2030UNDP: Up to US $86 billion a year by 2015DARA: 2030 - $1 Trillion
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheAnnual global climate finance flows
Reached an average of USD 364 billion in 2010/2011
USD 350 billion went to mitigation measures Only USD 14 billion goes to adaptation
Key recipients: Emerging economies
Source: CPI, February 2013
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
• Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Adaptation in the Paris Agreement: Key elements Recognizes that the current need for adaptation is
significant greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for
additional adaptation efforts, greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation
costs
Long term vision: global goal for adaptation Equal footing with mitigation Establish common responsibilities Establish link to level of warming and adaptation support
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheParis Agreement…
Each Party to engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of actions including national adaptation plans
Continuous and enhanced international support to be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheParis Decisions…
Reference to the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries expert Group
Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation and establish regional centres and networks
Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the LDCs for the formulation of the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Adaptation in Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)
Adaptation as voluntary element in the INDCs Elements include:
Type(s) of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation needs, by Sector
Type(s) of Policies, Actions and Tools Quantified goals (if any) Timeframe Methodologies and Assumptions Implementation Support Needs
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Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
May 2, 2023
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Example: Mexican INDCThree areas of action in 2020-2030
1. Adaptation to climate change for the social sector - e.g. Guarantee food security under CC; reduce by 50% number of municipalities regarded most vulnerable etc.
2. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation- e.g. 0% deforestation target, reforestation of watersheds, strengthen
coastal protection etc.3. Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and productive systems - e.g. infrastructure relocation in high-risk zones, incorporate adaptation criteria in public building systems etc.
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Dr. Achala AbeysingheQuestions