Adding Variety to Your Writing

Mr. InnesEnglish 9

• Have you ever felt as if your writing is monotonous and dull?

• If so, bring it to life by varying your sentence structure.

Try Using These Special Phrases

Participl

e Phrases

GerundPhrases

Infinitive Phrases

ImportantDefinition

• A gerund is the -ing form of a verb functioning in the sentence as a noun.

Strange . . . It looks like a verb, but it acts like a noun.

Gerunds as Subjects• Some gerunds function as the subject

of the sentence. • The subject identifies who or what the

sentence is about.• Painting is Jim’s favorite

hobby.• Gardening keeps Aunt

Ruth busy for hours.

Gerunds as Direct Objects

• My entire family likes bowling. (The verb is likes. Bowling tells what the family likes.)

• The dirty floor required mopping. (The verb is required. Mopping tells what the dirty floor required.)

Direct objects follow the verb and identify the receiver of the action.

Gerunds as Objects of the Preposition

• Will Rogers was famous for roping. (Roping follows the preposition for and identifies a cause of his fame.)

• Derek finished work before skateboarding. (Skateboarding follows the preposition before.)

Common Prepositions• above• about• across• among• around• at• before• below, beneath• beside• between• by

• for• from• in, into, inside• of• off• over• through• to, toward• under• upon• with

Gerund Phrases as Subjects

• Singing with a country band occupies most of my brother’s weekend.

• Crying at the top of his lungs generally got little Joey what he wanted.

Gerund Phrases as Objects

• Herrmann the Great demonstrated making a rabbit appear from an empty hat.

• For our final few minutes at Frontier City, we chose riding the roller coaster.

Gerund Phrases as Objects of the Preposition

• David enjoys the ancient Japanese art of raising bonsai trees.

• Have you ever tried relaxing by watching tropical fish?

Identify the Gerund Phrase

• Hitting a grand slam homerun enabled Raphael to win the game for his team.

• Charles was ready for a quiet evening at home after flying a rescue mission in the mountains.

Gerund Phrase Identified

• Hitting a grand slam homerun enabled Raphael to win the game for his team. (subject)

• Charles was ready for a quiet evening at home after flying a rescue mission in the mountains. (object of the preposition after)

Identify the Gerund Phrases

• Steve succeeded in climbing the mountain.

• When the director finished yelling at the production crew, he felt much better.

Identify the Gerund Phrases

• Steve succeeded at climbing the mountain. (object of the preposition at)

• When the director finished yelling at the production crew, he felt much better. (object of the verb finished, telling what he finished.)

Identify the Gerund Phrases

• Yelling at the production crew made the director feel much better.

Identify the Gerund Phrases

• Yelling at the production crew made the director feel much better. (subject telling what made Jack feel better)

ImportantDefinition

• A participle is a verb form used as an adjective (a descriptive word).

Strange . . . It looks like a verb, but it acts like an adjective.

Present & Past Participles

• Present participles end in -ing.

• Past participles end in -ed or have irregular endings.

Remember this:

Examples

• The laughing child held up her brimming piggy bank.

• With a cramped leg, the screaming boy waded out of the pool.

• Notice that each of these -ing or -ed words acts as an adjective by describing another word.

• Laughing describes child.

• Brimming describes the bank.

• Cramped describes leg.

• Screaming describes boy.

• Outside the Halloween spook house, dozens of grinning skeletons greeted the visitors.

Identify the Descriptive Participles

• Tired, I spilled the steaming coffee.

• Outside the Halloween spook house, dozens of grinning skeletons greeted the visitors.

• Tired, I spilled the steaming coffee.

Descriptive Participles Identified

Identify the Descriptive Participles

• After the torrential rain, I returned home to a flooded basement.

• I read the gripping spy novel until 2:00 a.m.

Irregular Participles

• Although most participles end in -ing and -ed, some are irregular. To identify the verbs with irregular participles, think of the form correctly used with the helping verbs have, has, and had.

• Example: Built to last, the great pyramids of Egypt may be around for the next millenium.

• Built to last, the great pyramids of Egypt may be around for the next millenium.

• Notice that the phrase “built to last” works as an adjective to describe the word pyramids; therefore, it is a participial phrase.

• However, you’ll see that the participle form, in this case, doesn’t end in -ed or -ing.

• To indicate past tense, as in the following sentence, we don’t say builded: The two children builded an elaborate sand castle.

• Instead, we would write “The two children built an elaborate sandcastle.”

• This is one of many irregular verbs.

Descriptive Participles Identified

• After the torrential rain, I returned home to a flooded basement.

• I read the gripping spy novel until 2:00 a.m.

Participial Phrases

• You have seen several examples of single word participles ending with -ing and -ed.

• Some participles do not appear alone, but instead as the first word of a phrase.

• This phrase still serves as an adjective and, therefore, describes a noun.

How to Identify the Correct Past Participle Form

• If you are not sure what the correct past participle form is, pick the form that would be correctly used following the helping verbs has, have, or had.

• For example, the past participle of the verb take is taken.

• You can tell by trying the verb with the words listed above: has taken, have taken, had taken.

A Few Examples of Irregular Verbs and Their Past

Participles• begin-begun• blow-blown• bring-brought• catch-caught• choose-chosen• draw-drew• eat-eaten• fall-fallen• fly-flown• forget-forgotten

• forgive-forgiven• freeze-frozen• go-gone• hear-heard• hold-held• ride-ridden• rise-risen• speak-spoken• think-thought• wear-worn

Examples of Participial Phrases

• Laughing gleefully, the child held up her piggy bank.

• Notice that “Laughing gleefully” works as a participial phrase describing the noun child.

• Attacked by a sudden leg cramp, the screaming boy waded out of the pool.

• Notice that “Attacked by a sudden leg cramp” acts as a participial phrase describing the noun boy.

Identify the Participial Phrase

• Listening intently, the students translated Spanish sentences into English.

• Using a hoe and a rake, Steve cleared the dead plants from the garden.

Participial Phrases Identified• Listening intently, the

students translated Spanish sentences into English. (describes the noun students)

• Using a hoe and a rake, Steve cleared the dead plants from the garden. (describes the noun Steve)

ImportantDefinition

• An infinitive is the word to plus the base form of the verb.

Strange . . . It looks like a verb, but it’s preceded by the word to.

Examples of Infinitives

• We started to practice for the concert.• It’s time to rake the yard.• I asked Jeff to go sailing on Grand

Lake.

Note• When followed by anything other than a verb, the

word to forms a prepositional phrase rather than an infinitive.

• Examples:– I took the ferry to the Statue of Liberty. – I went to the post office to mail the package.

(Notice that the sentence also contains the infinitive “to mail.”)

– I gave the gift to Michael– I need to talk to her. (This sentence also

contains the infinitive “to talk.”)

Identify the Infinitives.

• Sally decided to enter the Tulsa Run.

• Brad learned to operate the new photocopier.

Identify the Infinitives

• Sally decided to enter the Tulsa Run.

• Brad learned to operate the new photocopier.

Identify the Infinitive Phrases

• When they went to the Fourth of July parade, they began to wave their flags.

• Charles paid a visit to the gypsy fortune teller to learn what the new year would bring.

Infinitive Phrases Identified

• When they went to the Fourth of July parade, they began to wave their flags.

• Charles paid a visit to the gypsy fortune teller to learn what the new year would bring.

Remember . . .

You can bring monotonous sentences to life by using gerund, participial , and infinitive phrases in your writing.

REVISING: Fixing Dangling and Misplaced Participial Phrases Read the following paragraph. Identify the sentences that contain dangling or misplaced participial phrases, then rewrite them, adding or rearranging words to eliminate the errors.

“A Star in Two Ways”

A high school in Colorado had a homecoming queen who played football. There was a special ceremony at halftime of the homecoming game. Queen Katie smiled for the photographers taking off her helmet. Accepting a white rose, the crowd loudly cheered. Katie enjoyed the ceremony, but she was prouder of her performance on the field. With the game on the line, a field goal sailed through the goal posts kicked by Katie. During her four years on the team, Katie played well without receiving any special treatment. She was tackled by large opposing players kicking extra points. Katie was not ready to give up the game after high school. Determined to play college football, Katie’s mother gave her full support.

More practice…

• To our verbals packet (if necessary)!