Any historical research, no matter how limited, quickly confirms the simple truism

that no matter how much things change, they remain the same. Throughout the

Boston AdClub’s 100 years, five basic missions are constantly present yet always

cloaked in different dress due to changing circumstances:

The Mission of AdvocAcy, the club as advocate for the advertising

business in the general community

The Mission of defender, the club as watchdog against those externally and

internally who would manipulate the advertising business for their own purposes

The Mission of ProMoTer, the club as educator and developer of the

resources of its membership

The Mission of LeAder, the club as an active force in the community at large

The Mission of frATerniTy, the club as a social bonding experience for the

peer group it serves.

a history1913–2013

our Mission

On the occasion of our 100th Anniversary, we are posting this history of the Ad Club that was written a decade ago by former Ad Club President, Charles E. Jackson. As you read on, you will understand that the Ad Club actually began forming in 1904, but not until February 26, 1913 did The Advertising Club of Greater Boston get the official seal of approval from the Commonealth. We hope you enjoy the backstory behind all that the Ad Club of Boston has been and how it became what it is today.

The historical survey that follows is fundamentally in chronological order, yet

every act and fact in the club’s history can be viewed as a fit into one of the above

named missions. certainly-there are times in the club’s history in which one mission

assumed more importance than another due to the external business, political

and social environment in which the AdClub found itself. But the purposes of the

Boston AdClub, no matter how many times they have been restated, represent a

100-year march to the same drummer. In the final analysis, the Boston Ad Club,

as an essentially human institution, is a clear and fascinating reflection of its time.

The BroTherhood of Ad Men

The Ad Club was born as a result of rivalry between New York and Boston

advertising men. Already, something should sound familiar. The idea for a club

came up at a dinner following a baseball game between visiting New York

advertising space salesmen and local advertising men. Curiously, we know more

about that game and the dinner that followed than we do about any other single

activity of the club in the 75 years that followed. Meetings featuring Presidents

of the United States, membership jaunts to Berlin and London, and public service

Ad Club Prequil: 1904-1908

accomplishments are generally dismissed with a single line statement by the

recorders of the time, yet the ball game and the party afterwards have been

repeatedly described in vivid detail.

The Ad club owes this rich memory of its birth to Tilton s. Bell. “Tilt”, as he was

affectionately referred to in comments about him, was a genuine survivor. He was

present at the 1904 and dinner and later served as President of the club in 1908-09.

Fifty years later, in 1954, Tilt was still writing-and presumably talking –about

September 24, 1904.

On that date the visiting New Yorkers picked up the glove of challenge thrown

down by their Bostonian hosts. The root causes of the rivalry are no more

understood than the reasons why the Red Sox and the Yankees stir such deep

passions even today. The Boston effort was organized and captained by

Carroll J. Swan, first secretary of the club and later president from 1912-14 and

again from 1931-33. Ray Little, ad manager of Pearson’s Magazine in New York,

handled recruitment for the visitors.

on The red sox diAMond

The baseball game itself was no sand lot affair. The American League Ball Park,

located on Columbus Avenue, was made available to the teams through the

courtesy of John I. Taylor, owner of the Red Sox. Mr.Taylor is reported to have

survived the day as umpire.

There was a great to-do about who was eligible to play. The original challenge

allegedly demanded that only “bona fide members” of the advertising profession

could take the field. But Tilt Bell later revealed that” a method of communications

sometimes referred to as ‘the underground’ carried word to the Bostonians that

their New York foe were bringing in a semi-professional pitcher”.

Colonel Swan (as he was known after World War I) decided to meet fire with

fire. He reportedly “induced” a young Harvard pitcher named Clarkson to join the

Boston advertising business for one day. When the teams finally took the field,

both sides were replete with ringers from collegiate and semi-pro ranks. Perhaps

the strangest developments of all in this bizarre prelude to the birth of the AdClub

was that the game lasted only two and one half innings and no record was ever

keptof the score. Was this a matter of politeness to guests or simply a convenient

lapse of memory for saving face?

An AfTer dinner ThoUGhT

The banquet that followed the game at the Berkley hotel on the corner of Berkley

and Boylston Streets (only a block from the present day headquarters of

the Ad Club) was hosted by the Bostonians. We can only speculate in

our cynical 1990’s mindset whether it was what was consumed-and

in what quantities-that caused Alan h. Wood of Wood, Putnam, & Wood

to rise to his feed and suggest that the advertising men of Boston should

band other and form an advertising club.

Wood recommended a club limited to “men identified in the placing of

advertising in weekly and monthly publications.” The Ad Men’s Club of

Boston, as it was called, was to have two reasons for being: “to promote good

fellowship and to study advertising”, presumably in that order.

The suggestion was cheered by the men present and a committee consisting

of J.W.Barber, S. Keith Evas, and Carroll J. Swan was appointed to draw up a

constitution and by-lays and call the first meeting. That meeting was held

October 17th, 1904 at the Boston Yacht Club. The initial entry in an old ledger

that has survived the decades suggested that on November 22 the club had

collected $46, representing the sale of 23 “dinner tickets.”

The first officers elected were Edgarton Chichester, president; M.V. Putnam, vice

president; Carroll J. Swan, secretary; George W. Coleman, treasurer. Little is known

of Chichester except that he was a rep for Century Magazine in Boston. A quarter

of a century later, he was referred to in print as “that splendid ad man baseballer.”

The initial dues were $2.00 a year, and meeting were to be held “whenever the

officers could obtain an interesting speaker”.

it would be a stain on the memory and character of Alan Wood and the other

advertising athletes present at the Berkley Hotel to bash to suggest that the idea

of the Boston Ad Club sprang from an enthusiasm generated by an over-indulgence

in the grape. In fact, the emergence of the club at that moment in time was part

of a historical process in the development of the business of advertising. The men

at that ball game celebration in 1904 deserved credit for having the prescience to

become part of a trend before it was recognized as such.

froM rAckeT To Profession

In the early years of the 20th century, the advertising business was in a critical

stage of maturing from a racket into a profession. The explosive growth of

magazine and newspapers in the 19th century coupled with the spread of the

population in the American movement westward had created an opening

for those who could link manufacturers and their consumers through

advertising. Of course such advertising paid the bills of the print media

and added fuel to their rapid expansion.

The manufactured who understood the value of advertising needed

middlemen who could find the media, evaluate them, contract with them,

check them, and then pay them. These middlemen, the first ad men,

generally had a reputation for honesty almost equal to the outrageously

false and overstated claims of much of the advertising they placed.

The basic method of preparation was for the ad men to buy space from the

media as cheaply as possible and sell it for all they could get. On the other

side of the coin, advertisers with a budget would invite bids and award

the business to the advertising “agent” who could put together the most

impressive list for the money available. The temptation to falsify claims and

space rates and to misrepresent the number of insertions was seldom

resisted. The standard agent’s commission was 25%. Some publishers would

accept payment in merchandise or services such as hotel accommodations on

which a shrewd agent could turn a wholesaler’s profit.

The lucrative possibilities in such a free wheeling system of doing business often

attracted a type of gambler who preferred advertising deals to roulette tables. The

reputation of advertising as a slippery business was exacerbated by the fraudulent

claims of many of the first major advertisers most notably the makers of patent

medicines. Lacking any standards, the advertising business was nurtured in chaos

and fed by greed.

Men of rAnk And PosiTion

Money in America, can often be a path to position. And position leads to stability.

The inheritors of wealth prefer to rely on standards rather than risks. The Boston

advertising men who founded the ad club were clearly men of position who

sought to solidify their rank in society by declaring themselves to be men of

purpose who viewed their business activities as a profession based on expertise.

They created a club “to study” advertising and, as will be seen, these men set

about forging ties to the establishment while presenting themselves as leaders

who set standards for others to follow.

The men in Boston were not alone in deciding the time had come to bring some unity

and distinction to their business. Ad clubs began springing up all over the country in

the early 1900’s. The National Federation of Advertising Clubs of America, which was

to evolve into the Advertising Federation of America, was founded in 1904. The

Boston men were in step with the times.

inTeresTinG sPeAkers onLy

The Ad Men’s Club of Boston planned to meet whenever the officers could find

an interesting speaker. Those early officers were astonishingly successful in their

search. During the first five years of the club, guest speakers included Senator

Beveridge of Indiana, the Chief of the United States Secret Service, and General

charles h. Taylor of the Boston Globe.

It is unfortunate that no record exists of what these major public figures said to the

club, and we may still wonder how a new organization with only a couple hundred

members could attract such prominent orators. It speaks to the fact that these

founding club fathers were men who had made enough money, albeit in a not

totally reputable business, to attain standing in society were $5,000 annual income

enabled a man who support a large family, own a home tended by servants, and

move in the echelons of what we would call today the upper middle class.

Despite the obvious success in corralling some top name speakers, it is interesting

to note that those who would remember the old Ad Men’s club in later years were

inclined to comment mainly on its social aspect. Tilton Bell wrote: “Throughout the

years 1904-08, the club was primarily based on the theory of good fellowship,

meeting and dining while listening to the visiting speakers.” But then in 1909, the club

took a turn toward serious business, changed its name and quickly made a lasting

imprint on the advertising business. The Pilgrim Publicity Association 1909-1924

BLUe serGe coATs & TrUTh in AdverTisinG

in 1909 the Ad Men’s club of Boston changed its name to The Pilgrim Publicity

Association. We do not know why the change was made, but a few facts surrounding

the change can lead to some reasonable speculation. All observers note that the

campaign to change the name was the crusade of one George Brewster Gallup who

was destined for the presidency in 1915-16.

Mr. Gallup did not achieve his objective without a struggle. One source notes that

the president of the club at the time, George W. Coleman, remembered that “he

was presiding the night at the Ad Men’s Club had the banquet in the Bellevue

hotel when the battle raged for and against this change in name”. considering the

tendency of organizations to bury their divisions, recalling a “battle” suggests that

the name change represented something far more fundamental than mere cosmetics.

one likely scenario is that central issue was one that the ad club was to struggle with

frequently over the years. Was the club primarily a fraternal organization or was it

destined to fulfill a leadership role in the greater business community?

Mr. Gallup and his allies must have believed in the latter. There is some indication

that the young club was already outgrowing its sporadic socializing. In 1908, the

club tried its first planned program of meetings. But most significantly, the club was

a major factor in helping the Boston Chamber of Commerce reach a membership of

nearly 4,000, making it the largest chamber of commerce in the nation.

The neW sPiriT PrevAiLs

The name Pilgrim Publicity Association certainly suggests a broader base capable

of a larger outreach than a club limited to men in advertising. One also senses that

the term “publicity” may have carried a more respectable aroma than “advertising.”

in any case, the deed was done, and the club billed its new identity was

representative of “The New Spirit.” It worked.

In one year, the club tripled its membership and quadrupled its treasury. The

earliest roster of the P.P.A. available is for 1914. By then it is apparent that this

spurt in membership was only possible by admitting men (still only men) in

endeavors other than those “identified in the placing of advertising in weekly

and monthly publications”. That 1914 roster includes such diverse fellows as Arthur

Reddish, a bond salesman; Frederick Newman, president of a teapot manufacturer,

and Louis J. rouleau, a lawyer.

The New Spirit of the P.P.A. soon led to new attire. Members attending meetings and

notional conventions dressed in the blue serge coats, white flannel trousers, white

shoes, and straw hats with the bands inscribed “PiLGriM” in gold letters. indeed,

there are a few things in the history of the club that may never come again.

1911: A yeAr To reMeMBer

In the ninety year history of the Boston Ad Club, there is one year that clearly put

Boston advertising on the national map: 1911. As a result of that landmark year,

Boston was for decades thereafter to be associated with the movement for

“Truth in Advertising.”

In 1910, George Coleman, last president of the Ad Men’s Club and first president of

the Pilgrim Publicity Association, and Henry B. Humphrey, the father of the only

family dynasty the ad club has known to date, journeyed to Omaha to attend the

annual meeting of the Associated Advertising Clubs of America. The men bore a

twofold purpose: enter The Pilgrim Publicity Association into membership of the

national association and then lobby the A.A.C. to hold its next annual convention

in Boston. They succeeded on both counts.

The P.P.A spent a year preparing for the big event. Pilgrims spread out across New

England spawning new ad clubs in smaller cities under the auspices of the Boston

association. What deserves note as the club’s first public service advertising

campaign was launched. Display ads were places in the Boston newspapers

urging Bostonians to be good hosts and help dispel the popular notion (then and

now) that Boston is a cold, unfriendly city.

The TrUTh in AdverTisinG crUsAde

The 1911 convention was a brilliant success. It was the largest assemblage of

advertising men in history up to that point. Most importantly, the A.C.A

convention of 1911 marked the birth of the Truth in Advertising crusade.

Even with the poor ranking of advertising in popularity in 1994, it is difficult

to imagine the profound contempt that educated American society held

for the advertising product of 1911. Advertising was the source of

unbelievably outrageous claims and outright fraud. And the respectable

men who gathered in Boston that year became determined to clean it up.

H.J. Kenner in the book The Fight for Truth in Advertising, writes; “The

fervor of those Ford Hall, Boston gatherings is remembered by many

hundreds still living who were present there. I recall the almost evangelistic

spirit that animated those who were leaders in advertising work during

and after the Boston convention.”

The young ad clubs around the nation were to become the instruments

of this Truth in Advertising movement. For the first time they had a clear purpose

other than fraternal brotherhood. Several clubs, including Boston, formed “vigilance

committees” that launched investigations into advertisements suspected of being

false of misleading. state legislators were lobbied for laws to forbid fraudulent

advertising based on a model of statue devised by Printer’s Ink magazine.

The hUMPhrey PinnAcLe

With applause for his leadership in recruiting the now nationally acclaimed

convention of 1911 to Boston, Henry B. Humphrey was elected president of the

Pilgrim Publicity Association that very same year. The one year Humphrey regime

was a pinnacle in the history of the Boston club. Membership passed the 500

mark, and the organization now involved weekly board of directors meetings;

semi-monthly luncheons; and monthly banquets.

The public highlight of the year was the appearance of President William Howard

Taft at a luncheon in his honor on March 18, 1912 attended by 450 “leading business

men of Boston.” Newspaper Night drew the biggest crowd, and Textile Night was

devoted to ideas on how the advertising business could help the New England

textile industry.

A Speaker’s Bureau was established and ad men were sent out into the hustings to

talk on such subjects as “New England for New England” and “Advertising as an

Investment”. Education became a concern for the first time in club history. The

P.P.A’s Educational Committee under John J. Morgan created the Prosperity Building

Campaign of 1912, “as systematic course of study for improving the work of all

advertising men” taught by Prof. Colin A. Scott of Tuffs College.

A LADIES NIGHT?

Henry Humphrey’s brilliant year brought one other shattering breakthrough. For

the first time women were recognized by this avowedly male bastion. Ladies night

was held on the stage of the Boston Opera House with 125 couples in attendance.

The guests were opera stars of the time and Eben D. Jordan, the father of grand

opera in Boston. In addition, President Humphrey helped organize the first

Women’s Advertising Club in the country in Boston on Nov. 13, 1991.

The year 1911-12 was a glittering year in world history, the last great year of the

19th century belief in progress, before the lights would be turned out by the Great

War. for the Ad club in Boston, then known as The Pilgrim Publicity Association,

it was also a time of remarkable growth and optimism.

iT’s officiAL

Going with the momentum of the past year, the members of the P.P.A. decided

to make this club legitimate in the eyes of the state of Massachusetts. The

members and president, Carroll J. Swan, made a motion to apply for

The Advertising Club of Greater Boston to become an organized corporation.

And on February 26, 1913, the Commonwealth granted the certificate.

Although on the certificate it was called The Advertising Club of Greater

Boston, it wasn’t until eleven years later in 1924 when the name was

publically changed from the Pilgrim Publicity Society to The Advertising

club of Boston.

MeeTinG By Phone

In 1915 under the George Gallup presidency the entire city was in awe of a dinner

program conducted by telephone to San Francisco. To whom the Bostonians were

talking and about what is a mystery, but for a society that had never heard of

television and could not have imagined talking through computers, it must have

been an event on the cutting edge of science fiction.

The Gallup tenure also marked the entry of the club into the area of helping secure

employment for members and others. An Employment Committee is reported

“to have secured many positions for many worthy advertising men and women.”

Herbert G. Porter’s administration, 1916-17, was noteworthy in two respects. First,

Porter restored financial order to the club. Previous to his leadership, the club was

generally in the red ad the end of the fiscal year, and it was customary to request

that some of the more affluent members pay their dues in advance to pay for last

year’s bills. When Porter took office, the P.P.A. had $500 in unpaid bills. When he

left office, the treasury had a balance of nearly $1,000.

The “GeArd dinner”

Mr. Porter is also remembered for organizing what was known for years as the

“Geard dinner.” With the entry of America into World War i imminent, the P.P.A

invited James A, Geard, then Ambassador to Germany, along with Leonard Wood,

to be guest speakers. The entire city begged for tickets. The club sold 2,200

tickets with cash up front because of the demand. The affair netted $3,400, a tidy

sum in those days. It is difficulty for us to understand the mindset of that time

created by the total commitment to the war, but the fact is that the club voted

donate the entire profits of the event to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to

help defray “defensive expenses.”

1913 Ad Club Charter

Later in 1917 under President Frank Black the club’s prestige was again enhanced

by the appearance of former President Theodore Roosevelt before an audient of

10,000 in the Mechanics Building under the joint auspices of The Pilgrim Publicity

Association and the Boston chamber of commerce.

TWo soUrces of AGiTATion

George c. frolich’s administration during 1920-21 was by his own assessment a

time of agitation. The name Pilgrim Publicity Association proved to have a major

drawback. Hundreds of letters would arrive at the club from all over the country

seeking information on The Pilgrims, Plymouth rock, Lexington, and concord, etc.

The club had no intention of getting into the travel business.

And of course women were and increasing source of agitation. By 1920, they

could even vote. As Mr. Frolich wrote in 1935: “The agitation of consolidating with

the Women’s Advertising Club of Boston was also started in my regime.”

Nevertheless, even with these agitations, Mr. Frolich filled two Pullman cars for a

journey to attend the meeting of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World.

He is also remembered for having the dues raised from $12 to $20 per year while

reducing the cost of club luncheons from 75 cents to 35 cents.

The firsT PUBLicATion

The period of The Pilgrim Publicity Association has left one more important legacy

to the Ad Club: the idea that the club should have its own publication. The pres-

ent day Ad Club is fortunate to have a few issues of The Pilgrim from the early

twenties. The monthly edition is an editorial amalgam of news about the club, a

few tidbits of news about business in general, a few situations wanted ads (fired:

Owing to business conditions…I am out of a job”), and perhaps what a modern

day perspective finds most alien, numerous articles with moral instructions on the

benefits of honesty, hard work, and optimism. As the cover of one issue of The

Pilgrim declares: “Work a bit harder, Buy a bit more, smile a bit cheerier-ad you’ll

soon find the world well on its way to Prosperity!”

sUrvivinG BooM, BUsT, & WAr

In 1924 the agitation felt by President Frolich in 1920 reached a climax when The

Pilgrim Publicity Association voted to change its name to The Advertising Club of

Boston. A committee headed by Past President and a founder of the Boston Bet-

ter Business Bureau charles Marble recommended the change.

In a report to members in an issue of The Pilgrim, the committee urged returning

the word “Club” to the name in the hope that it would generate “a little club spirit.”

Ironically, they noted that one of George Gallup’s strongest arguments for drop-

ping “club” in favor of “association” was the lack of seriousness of purpose that

the name Ad Men’s club of Boston suggested. The wind had also shifted once

again in the eternal debate on how seriously the club should take itself.

1924-1944

WoMen Won’T Go AWAy

There was also that nagging issue of women who would not just go away. The

actual year that members of the female gender were permitted to join

the club is unclear at this point. However, it was most likely in 1926 since

tow president later claimed credit for the “wisdom of this action.” That’s

how Will Rogers remembered it, and he left the presidency in 1926. The

new president, Patrik F. O’Keefe, declared that women entered the club

under his administration. in order to acknowledge both assertions, we

must assume the blending of the sexes occurred in 1926.

The Women’s Advertising Club of Boston continued on for a year years

until it merged into the Advertising Club of Boston. The last president of

the Women’s Ad Club was Marion F. Brown, a highly regarded poet and advertising

manager of r.h. stearns.

MAJor o’keefe in chArGe

From the written reports that have survived the years, it is clear that the

administration of Patrick F. O’Keefe, 1926-27, was the most memorable of the

decade. It may be that every generation of advertising in Boston needs and

Irishman to shake it up.

Pat O’Keefe served as a president twice in 1914-15 and again in 1926-27.

When asked to summarize his first term in later years, he stated, “Let

that pass.” However, after the World War, he was referred to simply as

“The Major”, and he was not as reluctant to recount his accomplishments

as chief executive of the club the second time around. The Major

arranged for the weekly luncheon meetings of the Ad club to be

breakfast over radio station WNAC “without any cost to the club except

for the wires.” An orchestra was organized to play at the luncheons.

Major O’Keefe could take credit for the several innovative programs

including a series of so-called “Little Journeys”, in which members visited

various factories around Boston. A class in public speaking for members

was held at the Emerson College of Oratory. And the first effort to

establish a subsection in the club for younger members was made

through organization of the Junior Group, made up of young men and

women with an interest in advertising.

The Major was a bottom line man. Membership hit a high water mark of 596. The

club took larger space in its Hotel Bellevue headquarters increasing its rent from

$1,800 to $3,000 per year. Even with this commitment, when Major O’Keefe left

office, the club had net assets of $6,333.36 plus an inventory of $1,200 or a total

net worth of approximately $7,500.

The GreAT Trek To BerLin

The boom years of the 1920’s were capped for the Boston Ad Club with a “junket”

to Berlin, Germany in 1929. More than 200 members and presumably a few of

their spouses traveled 4,500 miles by ship and train to attend an international

advertising convention. The detailed were handled by a very popular and prominent

man, John C. Nicodemus, who was to become president of the club in 1941.

From the materials available it is difficult to detect what effect the Great

Depression had on the Advertising Club of Boston. Perhaps the lack of printed

materials is one of the effects. The club had started a weekly publication

called “Advertising News of Boston”(except during the months of July and

August), but apparently it ceased to exist in 1932 or 33. The only information

we have on the rest of the decade comes from the meager gleanings from

an annual Roll Call club roster plus the recollections of the few members who

recoded them later on in life.

The Christian Science Monitor published a special edition celebrating the Boston

Ad Club on May 27, 1935. However, the articles therein concentrated on the

early history of the club and being the christian science Monitor, the Truth in

Advertising movement.

We know that when the decade of the 1930’s began the club headquarters had

been moved from the Bellevue Hotel to the Stalter Building and later on to the

Hotel Statler, now the Park Plaza, where they were to remain until 1970.

Membership remained fairly consistent during the thirties ranging from a high

514 in 1932-33 to a low of 386 in 1938-39.

A TUrninG inWArd

Each year the Roll Call roster the president of the club was expected to make a

brief statement of his year in office. Invariably the comment was big on generalities

and short on details. One senses from this perspective in time that the Ad Club

began to turn in on itself, tending to its own affairs and turning away from the

outward presence in the community that had been marked by the Truth in

Advertising Movement, Speakers’ Bureaus, and the fathering of ad clubs in

other cities and towns.

Conventions, however, were still big concerns. In 1936, the Boston Ad Club hosted

the annual convention of the Advertising Federation of America for the second

time, which commemorated the Silver Jubilee of the Truth in Advertising Movement

started here in 1911. Five years later, in 1941, the AFA returned again to highlight

what Ad Club historian Tilton Bell termed a “record breaking year” in membership

and meeting attendance.

Mr. McATeer’s cAndor

However, the feeling that during the Depression and World War II years the Bos-

ton Ad Club just chugged along tending its garden, reveling in memories of the

old days, while waiting for a new dawn, is given credence by the poignant state-

ment of President Philip J, McAteer to members in 1937: “Presidents come and

Presidents go, but the Advertising Club moves forward despite them…On taking

over the A.F.A Convention last June, I planned to do many things that I honestly

hoped would make this the greatest administration in the history of the club

The months rolled by with nothing of a startling nature taking place and now, at

the close of my year, I find everything just about where it was in the beginning.

So I leave it to my successor to give us the great administration.” Phil McAteer

deserves the Ad Club’s Ninety Year Special Award for Candor.

LeT The Good TiMes roLL

The period between the end of World War II into the early 1950’s the advertising

business was no longer questioned as a legitimate enterprise. The need of the

Ad Club’s founding fathers to gain respect was a distant concern.

Advertising had earned a place in the American business ethos. It may have been

considered a little flaky around the edges, but advertising was finally accepted as a

necessary instrument in building business and sustaining the media. Even FDR had

said that if he weren’t a politician, we would have been an ad man.

In fact, the advertising business bordered on being glamorous. The ad agencies

with all their emerging creative types were replacing the space salesman as the

defining core of what it means to be “in advertising”. The “ad biz” was not quite

“show biz”, but it was fun, fun, fun!

The erA of The TUesdAy LUncheons

The centerpiece activity of the Boston Ad Club during the happy and prosperous

time was a weekly luncheon held for many years as the hotel stalter. The luncheons

were always held on Tuesdays and they attracted hundreds and sometimes over

a thousand men and women. included in that number were all sorts of folk from

businesses that made a living off advertising. These people were known as “suppliers”.

The Tuesday luncheons featured a “program.” If the old boys of the club had shown

up expecting to enjoy a lecture on the moral virtues of salesmanship or the charac-

ter building qualities inherent in oratory, they would have been sorely disappointed.

While there was an effort made to serve the interests of the various segments of the

ad business, the emphasis of the ad club programs was on entertainment.

There were fashion shows and “cabaret nights” in which members could show off

their song and dance talents. A scan of famed speakers during

President Phil Nutting’s banner year of 1957-58 included Ted Williams,

Walter Cronkite, and Elsa Maxwell, “queen of all party givers.”

The Ad club luncheons were also times for information exchange and

perhaps a little personal selling. They functioned as a sort of human

bulletin board. You could find out who was leaving what company

and going where; what accounts may be on the loose; and sometimes

personal scuttlebutt of a titillating nature. And it always happened

at the same time and in the same place. The Ad Club was a cohesive

and familiar family.

The Boston Ad Club of this period was not purely a party. The club

assumed a role in the greater community, but the attitude had changed. instead of

sending out speakers to win converts of the legitimacy of advertising, the club now

went into the community and asked “what can we do for you?” The idea of public

service began to take root.

The Post-War Years 1945-1960

A WALk on The freedoM TrAiL

Of all the public service activities the Ad Club championed during this time, the

one that has had the most lasting effect was the club’s campaign for Boston’s

Freedom Trail. Under the leadership of Richard Berenson, president of the club

1956-57, the Ad Club achieved recognition in the most important factor in turning

the Freedom Trail into the showplace it remains to this day for tourists in the Hub.

Berenson is credited with the idea of the now familiar red line that guides visitors

through Boston’s maze of historical attractions.

The biggest event of the late forties and fifties was the Fiftieth Anniversary of the

Advertising Club of Boston in 1954. It was celebrated in major style when the

Advertising Federation of America voted to hold its annual convention in Boston.

Since the A.F.A. was also founded in 1904, the affair developed into a joint Golden

Anniversary Party. The June convention drew an array of 40 speakers and seminar

leaders including such advertising giants as Lawrence Chiat, and John P. Cunningham.

The official convention program was perhaps the most impressive publication ever

produced by the Ad Club: 178 pages of information supported by 120 advertisers.

No written reports of the outcomes of the convention are available, but if the

organizations that went into the program are any indication, the affair must have

been a resounding success.

encoUrAGinG JUniors

The Junior Ad Club is worthy of note. From time to time, as we have seen with

Major O’Keefe’s Junior Group of the 1920’s, the Boston Ad Club has either

sponsored or given its blessing to groups that focused on serving the

interests of younger people. At no time was this impetus stronger than in

the fifties and early sixties. By 1958, the Junior Ad Club was 100-members

strong; held bi-weekly meetings; sponsored the Jacob Award for “Adman

of the Year”; and once a year ran the program for the senior Ad Club. In

1958, the juniors invited the promotion manager for the fledgling Playboy

magazine. Oh, those young rascals!

The membership of the Ad Club by 1960 was a far cry from its initial

restriction to “men identified in the placing of advertising in weekly and

monthly publication”. President Phil Nutting would have been acceptable

to the founders as a rep for Holiday magazine, and perhaps Presidents Paul

Hoag, Paul Provandie, and Frank Christian might have qualified as ad agency

men. However, rising to the leadership of the Ad Club after World War II

were men from more diverse business backgrounds; Paul Newsome from

public relations; Ed Donnelly and Jim Connolly from outdoor advertising; and the

aforementioned richard Berenson who was in the liquor business.

Printers and those in the graphic arts were a very important element on the

membership roster. In 1955, the printing and graphic arts business was the largest

employer of people in the city of Boston. The Ad Club during this period began

to publish its own weekly newsmagazine from September to June called

Advertising News. The editor and manager was Tom Tierney, publisher of New

England Printer & Lithographer, the monthly trade magazine for that huge printing

population. This connection was to take an unexpected twist in the 1960’s.

TiMe of TUrMoiL & TrAnsforMATion

Something profound happened in America during the 1960’s. Anyone old enough

to remember what it was like to live and work in America before and after that

decade would have to admit that some sort of change of change had occurred

in society. This is not the place to argue the merits of that chance or discern the

reasons for it, but it is necessary to note that whatever happened had to do with

a change of attitude regarding authority. Authority at all levels was challenged

as was the agreement which authority demanded regarding how we behave and

even dress in public.

The Advertising Club of Boston as a public institution was not immune from the

effects of this change. The advertising business which the club served was

undergoing a major transformation. The advertising agency was the increasingly

dominant factor in the business, and within the agency the account executive/

salesman was being superseded in prominence by “the creatives.”

The rise of the creative element in advertising was fueled by the growing

dominance of television as the primary mass medium for advertising in terms

of dollars and sheer power of teach. The Ad Club, if it were to remain a viable

organization serving the needs of its membership, needed to respond to these

shifting forces.

hATch is Born

The Hatch Awards, started as a BBDO agency party, came under club sponsor-

ship. It is fair to say, however, that in the 1960’s it is doubtful anyone

would foresee the huge potential that Hatch possessed for the club,

and which the club would eventually realize from the 1970’s until the

present.

Diversifying the membership to include the ever more powerful elec-

tronic media was more difficult. The Ad Club bore a distinct color-

ation of print. Not only was it started by a print media salesman, Bos-

ton advertising was print oriented. Printers and their allied industries

were a source of strength in the club. The electronic media people

had their own organizations, the largest of which was the Broadcasting Executives

club (B.e.c) later to be known as the new england Broadcasting Association.

One of the major challenges the Ad Club faced in the 1960’s was the prolifera-

tion of clubs and associations with ties to the advertising business. The impulse

was to accommodate them, and in the annual rosters of the Ad club during the

sixties (then called “Communication Directories”) spaced is devoted to several

associations such as the Art Directors Club; the B.E.C.; the Retail Ad Club; and the

Publicity Club. This was a nice gesture of cooperation among various elements of

the communications business, but it could not erase the fact that the Ad club was

often in competition with these groups for members, events, and dollars.

The 1960’s

CALL MISS GOLD!

internally, at the beginning of the decade of the sixties the Boston Ad club made a

significant shift in organization that was to presage the most profound change the

club would have in modern times. From its inception, the club had been organized

and run by its officers and directors, volunteers all. The internal affairs-the cleri-

cal nuts and bolts of the organization-were for many years handled by one Miss

Jenette Gold.

Miss Gold served the club as executive secretary for at least 30 years, but sadly

for a woman who gave such long service there is no written record of her career

presently in the source materials available at the club. Occasionally a picture of

her appears in an annual roster and hardly a meeting is mentioned without a tag

line of “Call Miss Gold!” but the disappearance of the copies of Advertising News

leaves us with no record of when and why she retired from service to the club.

In the 1961 roster, Rand Smith makes an appearance as executive secretary,

obviously succeeding Miss Gold. In the 1962 roster, Rand Smith appears as the

executive director. By 1964, Rand Smith is executive director assisted on staff by

Elizabeth Ely, executive secretary. The Boston Ad Club had embarked on a new

method of operation, but there is no written record whether this was a planned

decision or whether it juts happened in the normal course of events.

Those who remember rand smith can attest to his gentlemanly character. he was a

great counselor of young people, and many a future advertising career was inspired

by a meeting with Rand. As a full time executive director, he understandably felt a

responsibility to oversee all of the club’s activities. Unfortunately, this included the

weekly magazine, the Advertising News. As noted earlier, this publication was

produced by Tom Tierney, who headed his own publishing firm.

For whatever reason now lost to time, Mr. Tierney did not agree with a change

in editorial, or perhaps business, control of Ad News. But it was the Ad club’s

publication, and so Tierney withdrew, and in 1964 he launched a new publication

called New England Advertising Week. The revenue available to the club from

advertising in Ad News eventually shifted to Ad Week.

The Ad News limped along for another few years, but with the appearance of yet

another advertising publication, Ad East, in 1970, Ad News was put to rest. Ironically,

New England Ad Week became the official publication of the Boston Ad Club in

the early 1970’s, and the club news was printed in the magazine on a monthly basis

for several years thereafter. Nevertheless, the decline of Ad News was one more

financial blow which the Ad Club had to deal with in a very stressful, changing

business environment with few available sources of revenue.

enThUsiAsTic LeAdershiP

The financial difficulties the Ad Club faced in the 1960’s were not due to a lack of

enthusiastic leadership from the presidents of those years: Jack Drummey, Lindy

Layman, Bill Morton, and Harvey Cinamon. Luncheons were still the main source of

regular activity, but gradually they became bi-monthly and then monthly affairs.

The cohesiveness of the advertising community was breaking down as it was in

society at large. “doing your own thing” was the way to go at the time, and clubs,

by their very nature, ask for self-sacrifice and service in a communitarian spirit.

AN ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR OR NOT?

By the end of the 1960’s it was clear that a fundamental decision had t be made

regarding the future of the Advertising Club of Boston. Was it to continue to

operate under the management of an executive director, or was it to revert back

to its historical method of operation, namely, volunteer efforts by annually elected

officers and directors?

The issue was joined at a board of directors meeting in 1969. Three

presidents of the time-past, present, and future-Fred Davis, Dick

Cullen, and Arthur Stickney, respectively, presented the case for

a strong executive director. Those who opposed the idea were

rightly concerned about the financial aspects of such management

as well as whether the club was abandoning the volunteer spirit

that had made it the significant institution it had become. By one

vote that board meeting opted for hiring a new executive director.

When Arthur Stickey assumed the presidency in the fall of 1969, the Advertising

Club had a new executive director. His name was Paul McDermott.

THE ERA OF THE ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR 1970-1994

The mandate for a new executive director was threefold: develop sources of

revenue; diversify and expand membership; and create programs that would be

responsive to a changing advertising business. The business of advertising, now

often referred to as “communications,” was indeed undergoing major changes.

It may be too early to make a definite judgment, but the era of the 1970-90 may

someday be referred to as the “golden age of advertising agencies.” The ad

agency, as the heart of the advertising business, found itself in a position to be

the most efficient and knowledgeable supplier of the ever expanding and diverse

services demanded by the advertisers.

For example, the agency could develop the resources to deal with the multiplicity

of media that by then blanketed the marketplace. The ad agency had been born to

coordinate placement of advertising in the print media. By 1970, it had expanded its

purview not only to the electronic media but to specialized forms of communication

with customers such as direct mail and public relations.

MeeTinG The revenUe chALLenGe

The new executive director, Paul McDermott, working with various administrations,

set about meeting the challenges of this changed environment. Finding and

exploiting sources of revenue was a difficult task. One source that proved to be

especially fertile was the Hatch Awards. In 1971, under President Jo Somers, the first

woman president in the history of the club, the Hatch awards became the hatch

show, elevating creativity in the New England advertising to the point that winning

a Hatch Bowl became a nationally prestigious honor. Entries and attendance for the

annual show skyrocketed during the seventies.

Education was another growth area for revenue. The Ad Club has always been

involved with education since its inception, but those seeking to enter the business

or improve their position within it had ever been greater. To this day the Ad Club

remains intensely active in the development and promotion of its educational pro-

grams that were restructured to insure profitability during the 1970’s.

The deMise of The reGULAr LUncheon

Programming under the executive directorship of McDermott became more

specialized in an effort to appeal to specific interests within the advertising

community family. Seminars and “Days” devoted to single topics replace the lun-

cheon concept. The weekly luncheons had gradually faded to bi-monthly and then

simply sporadic affairs put together whenever an “interesting speaker” could be

recruited. Ironically, this was the exact original prescription of the Ad Men’s Club in

Boston in 1904.

Mr. McDermott took on the job of recruiting and diversifying membership with a

passion. The electronic media community was especially cultivated. During the sev-

enties, the Ad Club encouraged agency chief executives to assume leadership roles

which can be reflected in rollcall of presidents during those years: Richard “Doc”

Lombardi; Richard S. Humphrey, grandson of Henry of 1911 fame; Jack Connors, Ed

Eskandarian; Sharen Carr; and Thomas Mahoney.

The Ad cLUB AUcTion

These agency executives and those who followed them in the 1980’s were in a

prime position to wield the necessary influence with the media and supplier firms

whose support for Ad Club programs was critical. The birth and the growth of the

Ad Club Auction is a chief example. The Auction was established under the leadership

of Jack Connors who possessed the power and prestige to create a function that

has become and major source of revenue for the club.

When Paul McDermott departed from the Ad Club executive directorship in 1979,

he and the officers and directors who served with him could take pride in the fact

that they had met their mandate beyond all expectations. The club was financially

sound and held a respected position in the community it served.

Bill Geary succeeded Paul McDermott as executive director. A politician by

trade, Geary was closely allied with Governor Michael Dukakis, whom he served

as appointments secretary. As executive director for nearly three years,

Bill Geary brought an “outsiders” objective perspective to Ad Club management.

He sharpened and streamlined procedures while advancing the programs,

especially Hatch and the Auction, to new heights. When Dukakis was re-elected

to a second term in 1982, Geary returned to the political arena eventually rising

to M.d.c. commissioner.

The eLizABeThAn AGe

The executive director, Elizabeth Graham Cook, had managed the Ad Club for

nearly 12 years. her contribution left an indelible mark on the history of the

Boston Ad Club. Elizabeth Cook and the administration under her tenure have

focused the club on one of its most basic missions: its mission of leader in

the community. In recent years, the Club’s strong professional staff of seven

has been matched by the creative energies of past presidents such as Judy

Downes; Bob Hoffman; Debbie Sina; John Verret; Fran Kelly; Joe Grimaldi.

The Ad Club of Greater Boston is today widely recognized for its public

service initiatives. In 1987, in partnership with the Boston Foundation, the club

established the Advertising Club Charitable Trust, now the Ad Club Foundation.

In 1993, the Trust reached $1 million which will fund programs that celebrate

diversity in the workplace.

Arnold Rosoff, former president of the Ad Club, deserves special mention for his

work in establishing the Foundation. Under the leadership of another former

president, Richard “Bink” Garrison, the Foundation managed three programs:

The Advertising Opportunities Program committed to developing a new gen-

eration of advertising and marketing professionals; Diversity Workshops aimed

at creating a climate that values difference in the workplace; and the Ad Club

Diversity Resource and Resume Bank that seeks to create diversity immediately.

As of this writing, the Ad Club of Greater Boston reports and aggregate

membership of 7,500 individuals represented by 600 companies and a

representative mailing list of 1,800, a figure that would have been unbelievable

to Alan Wood when he rose to his feet to suggest the idea of the club in 1904.

The leadership of the Club consists of 30 trustee member companies.

The club’s programs currently seek out and cultivate industry and political leaders

for “leadership conversations” that bring the Ad Club and the advertising business

into sharper focus in the public mind. Recent case studies have focused on New

Media interactive technologies and outreach initiatives. The Continuing Education

Program is burgeoning with 11 courses, 15 instructors, and over 200 students.

evoLUTion...

Great changes were in store for the advertising world -and the AdClub. Indeed, the

word ‘advertising’ was being superseded by ‘Communications’ in the titles of many

agencies here and worldwide as computers became the everyday tool of business

and soon heralded in more, new technologies destined to change society itself.

The internet burst on to the scene, and the dot-com bubble and boom left its

mark on a number of Boston agencies.

Through these exciting but trying times, the AdClub under Eizabeth Cook, Bethany

kendall and Lisa Unsworth, continued to rally its members and gather the industry

together at events like the Hatch Show, the Rosoff Awards and the Media Auction.

….And revoLUTion.

As the digital age hit its stride, the AdCLub not only kept pace, but in many

respects actually anticipated the technology innovations rapidly and radically

changing the business and the world.

In 2005 Kathy Kiely succeeded Lisa Unsworth and determined to further expand

the Adclub’s reach and agenda.

As noted earlier, its early tenets included being an advocate for the profession; a watch-

dog against misleading practices; an educator and developer of resources; a positive

leader in the community and a provider of social bonding for the group it serves.

1993-2003

2003-2013

Though those principles still all apply, the AdClub’s mission evolved to connect-

ing brands, technologies and people together so that all three might continue to

thrive, progress and prosper.

New events were added; the core staff was increased; the club moved and moved

again, and membership continued to grow.

To the perennial, iconic Hatch Awards, were added the EDGE Conference, Clinked

In and Media Innovation Day, marking and celebrating new industry technologies;

the CMO Breakfast Series and Big Orange Couch interviews which put the spotlight

on client brand champions; the annual Women’s Leadership Forum recognizing the

by now, many female industry leaders; and a host of other events including Sports

Marketing, Golf outings even a pilgrimage to Fenway Park to welcome the Sox on

their opening day each spring.

In 2008, the club moved from Newbury Street to new digs in Hamilton Place next to the

Beacon Theater where Kathy supervised the creation of a new brand identity centered

around a bright orange logo, and a slogan {Are You In?} plus a new website and all

kinds of social media capabilities to manage the club’s busy schedule and outreach.

Just three years, later, the club moved again to its current location, a fantastic,

domed space on Batterymarch street in the financial district where its full time

staff of eight, supplemented by keen teams of interns, buzz like bees to keep

the activities flowing.

Today, the ongoing commitment and influence of the club is a harbinger that the

Greater Boston area will continue to be a leading germination and incubation

ground for communications innovations, and ensure the future success of brands

and businesses built in Boston.

And that will attract still more entrepreneurship to the area, further benefiting the

economy and the people of the Commonwealth.

The club has survived two world wars, a great depression and several serious

recessions. It has seen the business it serves change from a coterie of a few men

selling space in newspapers and magazines to a multi-faceted endeavor encom-

passing activities not yet dreamed of ninety years ago. Through it all, the club has

learned the basic lesson of survival: learn and adapt.

Whatever the future may hold for the Boston Ad Club, it opens the door to the

future in its 101st year stronger and more vital than it has ever been in history.

The AdverTisinG cLUB of GreATer BosTon

Past Presidents

1904-05 *Edgarton Chichester 1954-55 *Paul H. Provandie

1905-06 *John Wesley Barber 1955-56 Charles W.E. Morris

1906-07 *Marion V. Putnam 1956-57 *Richard A. Berenson

1907-08 *William E. Hall 1957-58 Philip E. Nutting

1908-09 *Tilton S. Bell 1958-59 Arnold N. Harkow

1909-11 *George W. Coleman 1959- William J. Williamson

1911-12 *Henry B. Humphrey 1959-61 *Frank S. Christian

1912-14 *Carroll J. Swan 1961-62 *James M. Connolly

1914-15 *Patrick F. O’Keefe 1962-63 William Morton

1915-16 *George B. Gallop 1963-64 *Arthur F. Brown

1916-17 *Herbert G. Porter 1964-65 A. Harvey Cinamon

1917-18 *Frank A. Black 1965-66 John A. Drummey

1918-19 *Harold F. Barber 1966-67 Lendell A. Layman

1919-20 *Charles B. Marble 1967-68 Frederick J. Davis

1920-21 *George G. Frolich 1968-69 Richard J. Cullen

1921-22 *Henry Kuhns 1969-70 Arthur E. Stickney

1922-24 *Chester I. Campbell 1970-71 Jo Somers

1924-26 *William F. Rogers 1971-72 Richard V. Lombardi

1926-27 *Patrick F. O’Keefe 1972-73 Charles E. Jackson

1927-28 *Arthur J .Crockett 1973-74 Richard S. Humphrey, Jr.

1928-29 *George A. Dunning 1974-75 Harold J. Turin

1929-31 *Louis D. Gibbs 1975-76 Michael C. Horn

1931-33 *Carroll J. Swan 1976-77 John M. Connors

1933-35 *Walter E. Myers 1977-78 Edward Eskandarian

1935-36 *Allyn B. Mcintire 1978-79 Sharen K. Carr

1936-37 *Philip J. McAteer 1979-80 Thomas J. Mahoney

1937-38 *Edmund S. Whitten 1980-81 Willard S. Taylor

1938-39 *Oliver M. Drummond 1981-82 Arnold Z. Rosoff

1939-40 *Louis Glaser 1982-83 *Charles T. Barr

1940-41 *Edwin E. Leason 1983-84 Guy Conrad

1941-42 *John C. Nicodemus 1984-85 Prudence B. Hay

1942-43 *Ernest Hoftyzer 1985-86 Richard C. Harrison

1944-46 *Paul N. Swaffield 1986-87 Judith B. Downes

1946-47 *George C. Wiswell 1987-88 *Gerald Broderick

1947-48 *Harrold E. Fellows 1988-89 J. Peter Rizzo

1948-49 *Carlton M. Strong 1989-90 Robert Hoffman

1949-50 *J. Paul Hoag 1990-91 Deborah Sinay

1950-51 *Raymond C. Strawbridge 1991-92 John C. Verret

1951-52 Andrew C. Quale 1992-93 Francis J. Kelly III

1952-53 Paul A. Newsome 1993-94 Joe Grimaldi

1953-54 *Edward C. Donnelly, Jr.

Very special thanks to our author and past president

charles e. Jackson

for his many hours of research and writing of this history.

* Deceased

The AdverTisinG cLUB of GreATer BosTon

A Centarian Perspective

ceLeBrATinG oUr 100Th AnniversAry

1913-2013

PAsT PresidenTs

1904-05 *Edgarton Chichester 1954-55 *Paul H. Provandie

1905-06 *John Wesley Barber 1955-56 Charles W.E. Morris

1906-07 *Marion V. Putnam 1956-57 *Richard A. Berenson

1907-08 *William E. Hall 1957-58 Philip E. Nutting -

1908-09 *Tilton S. Bell 1958-59 Arnold N. Harkow

1909-11 *George W. Coleman 1959- William J. Williamson

1911-12 *Henry B. Humphrey 1959-61 *Frank S. Christian

1912-14 *Carroll J. Swan 1961-62 *James M. Connolly

1914-15 *Patrick F. O’Keefe 1962-63 William Morton

1915-16 *George B. Gallop 1963-64 *Arthur F. Brown

1916-17 *Herbert G. Porter 1964-65 A. Harvey Cinamon

1917-18 *Frank A. Black 1965-66 John A. Drummey

1918-19 *Harold F. Barber 1966-67 Lendell A. Layman

1919-20 *Charles B. Marble 1967-68 Frederick J. Davis

1920-21 *George G. Frolich 1968-69 Richard J. Cullen

1921-22 *Henry Kuhns 1969-70 Arthur E. Stickney

1922-24 *Chester I. Campbell 1970-71 Jo Somers

1924-26 *William F. Rogers 1971-72 Richard V. Lombardi

1926-27 *Patrick F. O’Keefe 1972-73 Charles E. Jackson

1927-28 *Arthur J .Crockett 1973-74 Richard S. Humphrey, Jr.

1928-29 *George A. Dunning 1974-75 Harold J. Turin

1929-31 *Louis D. Gibbs 1975-76 Michael C. Horn

1931-33 *Carroll J. Swan 1976-77 John M. Connors

1933-35 *Walter E. Myers 1977-78 Edward Eskandarian

1935-36 *Allyn B. Mcintire 1978-79 Sharen K. Carr

1936-37 *Philip J. McAteer 1979-80 Thomas J. Mahoney

1937-38 *Edmund S. Whitten 1980-81 Willard S. Taylor

1938-39 *Oliver M. Drummond 1981-82 Arnold Z. Rosoff

1939-40 *Louis Glaser 1982-83 *Charles T. Barr

1940-41 *Edwin E. Leason 1983-84 Guy Conrad

1941-42 *John C. Nicodemus 1984-85 Prudence B. Hay

1942-43 *Ernest Hoftyzer 1985-86 Richard C. Harrison

1944-46 *Paul N. Swaffield 1986-87 Judith B. Downes

1946-47 *George C. Wiswell 1987-88 *Gerald Broderick

1947-48 *Harrold E. Fellows 1988-89 J. Peter Rizzo

1948-49 *Carlton M. Strong 1989-90 Robert Hoffman

1949-50 *J. Paul Hoag 1990-91 Deborah Sinay

1950-51 *Raymond C. Strawbridge 1991-92 John C. Verret

1951-52 Andrew C. Quale 1992-93 Francis J. Kelly III

1952-53 Paul A. Newsome 1993-94 Joe Grimaldi

1953-54 *Edward C. Donnelly, Jr.

Very special thanks to our author and past president

charles e. Jackson

for his many hours of research and writing of this history.

* Deceased