EKTA KAPRI

ADAPTATION OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER FROM OLD CIVILIZATION IN MODERN BUILDING

• Extract something meaningful/useful and applying it to get adjusted in the surrounding

ADAPTION MEANS

• Belonging to the very distant past and left with residues only

ANCIENT MEAN

• The discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings.

ARCHITECTURE MEANS

• civilization - US• Civilisation – UK• It is any complex society characterized by urban

development ,social stratification, symbolic communication from and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.

• A society in advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organization)

CIVILIZATION MEANS

• The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture, & religion. Indian architecture progressed with time and assimilated many influences that came as a result of India’s global discourse with other regions of the world throughout its Millennia old past. Though old, this eastern tradition has also incorporated modern values as India become a modern nation state. Traditional VASTU SASTRA remains influential in India’s architecture during the contemporary era.

The architecture of India

• Indus valley civilization (2700BC-1700BC)• Post maha janapadas period (1600BC-200AD)• Early common era – high middle ages (200AD-

1200AD)• Late middle ages (1100AD-1526AD)• Islamic influence and mughal era (1526AD-1857AD)• colonial era (1500AD- 1947)• Republic of India (1947-present)

Period of development

Adaptation from Indian civilization

INDUS VALLEY

CIVILIZATION

• Geographical range : Asia

• Period : Bronze Age

• Dates : 7500 BC – 1700 BC• Area covered : 1.25 million km2

• Along with : Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

• IVS was a BRONZE AGE civilization.

• Located in the Northwestern region of

the Indian subcontinent,

which is now in Pakistan and

Northeast Afghanistan.

• Flourishing around the Indus river basin, the civilization primarily center along the Indus and the Punjab region , extending into the Ghaggar – Hakra river valley and the gangas – Yamuna doab.

• IVC was world earliest civilization along its contemporaries, Mesopotamia & ancient Egypt.

• The civilizations noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage system, water supply system, and cluster of non- residential buildings.

• The bath and toilet system of the cities had is

acknowledged as one of the most advanced in the ancient world.

• Mature phase of the civilization is known HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION.

Ancient Indus ChronologyPeriod Phase Yrs. (B.C.E.)

5 Late Harappan (Cemetery H) 1700-1300

4 Harappan/Late Harappan Transitional 1900-1700

3C Harappan Phase 2200-1900

3B Harappan Phase 2450-2200

3A Harappan Phase 2600-2450

2 Early Harappan/Kot Diji Phase 2800-2600

1A/B Early Harappan/Ravi Phase 3300-2800

Urban cities• The Indus valley civilization flourished around cities.

The ruins of the cities , so far unearthed, show remarkable town planning, and excellent system of drainage and sanitation of the IVC.

• The life in the Indus cities gives the impression of a “a democratic bourgeois economy” like that of ancient Crete.

Large cities divide into tow parts

• Both at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro and also at kalibangan, the city were divide into two main parts.

• (A) RULLING CLASS (B) LOWER CLASS• The higher and upper portion of the was protected by a

construction which looks like a fort. • The ruling class of the town perhaps lived in the protected

area. • The other part of the town was lower in height then the

former and common men lived in this area. The lower area of the town generally spread over one square mile.

cities• A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban

culture is evidence in the IVC making them the first urban center in the region. The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal government which place a high priority on hygiene.

• World first know urban Sanitation system.

• Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells.

• Houses open only inner courtyards and smaller lanes.

• The ancient Indus system of sewerage and drain that were developed and used in the cities throughout the Indus region were far more advance than any found in contemporary urban site in the middle east and even more efficient then these in many areas of Pakistan and India today.

DHOLAVIRA CITY

BUILDING MATERIAL• There was no stones built house in the Indus

cities. Most of the houses were built of burnt bricks. But unburnt sun-dried bricks ,kiln-fired brick ,limestone were also used.

• That portion of building where contamination with water was possible, burnt bricks were used.

• Bricks were equal in size. • And roofs were flat and were made of wood.

streets• Main street of Indus valley run from North to South

and East to West , intersecting. on another at right angles.

• The streets were board varying from 9 feet to 34 feet.

• They were suitable for wheeled traffic.• Lanes were joined with the streets and street lamps

were provided for the welfare of public.

Systematically built buildings and houses

• The nature of the buildings at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro shows that the town dwellers were divided into various social classes.

• The rich and the ruling class lived in the multi-roomed spacious houses and the poorer section lived in small houses.

• The public buildings and big houses were situated on the streets.

• The modest houses were situated on the lane.

• Encroachment on public roads or lanes by building houses was not permitted.

• The houses can be divided into three main groups: a) dwelling houses,

b) larger buildings,

c) public bath.

• Smaller houses had 2 rooms, while larger houses had many rooms with mostly two kitchens were there.

• Each houses had an indoor and out door kitchen.

• Houses and another buildings were made of sun- dried or kiln-fired mud brick.

• Indoor kitchen mostly as store houses.

• Mostly outdoor kitchen was used because the dry shrub and cow dung used as cooking fuel are very smoky.

• There was courtyards attached to big buildings. There was also artistic touch in the architectural design of the buildings belonging either to the rich or the poor.

• Most of the houses had baths, wells, and covered drains connected with street drains; ordinary buildings had little ventilation arrangement.

• Door and windows were rarely fixed in the outer wall.

• One could enter a house by the door facing the side lanes of the houses.

• Doors mainly made of wood.

• Large building had spacious door.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM• It was remarkable feature of the civilization. • According to D.D.KOSAMBI; the drainage plans

of the Indus cities definitely establish the separate identity or independent character of the Indus civilization .

• Each house had horizontal and vertical drains. There were underground drains for the streets.

• These drains were covered by STONE SLABS.• Soak pits were also found there, pits were made of

bricks & house drains were connected with road drains.

GREAT BATH• It was earlier “public water tank” in the ancient world.

• It is about 55 meter long and 33meter wide.

• Central space there was provision of large swimming enclosure which is about 12 meter north south and 7 meter wide with a maximum depth of 2.4 meter.

• Two wide staircase lead down into the tank from the north and the south and small socket at the edge of the stairs are though to have held wooden planks or tread.

• The floor of the tank is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laid on the edge with GYPSUM.

• Plaster and the side wall were constructed in a similar manner .

• They also used cement and clay (sloped downhill).

• To make the tank even more water tight , a thick layer of BITUMEN (natural tar)was laid along the side of the tank and also beneath the floor.

• The drain is about 5 meter deep.

• Two large door lead into the complex from the north and east.

• A series of rooms are located along the eastern edge of the building and in one room is well that may have supplied some of the water needed to fill the tank

• .• The only way the water could escape was through a special

system where , if they can let the water out if it got to dirty and then they could fill it up again.

• It also has a plug hole which was used for totally empting out the bath.

• The drainage system were so big that a human would have been able to walk through the middle of one.

This is plug of great bath

• According to DR.KOSAMBI , men used to bath in the tank as a ritual for the mother goddess to whom the citadel belonged.

• This public bath was attached to the Mohenjo-Daro fort where upper class people lived.

• Among the other hall there was a big hall which was perhaps used for public meeting.

• Great hall or granary was first excavated under the supervision of “Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni” and “Madho Sarup” at between 1921 &1929.

• Excavation during three seasons(1997-1999) were undertaken at three corner of the “Granary” to investigate its phase of construction.

• Two additional trenches were laid out in adjacent areas to the northeast and southeast to better understand the stratigraphic relationship.

GRANARY OR GREAT HALL

• These excavation also reveled the presence of a mud brick perimeter wall along the north edge of mound that probably articulate with a wall discovered along the western edge of the mound.

• Both area the walls is over 14 meters wide and built up through several phase of construction.

It is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation over 45 meters north-south and 45 meters east-west.

• Two rows of six rooms that appear to be foundations are arranged along a central passageway that is about 7 meters wide and partly paved with baked bricks.

• Each room measures 15.2 by 6.1 meters and has three sleeper walls with air space between them.

• The earlier structure was represented by a signal wall that was oriented east-west and lies directly below the second major building , the great hall.

• The great hall was first modified with the addition of an external mud-brick platform and subsequently completely filled with clay.

• Air duct were also present there for the proper ventilation and to dry the grain.

• A granary discovered in excavation at RAKHIGARHI village, in Haryana.

• Granary has rectangular and square shaped chambers was there.

• Its floor made of ramped earth and plastered with mud.

• There were 7 chambers in the granary.• Mud brick , limestone and decomposed grass used

on the lower portion of the granary wall. • The granary was found in the citadels, where the

ruling elite lived.

Irrigation system

• Irrigation, was done by well and canals .

• Rain water was also stored for the irrigation purpose.

• Canals were mainly made by the digging method, bricks were also placed on side wall for the support.

• They mainly prefer small scale canals.

Radiant cooling• It is hot in Rajasthan, in ancient time when

building palaces, they installed air conditioning to beat the heat.

• Ancient people were masters of hydrology, they captured rainwater across their territory and built hundreds of kilometers of pipes, eventually piping water underneath their floors.

• This cooling water running underneath the floors creates a massive thermal mass.

MODERN BUILDINGS

BUILDING MATERIAL

• MUD/CLAY:

Water soaked soil; very fine-grain soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired.

Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct type.1. The wall are made directly with the mud mixture.2. the wall built by stacking air-dried building blocks called

mud brick.

• FIRED BRICK AND CLAY BLOCK

• Kiln fired clay brick are a ceramic material. • Also can have a hollow cavity. • Clay block also called structural clay tiles and

typically are perforated with holes.

• SAND:

• A loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral.

• Sand is used with cement, and sometime lime also ,to make mortar for masonry work and plaster.

• STONE AND ROCK:A lump mass of hard consolidated mineral matter .1. Stone is hard to keep warm without using large

amount of heating resource.2. Mortar is used to hold.

• THATCH :Plant stalk used as roofing materialMany new building have thatch roofs with

special ridge tiles on top.And today its mainly used for decorative

purpose.

• WOOD AND TIMBER:The hard fibrous substance under the bark of

tree.Timber is the term used for construction

purpose.

• METAL:Used as a structural framework for large

building.Steel, copper, chrome, silver, titanium mostly

used for structural work.

• CONCRETE:Composite building material made from the

combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement.

Most common form of concrete is Port land cement, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand),Portland and water.

Concrete has been the predominant building material in the modern age due to longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

MODERN HOUSES

• Woods, stone, bricks etc.• Portland cement used as binder• Indoor kitchen with storage area• Soak pit • High walls with good ventilation • Rooms according to requirement• courtyard

STREETS/ROADS• Wide• Cemented • Tiles, bitumen, concrete mainly used• Street lamps

Drainage system• Hollow pipes• Covered ditches• Underground sewage system• Web of pipes• Pits• Cemented pipe

GRANARY• Large• Air conditioner use• Coolers• Limestone• Paddy husk• fiber board

Bathing area

• Swimming pools• With change rooms• Separate bathrooms• Drain holes• Tiles on the surface• Marble floor

Thank you