CHLOROPHYTA

Acrosiphonia sp.

ChlorophytaN

Sporic

Codium fragile

Chlorophyta2n Gametic

Codium Sporangia

Codium Utricle

Prasiola sp. Chlorophyta

*

Ulva linzaChlorophyta

*

Ulva intestinalis

Chlorophyta * Tubular blade formation

Ulva lactuca

Chlorophyta* Parenchymatous blade formation

RHODOPHYTA

Mastocarpus papillatus/Petrocelis

Masto = n --------------

Petro = 2n

Sporic

Chondracanthus exasperatusRhodophyta

*

Sporic

Mazzaella splendensRhodophyta

can only tell if there are cystocarps (2n +n) on the gametophyte (n) otherwise it is a tetrasporophyte (2n)

Sporic

Sparlingia pertusa

Rhodophyta

if with bumps then gametophyte (n) with cytocarps (2n+n) otherwise it is the tetrosporophyte (2n) (Swiss cheese algae)

Sporic

Polysiphonia pacificaRhodophyta*

Sporic

HildenbrandiaRhodophyta

*

Sporic

Gracilaria pacifica

Rhodophyta

*same as mazaella & sparlingia

Sporic

Polyneura latissima

Rhodophyta

*same as mazaella & sparlingia

Sporic

Grateloupia doryphoraRhodophyta

*

Sporic

Porphyra fallaxRhodophyta

n

Sporic

PHAEOPHYTA

CHARACTERISTICS• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate - Eukaryotic

• COLOUR- Brown

• FLAGELLATION- Two heterokont flagella (only reproductive cells)- Long flagellum has 2 rows of mastigonemes - Shorter flagellum is smooth and directed backward- Has a light receptor- Attached laterally

• MORPHOLOGY- Multicellular- Sometimes very large- Unbranched filaments- Parenchymatous- Pseudoparenchymatous is rare- Have a meristoderm:

o small surface cells with chloroplasts and capable of division

- cortex:o general larger cells lacking chloroplasts

which do not divide- Medulla:

o trumpet hypae cells form

• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: formation of propagules or by

fragmentation,- Asexual: by zoospores formed in plurilocular

sporangia- Sexual: fusion of isogamous, oogamous

• LIFE HISTORY- Gametic:

o gametes range from oogamous to isogamous

- Sporic

• EYESPOT- In spores or gametes within the chloroplast and

associated with a flagellum- Present and acts as shading or light reflector

Characteristics Cont’d• CHLOROPLAST- One to many smooth chloroplasts- Storage product is stored outside the chloroplast- 4 membranes surround the chloroplast- 2 membrane envelope and PER- Thylakoids are in stacks of 3 - Girdle lamella is present

• OTHER- DNA is ring shaped- RUBISCO in the pyrenoids- Cell wall always present – made of cellulose, alginic

acid and polysaccharides- Sieve elements: perforated cross walls in large kelps

for conduction of photosynthate

Fucales: Sargassum muticumPloidy: 2N

Life History: Gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant

Other: has short stubby receptacles that bear oogonial and antheridial conceptacles

Fucales: Fucus gardneriPloidy: 2N

Life History: gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a 2N zygote that grows into the adult plant

Other: parenchymatous thalli with apical meristems

Anatomy: meristoderm, cortex and medulla present- Receptacles (ends of blades) contain pores (small depressions) under which are conceptacles (spaces) within which are oogonia, antheridia or both

Fucus Life Cycle

Fucales: Pelvetiopsis limitata

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Gametic meiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant

Ralfsia

*

Scytosiphonales: Petalonia fascia

Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)

Life History: Sporic

Other: Growth is diffuse

Scytosiphonales: Scytosiphon lomentaria

Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)

Life History: Sporic

Other: growth is diffuse

Laminariales: Saccharina latissima

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic, with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Nereocystis luetkeana

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Sieve elements of Nereocystis

-Sieve elements are elongated cells located with in the medulla

- their cross-walls have fields of pored with plasmodesmata

- used for translocation of photosynthate

Laminariales: Macrocystis pyrifera

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Saccharina sessilisPloidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Alaria sp. Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Costaria costataPloidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Egregia menziesiiPloidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales Reproduction

Desmarestiales: Desmarestia acuelata

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxial thallus

** only pseudoparenchymatous brown

Desmarestiales: Desmarestia sp.

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxial thallus

** only pseudoparenchymatous brown

Plurilocular: found in Ectocarpales

-Plurilocular gametangia that release hundreds of isogametes

- each gametophyte (plant) are N and produce gametes by mitosis

Unilocular: found in Ectocarpales-Unilocular sporangia with 2N cells that undergo meiosis to produce unicellular N zoospores

- borne on the diploid plant

- this thallus is called the sporophyte

- the meitotically produced zoospores grow by mitosis into gametophytes

Diagram of a brown algal cell

Pyrenoids of a brown algal cell

Chloroplast of Fucus

Spermatangia

Polysiphonous

Heterocysts

Pennate Centric

Girdle VIew Valve View

Geminata

Diatom Silica wall formation

Volvox Gonidium

Oogonia

Antheridia

Heterocyst & Akinete

akinete

heterocyst

CRYPTOPHYTA

Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Eukaryotic- Uninucleate

• COLOUR- Red- Tan- Blue-green- olive

• FLAGELLATION- 2 similar flagella both with mastigonemes- Flagella are apical or lateral and originating within a

groove

• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular

• REPRODUCTION- Vegetative: by cell division- Sexual: not well known

• LIFE HISTORY- Not well known

• CHLOROPLAST- 1 to 2 smooth chloroplasts- Thylakoids usually in stacks of 2- Chlorophylls a and c- Phycobilins present- Chloroplast DNA in scattered nucleoids- 4 membranes around chloroplast- Eyespots when present are within the chloroplast but

not associated with the flagella

• OTHER- Have protein plates that act as an anchoring system

and is internal to the plasma membrane- Ejectosomes line the gullet- Storage product is starch and is stored outside the

chloroplast envelope, inside the PER

Example of a Cryptophyte

Flagella

ejectosomes

Plastids

A Cryptophyte eyespot-These eyespots may be one or several layers thick- they are located with in the chloroplast but not close to the flagella- the eyespot operates by either intercepting light (shading) or reflecting light (increasing the illumination) onto the photoreceptor pigment- which is probably localized in either the plasma membrane or chloroplast membranes over the eyespot

Electron micrograph of a cryptophyte

-The large ejectosomes seen here line the wall of the gullet-Part of a smaller ejectosome is visible just beneath the plasmalemma on the lower left side of the cell

Diagram of a longitudinal section of a cryptophyte

DINOPHYTA

Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Nucleus with condensed chromatin at interphase

• COLOUR- Brownish- Golden-brown- Red-brown- Can be colourless

• FLAGELLATION- 2 highly heteromorphic flagella originating near each

other- One is flattened and wraps around the cell- Other flagellum trails behind

• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular

• REPRODUCTION- Vegetative: cell division- Sexual: by fusion of isogamous or anisogamous

gametes

• LIFE HISTORY- Zygotic

• CHLOROPLAST- 3, 4 or 5 membranes around the chloroplast- Chlorophylls a and c- No phycobilins- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- Scattered DNA

• EYESPOT- Present or not

• OTHER- Storage product is outside the chloroplast and may

form a cap over the pyrenoid- Cell wall internal if present- Has a girdle- Has a sulcus- Hypotheca is located posterior on area that has the

sulcus- Epitheca is apical- Covered by a theca subdivided into plates with or

without cellulose horns or spines may form

Example of a Dinoflagellate

girdle

theca

Horns off the theca

Trailing flagellum

Example of a Dinoflagellate 2

sulcus

Displace girdle

Example of a Dinoflagellate 3

Ventral View: sulcus and girdle

Dorsal View: girdle onlyIs flattened therefore has jerky swimming motion

Interphase nucleus and chromosomes of a

dinoflagellate-The chromosomes lack histones, are permanently condensed and have a characteristic banded appearance

-There is a large nucleolus within the nucleus

EUGLENOPHYTA

Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Eukaryotic- Chromosomes are condensed during interphase

• COLOUR- Bright green - Colourless

• FLAGELLATION- 2 heteromorphic flagella originating with in a reservoir

(gullet?)- Usually only one is emergent- Some species do possess 2 or 4 emergent flagella

• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular

• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: cell division

• CHLOROPLAST- Chlorophylls a and b- No phycobilins- Store paramylon which is similar to starch- 3 membranes around the chloroplast- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- Smooth and variable in shape and number

• EYESPOT- Present usually in photosynthetic form- It is large, anterior, near the reservoir - Not located in the chloroplast- Associated with flagellar swelling

• OTHER- Cell wall consists of interlocking protein strips- Can rapidly change shape (known as metaboly) only

in some species

Example of an Euglenophyte

Colourless (due to lack of chloroplasts); Exhibit a large range of shape changes (metaboly)

Paramylon bodies

Example of an Euglenophyte 2

Example of an Euglenophyte 3

Show no metaboly

Euglena longitudinal section

- Note the distinctive outer covering, the pellicle

Interphase nuclei of a green alga and a

euglenophyte-Note the condense chromosomes of the euglenophyte

Euglena- Diagrammatic longitudinal section

Eyespot of a euglenophyte-The eyespot is composed of loosely packed globules lying outside the chloroplast, next to the reservoir, opposite of the flagellar swelling- the swelling is usually on the longer, emergent flagellum and is thought to be the site of the photoreceptor pigment

HAPTOPHYTA

Characteristics• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Small eurkaryotic

• COLOUR- Golden brown

• FLAGELLATION- 2 equal flagella with a third flagellum-like appendage

between them haptonema- Originate near each other at the apical end of the cell

• MORPHOLOGY- Unicellular

• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: cell division- Sexual: not well known

• LIFE HISTORY- Not well known

• CHLOROPLAST- Chlorophylls a and c- No phycobilins- 4 membranes around the chloroplast- 1 or 2 chloroplasts present- Thylakoids in stacks of 3- 2 membrane PER- No girdle lamella

• EYESPOT- Found in some members- Located within the chloroplast

• OTHER- Cell coverings has organic scales- Some species have calcified scales (coccoliths)

Example of a Haptophyte

Haptonema

**The haptonema functions as a food gathering device and in others as a sensory or attachment mechanism may be coiled or fully extended