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Adding a Suffix

•

Richard Lederer in his wonderful book, Crazy English, clearly

demonstrates how American English can be so confusing to others.

He says, "We park on driveways and drive on parkways. Our

hamburger is not made out of ham. There is no grape in grape-

fruit and no pine or apple in pineapple. In what other language

do you think your feet can smell and your nose can run?"

—Roger E. Axtell, Do's and Taboos of Using English Around

the World (John Wiley, 1995), p. 14

A typical unabridged dictionary lists about 500,000 words, and

there are another 500,000 technical and scientific terms. By com-

parison, German has 185,000 words and French less than

100,000.

Ibid., p. 17

These quotations emphasize the dynamic nature of the English language—meaning our words and our vocabulary are always in the process of change Words and definitions of established words are added to the vocabulary as technology changes. In addition, new words are made as affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added to existing root words. This chapter reviews the for-mation of words as suffixes are added, presenting a number of guidelines that will help you correctly spell and use such words.

Learning Goals Upon completing the lessons in Chapter 5, you should be able to: ✓ Add a suffix to root words correctly, following the briefing-by-rule prin-

ciples. ✓ Add suffixes to root words that are not governed by the briefing-by-rule

principles. ✓ Spell correctly all other words used in the specialized exercises.

Rule 26: When one-syllable words end with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.

Rule Analysis

TERMS

EXAMPLE

A. The one-syllable word must end in a single consonant. beg B. The consonant must be preceded by a single vowel. beg C. The suffix to be added must begin with a vowel. beg ar

Where all terms are met, double the final consonant. beggar

Briefing by Rule: One-syllable words to which the rule is applicable Underscore once the letters in the word corresponding with the terms of

-_-_____------------- CHAPTER 5 • ADDING A SUFFIX 79

the rule analysis. When briefing results in single underscoring throughout, the rule for doubling the final consonant is applicable.

TERM A TERM B TERM C WORD WORD + SUFFIX

jog jog -ing jog jogging quit quit* -ing quit quitting

Briefing by Rule: One-syllable words to which the rule is not applicable Underscore twice the letters in the word that do not correspond with the

terms of the rule analysis. When briefing results in double underscoring, the rule for doubling the final consonant is no longer applicable.


talk talk -er talk talker treat treat -ing treat treating glad glad -ly glad gladly

In the first example, double underscoring results under Term A because the word talk ends with the two consonants 1 and k, and not one consonant, as expressed by Term A of the rule analysis.

In the second example, double underscoring results under Term B because the final consonant in the word treat is preceded by the two vowels e and a. Thus Term B of the rule analysis is violated, and the rule is not applicable.

Double underscoring results under Term C in the final example because the suffix -ly begins with a consonant and not a vowel. Thus Term C of the rule analysis is violated, and the rule is not applicable.

Rule 27: When words of two or more syllables are accented on the last syllable and end in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, provided the accent does not change position.

Rule Analysis

TERMS EXAMPLE

A. The accent in a word with two or more syllables de fer' must be and must remain on the last syllable of the root word.

B. The word must end in a single consonant. defer C. The final consonant must be preceded by a single defer

vowel. D. The suffix to be added must begin with a vowel. defer ed

Where all terms are met, double the final consonant. deferred

Note: Some exceptions are chagrined, chagrining, excellence, excellent.

Briefing by Rule: Words of two or more syllables to which the rule is applicable

Briefing by rule in words of two or more syllables is accomplished by underscoring once the letters in the words that correspond with the terms of

*The u following the q has the sound of w, a consonant; hence, in a word like quit, the final con-sonant t is treated as if it were preceded by only one vowel

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CHAPTER 5 • ADDING A SUFFIX

the rule analysis. When single underscoring results throughout, and the accent mark remains on the last syllable of the root word (see exceptions), the rule for doubling the final consonant in words of two or more syllables is appli-cable. Here are examples in which briefing shows applicability of the rule:


re gret' regret-able regret regrettable ac quit' acquit* -al acquit acquittal

Summary: When the conditions exist as expressed by the terms of the rule analysis, the rule for doubling the final consonant in words of two or more syllables is applicable.

Briefing by Rule: Words of two or more syllables to which the rule is not applicable

Briefing by rule in words of two or more syllables to which the rule is not applicable is accomplished by underscoring twice the letters in the word not corresponding to the terms of the rule analysis. The following examples illustrate the condition in which briefing shows nonapplicability of the rule:

TERM A TERM B TERM C TERM D WORD WORD + SUFFIX

Commit' commit commit -ment commit commitment

Double underscoring results under Term D because the suffix -ment begins with a consonant and not a vowel as expressed in Term D of the rule analysis. Once the rule has been denied, continued briefing is not necessary.

TERM A TERM B TERM C TERM D WORD WORD + SUFFIX

con fer' confer confer -ence confer conference (ence)

Double underscoring results under Term A because the accent on the word confer shifts to the first syllable when adding -ence instead of remain-ing on the last syllable of the root word as expressed by Term A of the rule analysis.

Summary: When at least one condition does not exist as expressed by the terms of the rule analysis, the rule for doubling the final consonant in words of two or more syllables is not applicable (see exceptions).

*See footnote, page 80, for an explanation of ui representing wi and, therefore, only one vowel.


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(Scoring: Deduct 8 points for each incorrect answer.) Words in the News Directions: Twelve words that pertain to election coverage and that appear frequently in the news close to local and general elections are listed below, along with a sentence illustrating each selected word. On the blank line, write, in your own words, the meaning of the selected word as you use contextual clues from the sentence to determine the word's meaning. Because this page contains important information on the reverse side, please do not remove this page from your book. 1. ballot. Before voting, check carefully the be made an issue at election time.

names of all candidates listed on the ballot.

paper or card used to cast a secret vote; the

action or system of secret voting 2. caucus. Meeting in a caucus, the delegates

from the state decided to support the Democra-tic platform.

a closed meeting of party members for political

leaders to reach agreement on party policies 3. campaign. Moving north to south through

Ohio, the presidential candidate presented his campaign with a promise to reduce taxes.

series of operations designed to win votes for

a particular candidate or party 4. electorate. The Republican nominee listed six

proposals to the electorate, hoping to win their votes.

body of voters

5. electors. On the third day of the national con-vention, the electors from each state cast their votes for their candidates.

individuals who cast votes as representatives

of a defined group of voters 6. majority. A simple majority of delegates cast-

ing votes for a particular candidate ensures the party's nominee of a victory.

more than half the number of total votes cast

in an election or a convention 7. nonpartisan. The president charged the

wilderness issue should be nonpartisan and not

Apply your knowledge of these the template diskette.

free from party affiliation, bias, or

designation

8. platform. The right to life and women's rights issues vary substantially in the platforms of the two parties this election year.

a declaration of principles and policies

adopted by a political party or a candidate

9. polls. Go to the polls on November 5, and cast your vote for those who will lead you the next four years.

the casting or recording of votes of a body of people;

a counting of votes cast; the place where votes are cast

10. popular vote. State senators and representa-tives are elected by popular vote, whereas the president and vice president are placed in office through the electoral system based on the win-ner of the popular vote.

the results of an election in which the gen-

eral public participates

11. primary. The primary election narrowed the field to one Republican and one Democrat run-ning against each other for the congressional seat.

an election in which voters choose candidates that

will appear on the ballot for a general election

12. suffrage. The Constitution guaranteed the right of suffrage for men; however, women did not gain it until 1920.

the right to vote and exercising the right to

vote

terms as you complete Exercise 5-1 on

CHAPTER 5 • ADDING A SUFFIX 82

• (Scoring: Deduct 4 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Adding a Suffix to One-Syllable Words Directions: Brief by rule each of the following one-syllable words in accordance with the instructions on page 79. Then write the word with its suffix added, correctly spelled, in the Word + Suffix column. The first term (Number 0) is given as an example.

TERM A TERM B TERM C WORD + SUFFIX

•

0. whip whip -ing whipping

1. bag bag -age baggage

2. bias bias -ed biased

3. brag brag -art braggart

4. dim dim -ed dimmed

5. flat flat -ly flatly

6. foot foot -age footage

7. great great -er greater

8. knit knit -ed knitted

9. job job -less jobless

10. mat mat -ing matting

11. pen pen -ed penned

12. press press -ing pressing

13. put put -ing putting

14. quip quip -ed quipped tom. s o,,.,. Ls \. KA_

15. run run -er runner

16. ship ship -er shipper

17. slip slip -ery slippery

18. sport sport -ing sporting

19. step step -ing stepping

20. taste taste -ful tasteful

21. test test -ify testify

22. ton ton -age tonnage

23. wrap wrap -er wrapper

24. wreck wreck -age wreckage

25. zap zap -ing zapping

• Gain additional practice in briefing one-syllable words by completing Exercise 5-2 on the template diskette.


(Scoring: Deduct 4 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Adding a Suffix to Multisyllable Words Directions: Brief by rule each of the following words with two or more syllables in accordance with the instructions on pages 80-81. Then write the word with its suffix added, correctly spelled, in the Word + Suffix column. The first term (Number 0) is given as an example.

TERM A TERM B TERM C TERM D WORD + SUFFIX

0. abhor' abhor abhor -ent abhorrent

1. account' account account -able accountable

2. acquit' acquit acquit -ed acquitted

3. admit' admit admit -ed admitted

4. cen'sor censor censor -ed censored

5. confer' confer confer -ence' conference

6. deter' deter deter -ent deterrent

7. ed'it edit edit -or editor

8. forgot' forgot forgot -en forgotten

9. hab' it habit habit -ual habitual

10. impel' impel impel -ed impelled

11. inher it inherit inherit -ance inheritance

12. lim'it limit limit -ed limited

13. occur' occur occur -ence occurrence

14. omit' omit omit -ing omitting

15. m'el panel panel -ist panelist

16. perform' perform perform -ance performance

17. recur' recur recur -ing recurring

18. regret' regret regret -able regrettable

19. remit' remit remit -ance remittance

20. season season season -al seasonal

21. soliclt solicit solicit -ed solicited

22. support' support support -ing supporting

23. transmit' transmit transmit -ed transmitted

24. upset' upset upset -ing upsetting

25. verbal verbal verbal -ize verbalize

Continue your practice of adding suffixes to polysyllable words by completing Exercise 5-3 on the template diskette.

84


patented marketability

three invent potential and

(Scoring: Deduct 3 points for each incorrect answer.) Name

Review: Briefing by Rule Directions: Brief by rule each bold-faced word by adding the suffix indicated in parentheses. Write the new word on the blank line.

Dear Stockholders:

We are pleased to report to you on the happen (ings) happenings

pany during the past year. As you know, we are commit (ed) committed owners of our corporation, never forget (ing) forgetting

with us.

Being on the cut (ing) cutting edge of technology, we have achieved perform (ances) performances unlike any other year, ship (ing) shipping more products than ever

Our achievements were cap (ed) capped by our successful bid on the big (est) biggest contract to date, bring

in excess of $1 5 million of profits, much of which will be transmit (ed) transmitted

to you, our stockholders.

and progress of our com-

to you, the own (ers)

that you come first

before.

(ing)

(ing)

bidding bringing

Our Research and Development Department has patent (ed)

(ions) inventions this year, increasing market (ability)

great promise for future profits. show (ing) showing •

•

To aid our employees, we installed a health-maintenance program. Before and after work and during

lunch periods, all employees can go swim (ing) swimming or jog (ing) jogging , or can participate in weightlift (ing) weightlifting We believe that

being a healthy employee makes a big differ (ence) difference

in job perform (ance)

performance . When employees are healthy, we are all win (ers)

The major downside this year was when our president was mug (ed) mugged and rob

(ed) robbed This event resulted in his slip (ing) slipp ing on the ice while run (ing) running from his attack (ers) attackers fall (in g) falling and , being pin (ed) pinned beneath several heavy cartons that fell on him, tear

(ing) tearing ligaments in his legs. We were sad (ened) saddened by this

incident and by his fail (ure) failure to maintain his balance, requiring his admit (ance) admittance to the hospital for surgery. His wife informs us he is gradually improving,

, and, despite nag (ing) nagging injuries, he is begin (ing) beginning to come

in on a more frequent basis. Thanks to all of you who were concern (ed) concerned enough

to call or write.

Overall, we have had a ban (er) banner year, and we believe the new year will pro-

vide a recur (ing) recurring scenario. Sincerely,

Linda Pearlman Chief Executive Officer

winners



Review: Briefing by Rule Directions: Brief by rule each bold-faced word by adding the suffix indicated in parentheses. Write the new word on the blank line.

1. The attorney for the defend (ant) defendant gain (ed) gained an acquit (al)

acquittal for her client after the state's primary witness admit (ed) admitteed he had

not actually seen the defendant at the crime scene.

2. The chop (er) chopper carrying the news team made an emergency landing near the rug (ed)

rugged terrain. Reporting the occur (ence) occurrence , the news anchor quip (ed)

quipped that the news team was supposed to be get (ing) getting the news, not

making it.

3. Before seeing a special (ist) specialist , you must obtain a refer (al) referral from

your primary-care physician. Fail (ure) Failure to do so may result in your insurance com-

pany deny (ing) denying payment.

4. The director said he made a regret (able) regrettable decision when he promoted Eve McCaully

because he had forgot (en) forgotten her poor perform (ance) performance ratings that

reflect (ed) reflected on her productivity.

5. Although our team has a better bat (ing) batting average than our opponent, the game

remained score (less) scoreless through ten innings. In the bottom of the tenth, the play (er)

player in center field misjudged the ball, allow (ing) allowing our man on third

base to score, win (ing) winning the game for us.

6. I realize you have been question (ing) questioning the terms of your teach (ing)

teaching contract; but if you will read the third paragraph where refer (ence)

reference is made to instruct (or) instructor qualifications, you will understand why

we offer (ed) offered your current pay scale.

7. Any employee who is thinking of quit (ing) quitting her or his job and join (ing)

joining the work stop (age) stoppage should remember that management has the

right to terminate that employee, bar (ing) barring any court action.

86


• Studying Words Not Governed by Rule Many words can be spelled according to the briefing-by-rule guidelines; how-ever, a number of words do not adhere to the guidelines presented. As a result, the following principles are presented for studying those words not governed by rule.

To learn to spell these words, apply the following guidelines: 1. Examine the word in detail. Carefully note the spelling of the word, and

then spell the word aloud. (See examples below.) 2. Check the dictionary for the correct pronunciation of the word, and pro-

nounce it aloud several times. 3. Associate the meaning with the word itself. (Note the examples below.) 4. Construct a sentence using the word correctly. 5. Return to the word after a time and see if you can still spell and use the

word correctly. If you have difficulty spelling or using the word, repeat the above steps, constructing several new sentences that use the word cor-rectly and descriptively.

Example of adding a suffix not governed by rule:

WORD SUFFIX NEW WORD

MEANING

future -istic futuristic relating to the future

Associate the meaning: Relate future to the future time.

Sentence: The project director has a futuristic view in which the company is paperless and totally computerized, with manual labor performed by robots.

•Example of a word not governed by rule:

WORD

MEANING

efficacious effective; producing the desired result

Associate the meaning: Note the similarity of spelling of both efficacious and effective.

Sentence: The right kind of discipline is efficacious for promoting learning in the classroom.

The sentence you write in step 4 should be meaningful and should reveal the nature of the definition through contextual clues. Compare the above sentence with the following: The flu shot was efficacious. The latter sen-tence is grammatically correct but does not reveal the meaning of the word. As a result, no learning occurs when this sentence is used as a memory aid.

CHAPTER 5 • USING A SUFFIX

87

•

(The pronunciations that follow adhere to the guidelines in the Thorndike-Barnhart Student Dictionary. The pronunciation keys in your students' dictionaries may vary.)

(Scoring: Deduct 5 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Applying Words Not Governed by Rule Directions: Each numbered item indicates a word not governed by rule, followed by the word's definition. Check your dictionary, and write the pronunciation of the word on the first blank line. On the second blank line, write a sentence in which the word is correctly used and in which contextual clues provide the meaning of the word.

1. ambidextrous. (adj.) able to use both hands with equal facility Pronunciation: am' b dek' strs

Sentence: (Sentences will vary.)

2. stringent. (adj.) severe; austere, stern Pronunciation: strin' j nt

Sentence: 3. condescension. (n.) patronizing pleasantness to inferiors

Pronunciation: kon' di sen' sh n

Sentence: 4. elongate. (v.) to lengthen; to make longer

Pronunciation: i long' gat

Sentence: 5. legacy. (n.) something that has been handed down, a bequest

Pronunciation: leg' a se

Sentence: 6. preeminent. (adj.) superior to all others

Pronunciation: pre em' n nt Sentence:

7. saturated. (v.) thoroughly soaked, wet Pronunciation: sach' ra' tid

Sentence: 8. statutory. (adj.) having to do with statutes or laws

Pronunciation: stach' u tor' e

Sentence: 9. surcharge. (n.) an additional charge

Pronunciation: ser' char]

Sentence: 10. surrealism. (n.) modern art and literature showing what happens in dreams and the subconscious

through the use of strange or unusual imagery Pronunciation: s re' liz' m

Sentence:

Apply additional words not governed by rule as you complete Exercise 5-4 on the template diskette.

88


• (Scoring: Deduct 8 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Applying Contextual Clues Directions: Using the contextual clues provided, select and write the one word that best fits the meaning of the following sentences.

analogy commiserate conciliatory elocution

epilogue eulogy implication loquacious

prolific prologue rant sarong

1. Trying to overcome the hostility caused by Tom Newsome's hasty remarks, Miss Ross began negotia-

tions with several conciliatory comments.

2. Although not directly stated, the candidate's implication was that the incumbent had been

dishonest during his term of office.

3. The book's prologue supplied a brief historical background leading to the present conflict.

4. Although I have not had your medical problems, my thoughts are with you as I

with you on your misfortunes.

commiserate

5. The funeral

humanity.

6. Wearing his

Pacific islands.

7. The story's

eulogy

praised the deceased as a person possessing a great wealth of

, Ituli displayed the brightly colored material worn by men in the

showed how the characters succeeded in their lives 10 years later.

sarong

epilogue

8. In her speech, Frances gave an analogy between the conditions preceding the great war

and the conditions of today.

9. Stephen King is a prolific writer, turning out several full-length novels a year.

•

10. The demonstrator began to rant , making wild accusations about how the govern-

ment keeps a file on every citizen.

11. In her public speeches, Ms. Young demonstrates great elocution , in her polished manner

of speaking.

12. Don't get my aunt started talking; she is so loquacious you can't stop her.

ID Continue your practice of applying additional words using contextual clues as you complete Exercise 5-5 on the template diskette.


(Scoring: Deduct 4 points for each incorrect definition and 4 points for each sentence that does not pro- •

vide a contextual clue.) Name Providing Contextual Clues to Words Not Governed by Rule Directions: Each of the following 12 words is fairly common, although its definition is not always clear. On the blank line to the right of the word, write a brief definition of the word. On the line below the word, write a sentence in which the contextual clue provides a clear meaning of the word.

1. apprehensive anxious, afraid something bad is going to occur

(Sentences will vary.)

2. besieged surrounded, with intent to force surrender

3. commandeer to seize private property for military use

4. demarcation having separated or set the boundaries of

5. euphoria feeling of happiness or well-being

6. indoctrinate teach a doctrine or belief

7. legendary celebrated; like a legend but not historical

8. neutralize to make in a neutral state

9. paramount chief in importance; supreme

10. preoccupy take up the attention of; absorb

11. remiss neglectful; careless

12. unconventional not conforming to rules or precedents

Continue your study of words not governed by rule as you complete Exercise 5-6 on the template diskette.


S

•

(Scoring: Deduct 11 points for each incorrect response.) Name

Malapropisms Richard Sheridan's classic play, The Rivals, first performed in 1775, contained a comic character named

Mrs. Malaprop, who slaughtered the English language by using words she misused ridiculously. Her name stuck, and words currently misused to the point of being ridiculous are called malapropisms.

For example, in the play, Mrs. Malaprop refers to contagious countries, intending contiguous countries, and she refers to an ineffectual person, meaning an intellectual person.

Today, we have our own malapropisms, such as "taken for granite" instead of "taken for granted," and "allusions of grandeur" instead of the correct "delusions of grandeur."

Malapropisms cause problems in word usage today because we often hear words differently from the way they are intended or are spelled. As a result, we tend to use the words the way we hear them regard-less of correct usage.

Directions: Read each sentence below, then circle the word at the right that correctly belongs in the blank space.

1. Margaret has a magnetic personality; she can inflnenre almost anyone to her cause. affluence /(nflu-

ence

2. At the zoo, the children saw tigers, lions, elephants, monkeys, etc and etc. /

3. While not admitting he had not written the speech, the president made an allusinn to a ghostwriter.

(allusion)/ illusion

4. What a stupid remark! Such remarks make you look asinine to others. (asinine)/ assenine

5. Since gaining freedom, that third-world country has become autonomous. (autonomous)/ monotonous

6. At the Four Corners Region, four states are contiguous to each other. contagious /(contiguous)

7. I don't study as I should; I tend to take my enrollment here for granted. granite /ranted)

8. Sylvia has been offered a scholarship, which does not surprise me since she's ; .nte..erhial. ineffectual /

(intellectual)

9. Yong jumped into the swift-moving stream, regardless of the inherent dangers. irregardless /(regardless)

lal Meet additional malapropisms as you complete Exercise 5.7 on the template diskette.


91

Focus: Words Related to the Employment Process Directions: (1) Read the following paragraphs describing principles related to seeking employment, not-ing the 12 bold-faced terms. Then read the definitions of the bold-faced terms printed below the paragraphs. (2) On a separate sheet of paper, write your own employment objectives and your own job search strategy, using as many of the 12 terms as possible.

When you seek employment, have a clearly defined job search strategy that enables you to know yourself, to find the opportunities available, and to prepare yourself for the interview. Available jobs can often be found through networking as well as through headhunters.

Before applying for a position, prepare an attractive resume that calls attention to your qualifications. If the resume will be subject to computer scanning, use key words that can be used by an employer searching for prospective employees.

With your resume, send an appealing cover letter. If you don't know a job exists, send an unsolicited letter of application, listing additional qualifications. In your letter, concen-trate on reader benefits.

The interview is the most important part of the job search. Before interviewing, have someone conduct a mock interview in which you practice your skills. Take your portfolio with you to the interview. During the interview, be particularly conscious of your nonverbal communication. Following the interview, send a thank-you letter to the interviewer.

1. computer scanning. a process in which resumes are scanned into an electronic database, enabling a computer search for qualified applications

2. cover letter. a letter that accompanies a resume 3. headhunter. an agency that helps applicants locate job openings and that matches employers' needs

with qualified applicants 4. job search strategy. the overall planning for a job search that involves (1) defining one's qualifi-

cations, (2) researching the job market, (3) preparing the resume and cover letter, and (4) preparing for the interview

5. mock interview. a role-play interview for a simulated job conducted by someone other than the hir-ing firm

6. networking. contacting a group of friends, teachers, and professionals who can assist one in a job search

7. nonverbal communication. body language, including gestures, facial expressions, appropriate cloth-ing, and mannerisms that communicate a message

8. portfolio. samples of one's accomplishments, organized for presentation to a prospective employer 9. reader benefits. indicating what one brings to the reader's firm rather than why one needs a job

10. resume. a sheet listing one's job qualifications, including an objective, educational experience, previ-ous jobs, and awards and interests

11. thank-you letter. A brief letter sent following the interview expressing gratitude to the interviewer 12. unsolicited letter of application. a letter seeking employment when one doesn't know if a job exists

Show you know the meaning of these words as you complete Exercise 5-8 on the template diskette.

111011M11

92


Word Pairs Directions: (1) Study the spellings and meanings of each set of words. Note how the words are used in the illustrative sentence. (2) On a separate sheet of paper, write a sentence in which each word is correctly used. You may elect to combine more than one word per sentence. Submit these sentences to your instruc-tor as directed.

1. desert (n.) (dez' rt) a dry, barren region conflict to the dual issues of budget and parti- desert (v.) (di zert') to abandon; to forsake (n.) san politics. pl. suitable reward or punishment 7. elicit (v.) to draw out dessert (n.) the last course of a meal illicit (adj.) unlawful; forbidden Before we desert the forest and head into the While the musicians used their talents to elicit barren desert, we'll eat our sandwiches and beautiful music from their instruments, record dessert. pirates reaped illicit profits from illegal copy-

2. device (n.) a mechanical invention used for a ing of the music. special purpose; a plan, scheme, or trick 8. emigrant (n.) one who leaves one country to devise (v.) to invent; to plan settle in another The inventor indicated he will devise a immigrant (n.) one who comes into a country schematic for the device needed to complete the to live assignment. Although immigrants into the United States,

3. discreet (adj.) wisely cautious; showing good my parents were emigrants from their native judgment Poland. discrete (adj.) distinct from others; discontinuous 9. eminent (adj.) distinguished; noteworthy; Polly asked me to be discreet when I discuss prominent; above most others with the patient the three discrete phases of the imminent (adj.) likely to happen soon • surgery. The eminent scientist indicated a major earth-

4. discus (n.) a heavy, circular plate thrown as a quake was imminent along the Wasatch fault. test of skill 10. envelop (v.) to cover; to surround; to conceal discuss (v.) to talk over; to consider all sides envelope (n.) a paper cover for mailing; of a question wrapper Let's discuss whom we want to represent our Envelop the species in a tight tube and place it team in the discus competition. in a large envelope for transport to the lab.

5. disinterested (adj.) impartial; free from selfish 11. every day (n.) each day motives everyday (adj.) daily uninterested (adj.) paying no attention An everyday occurrence is my daily reminder, Since the judge holds stock in the mine, she is "Make every day count by doing good for oth- no longer a disinterested party and should dis- ers." qualify herself even though she says she is 12. every one (pron.) every person with the one uninterested in the outcome. stressed

6. dual (adj.) composed of two parts everyone (pron.) everybody with every stressed duel (n.) a formal combat between two persons I was told that everyone who qualifies can As the two parties began to verbally duel in the attend; and, indeed, every one of the workers House of Representatives, they narrowed the has met the qualifications.

Use these words in sentences as you complete Exercise 5-9 on the template diskette.

-----------

CHAPTER 5 ADDING A SUFFIX

93

Words Pairs Directions: (1) Study the spellings and meanings of each set of words. Note how the words are used in the illustrative sentence. (2) On a separate sheet of paper, write a sentence in which each word is correctly used. You may elect to combine more than one word per sentence. Submit these sentences to your instructor.

1. fair (adj.) honest; according to the rules; aver-age; light; not cloudy; (n.) a display of goods; a festival fare (n.) the price of transportation; (v.) to be fed; to get along; to happen Because taxi fare to the State Fair is exorbi-tant, take the city bus.

2. farther (adj.) more distant (confined to a physical difference); (adv.) at a greater distance further (adj.) more distant; more; additional (adv.) to a greater extent; more (v.) to help for-ward, promote I think Biloxi is farther than St. Louis, but I'd have to study the map further to be sure.

3. feat (n.) a great or unusual deed; great skill or courage feet (n.) plural of foot; unit of measure fete (n.) a festival; to entertain We considered the results a great feat for Tom Yancey when he was awarded a prize for having the largest feet at the Plains Fete in Bismarck.

4. flair (n.) natural talent; keen perception flare (v.) to flame up briefly; to shine (n.) bright light used to signal Betsy has a flair for working under duress; she lit a flare during the torrential downpour and led us to safety.

5. flour (n.) a fine, powdery meal made by grind-ing grain; (v.) to cover or sprinkle with flour flower (n.) the part of the plant that produces the seed; a blossom; a plant grown for its blos-soms; (v.) to bloom Wearing a flower in her hair, Joan brought me the freshly baked bread made with whole wheat flour.

6. for (prep.) in place of; instead of; in favor of; representing; in order to obtain; (conj.) because fore (adj.) at the front; (n.) front; (interj.) warning signal used by golfers

four (n.) the number between three and five After calling "fore," the four golfers watched the ball head straight for the lake.

7. foreword (n.) a preface; an introduction forward (adv.) ahead; (adj.) near the front; advanced; ready; (v.) to help along; (n.) a bas-ketball, hockey, or soccer player In the book's foreword, the author indicated his book would push the computer industry forward into a new generation.

8. formally (adv.) done in a manner set by cus-toms or rules formerly (adv.) at an earlier time The First Lady formally opened the grand ball as it was done formerly by her predecessors.

9. forth (adv.) forward; into view fourth (adj.) next after third; (n.) one of four equal parts The fourth of the seven steps in his book tells the reader to go forth in the service of others.

10. foul (adj.) very dirty; offensive; obscene; against the rules; (n.) a thing done contrary to the rules; (v.) to defile fowl (n.) any of several birds The foul ball came close to hitting the sea gulls and other fowl circling the playing field.

11. gorge (n.) a deep, narrow valley; (v.) to stuff with food gouge (n.) a chisel with a curved, hollow blade; (v.) to cut; dig out As we passed the beautiful gorge, I thought the site looked as though it had been gouged with a giant hammer and chisel.

12. grate (n.) a framework of iron bars to hold a fire; a fireplace; (v.) to have an unpleasant effect; make a harsh, grinding noise great (adj.) big; large; very important What a great fire you have burning in your grate!

Apply your knowledge of these words as you complete Exercise 5 - 1 0 on the template diskette.

94


• Computer-Related Terminology The terms in this exercise pertain to the Internet.

Directions: Read the paragraphs in which the terms are bold-faced, then read the definitions of the bold-faced terms following the paragraphs. Apply your knowledge of these Internet terms as you complete Exercise 5-13 on the template diskette.

The Internet is not only a worldwide computer network, but it is a tremendous source of information. Started by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s, the Internet allows mil-lions of people across the globe to communicate electronically. When you access the Inter-net, you join the information superhighway, communicating via hypertext in cyberspace.

1. access. the means of getting onto an online system 2. information superhighway. often used as a synonym for the Internet; however, the definition is much

broader, indicating communicating via computer through means that encompass cable, video, etc. 3. hypertext. a means of organizing and linking information that allows users to choose their own paths

to access related text, images, and sounds from a single computer screen 4. cyberspace. a term used to explain the theoretical boundaries of the Internet and online services

The term "surfing the net" is used today to indicate users are obtaining information avail-able through bulletin boards, commercial on-line services, or home pages of the World Wide Web (or the Web).

5. surfing the net. the act of looking for information on the Internet 6. bulletin board. an electronic version of a message board that includes a public message area, a sec-

tion for file storage, e-mail, and chat areas for electronic conversations 7. on-line services. an on-line provider that gives an array of information for a fee, such as CompuServe,

America Online, and Prodigy 8. home page. the first section of a file that introduces a particular company, office, publication, or data-

base, giving basic information such as address, phone number, and fax numbers 9. World Wide Web (the Web). a section of the Internet featuring various home pages displaying graph-

ics or text

To place home pages on the Internet, a programmer must use a hypertext markup language (HTML). To enable users to move from one document to another, the program-mer must include a hyperlink. In addition, many programs, such as Gopher, are available to aid users in communicating via the Web. The world of communication has greatly changed and will continue to change as more users "surf" the "net."

10. hypertext markup language (HTML). the codes used to create Web pages 11. hyperlink. an underlined or otherwise emphasized word or phrase that, when clicked with the mouse,

displays another document 12. Gopher. an information retrieval program developed at the University of Minnesota (home of the

Golden Gophers) that gives users a simple menu through which to interface with Internet resources

Apply your !earnings as you complete Exercise 5-13 on the template diskette.


97

battalion, Colonel

distinguished

attacked, column, camouflaged

annihilate

appropriate

bureaucracy

corroborate, criteria

curriculum, discrepancies

copyright

disseminated

clientele

•

canceled/cancelled

centennial

criticism, auxiliary

cooperation, embarrassed

calendar

congratulate, bouquet

athletics

benefitted/benefited

decency

banquet

ecstasy, apparel

apparatus, antique

chauffeur

•

(Scoring: Deduct 3 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Review: Spelling Words Correctly Directions: In each paragraph, circle the words that are misspelled. On the lines in the right-hand column, write the correct form of each word.

The military (batalion) was led by (Coronel)

McCrea, who had (distingished)himself when he

(attacted) the (colume) of C amaflaged) guerrillas.

Although McCrea's men did not (anilihilate)the

guerrillas, he arranged for an (appropreate)sur-

render, effectively defying the (bureaukrasy)

demands.

Once we oroborate)on the (criterea)for the

uriculum)guide, we can work out any (discrepan-

sies)then write and (opywrite)it. Following its

publication, the information will be (thseminated)

to prospective school (clienteel) for educational

use.

The committee chair has (ancalled)the (ente-

alDball scheduled for July 31. She indicated

by (auxilliary)presidents and a lack of COT- -

poratior.) would cause her to be (mbarassed)if she

kept the event on the (alender)

We (congradulate)and present a oukay)to the

men and women involved in Etheletics)who have

(benifited)the school children with their efforts on

behalf of the (desency)committee. A special pre-

sentation to them will be made at the ankwet)

My mother was in (ekstasy)with the (pareDand

the odd (aparatus)she obtained at the Enteke)sale.

Our poor (chaffeur)had to pack the car and drive

her home.

98


(Scoring: Deduct 6 points for each incorrect answer.) Name Review: Business and Computer Terminologies Directions: Review the terminology presented in Exercises 58, 59, 75, and 76 introducing business-related and computer-related terminologies. Read each definition below, then circle the word that is defined. Part 1 reviews business-related terminology, and Part 2 concentrates on computer-related terminology.

PART 1. BUSINESS-RELATED TERMINOLOGY

1. The index showing cost of living based on average prices paid for selected goods and services is the (consumer price index)/ disclosure statement / line of credit).

2. The whole course of legal measures that, when carried out, serve to protect people is (civil litigation / compensation /(clue process of law))

3. Offering a reduction in price to entice customers to try a product is (compensation / @oupomngy indictment).

4. An official document that orders a person to appear in court is a (deposition / restraining order / subpoena))

5. Items and services that are bought and sold are ((commoditie s)/ compensation / warranties).

6. A written statement giving one person legal power to act for another is a (deposition (power of attorney 0 service contract).

7. A law that requires creditors to state the monthly and annual percentage rates used in computing finance charges is (disclosure statement / disposition /@uth in lending))

8. To declare a defendant innocent of any charges is (to arraignment / to change of venue exonerate))

PART 2. COMPUTER-RELATED TERMINOLOGY

9. A message passed from one person to another on a computer network is (e-mail hypertext / interface).

10. The act of looking for information on the Internet is (access / downloading /surfing the net))

11. A specially equipped computer that is attached to every computer on the system is the (file server 0 gateway / interface).

12. The first section of a file that introduces a particular company is the (bulletin board /(home page 0 World Wide Web).

13. To transfer a data file from a central computer to a remote unit is to (download)/ Gopher / upload).

14. An underlined or otherwise emphasized word or phrase that, when clicked with the mouse, displays another document is the (hyperlink)/ hypertext markup language / information superhighway).

15. The main computer that performs the actual processing and with which other computers communicate is the (host)/ interface / node).

16. An electronic version of a message board is a (bulletin board)/ local area network / online service).


99


Selecting the Correct Word Directions: In each of the following sentences, select the correct words from those given in parentheses. Write your choice from the first group of two or three words on the first blank line to the right of the sen-tence (Choice A) and your choice from the second group on the second blank line (Choice B).

CHOICE A

CHOICE B

1. (Grate/Great) (deserts/desserts), such as the Great deserts Mojave, cause problems for many travelers during the heat of each summer day.

2. The newly invented (device/devise) will enable device farther automobiles to travel (farther/further) on less gasoline.

3. Please be (discreet/discrete) when you (discus/ discreet discuss discuss) the patient's weight with him.

4. (Emigrants/Immigrants) into the country have Immigrants dual (dual/duel) objectives: to obtain citizenship and to provide a living for their families

5. Upon opening the (envelop/envelope), I discov- envelope ered a letter from the (eminent/imminent) scientist.

6. (Every one/Everyone) who wants to see the beau-ties of the redundant (gorge/gouge) should make this trip.

Everyone

gorge

7. Dropping her (fair/fare) in the box, Virginia sat fare every day back on the bus to contemplate her work, a practice she did (every day/everyday).

8. Rodney has a (flair/flare) for (eliciting/illiciting) flair eliciting information from people because he appears so trustworthy.

9. Growing beautiful (flours/flowers) is a flowers feat (feat/feet/fete) Vella performs every year.

10. The judge demanded the attorneys move forward disinterested (foreword/forward) to seat 12 (disinterested/ uninterested) people in the jury box.

11. I have been (formally/formerly) introduced to the formally for committee chair (for/fore/four) nomination.

12. "(Foul/Fowl) Ball," the umpire called as I swung Foul fourth on the (forth/fourth) pitch.

eminent


• Scoring: Deduct 4 points for each incorrect answer. Name Selecting the Correct Word Directions: Read the definitions listed in the second column below. Then select from the first column in each group the term that best matches each definition. Write your choice in the Correct Word column.

•

WORD DEFINITION CORRECT WORD

desert discrete 1. to invent; to plan devise

dessert discreet 2. last course of a meal dessert

device discus 3. a heavy circular plate discus

devise discuss 4. distinct from others

5. to abandon

discrete

desert

disinterested elicit 6. one who leaves a country emigrant

uninterested illicit 7. formal combat between two duel

dual emigrant 8. unlawful illicit

duel immigrant 9. paying no attention

10. to draw out

uninterested

elicit

eminent fair 11. to move forward further

imminent fare 12. a paper cover for mailing envelope

envelop farther 13. according to the rules fair

envelope further 14. to cover

15. likely to happen soon

envelop

imminent

feat flour 16. to flame up briefly flare

feet flower 17. a fine, powdery meal flour

fete for 18. at the front fore

flair fore 19. a festival fete

flare four 20. plural of foot feet

foreword forth 21. to cut gouge

forward fourth 22. a preface foreword

formally gorge 23. at an earlier time formerly

formerly gouge 24. forward, into view

25. a deep narrow valley

forth

gorge

--------------------------- ------- --a--


(Scoring: Deduct 3 points for each incorrectly spelled word.) Name

Review: Adding a Suffix Directions: Add the suffix indicated in parentheses to each bold-faced word, and write the new word on the blank line. Some words from previous chapters are included in this exercise.

When citizens vote for their president and vice president every four years, they don't actual (1y) actually elect the people who will lead the country. Instead, the elect (ion) election

limited representatives is limit (ed) to members of the Electoral College, represent (atives) di termne of each state as determine (ed) determined by the Constitution. State committees or convent (ions)

conventions for each political party select their electorates, who will cast the actual ballots.

Every state has as many votes in the Electoral College as its total number of senators and representa- Amendment tives in Congress. In addition, Amend (ment) 23, ratify (ed) ratified

in 1961,

provide (ed) provided the District of Columbia with three electoral votes.

Each four years during the December immediately follow (ing)

tion, on a date set by law, each elector assembles in a confer (ence)

following

conference the November elec-

in his or her state's

capital. The assembled group then casts their ballots for president and vice president. Either by state law

or by custom, the electors cast their votes for the candidates who received the most popular votes in their

states, bar (ing) barring individual prejudice, which could be an occur (ence) occurrence

stopped Regardless and not stop (ed) by federal law. Regard (less) of the percent (age)

percentage of the popular vote, all the votes of each state are cast for one candidate for president

and for vice president. Thus, a candidate could receive 49 percent of the popular vote in a state and not

receive any electoral votes.

The president (ial) Presidential candidate who receives the most electoral votes is declare (ed)

declared winner majority win (er) If no candidate has a major (ity) , the

ti legaons state delegate (ions) delegations in the House of Representatives choose the president from the three

running having run (ing) candidates have (ing) the highest number of electoral votes.

In such an election, each state has only one vote.

Initial (1y) Initially

, the Electoral College was vital in the nation's history. Today, admit

(edly) admittedly , the vote of the college is similar to many routine ceremony (s) ceremonies

riddance Many have proposed rid (ance) r of this system, saying that the president and vice pres-

elected biggest ident should be elect (ed) by having the big (est) share of the popu- movement lar vote; but as of yet, no move (ment) has been made to change the system. Likely,

forgotten impetus for change is forgot (en) forgo following the election because the issue isn't consider

(ed) considered for another four years. For additional information, the reader is refer (ed)

referred to the Constitution of the United States.


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