Advanced 3

Additional Grammar

Subjunctives

Unit 1

Pag 3

Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives

Unit 2

Pag 5

Subjunctives Mood

Unit 3

Pag 9

Parallel Structures

Unit 4

Pag 11

Negation

Unit 5

Pag 13

Subjunctives After Adjectives

Unit 6

Pag 20

Common Errors Like vs. Mind

Unit 7

Pag 22

Infinitives as Connectors

Unit 8

Pag 24

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Unit 1 SUBJUNCTIVE

The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used for

a number of purposes, including:

wishes, hopes, doubts, desires or

actions which we want to happen.

It expresses preference or

emphasizing the importance of

something.

Subjunctives After verbs

When the main verb in the sentence

indicates the subject's opinion about,

or wish or intention for the action of

a second subject, or of an event

described in the subordinate clause.

Note:

The SUBJUNCTIVE

usually accompanies a

change in subject in the

subordinate clause. The

verb in the subordinate

clause is in the base form.

I wish I

had money

We insist that he stay for dinner.

The doctor advised that she lose weight.

Unit 1

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Subjunctives after adjectives

When an adjective in the main clause indicates the speaker's (or another subject's)

reaction to the verb in the subordinate clause.

The subjunctive is used

following certain

adjective phrases, when

these phrases are

followed by a new

sentence. The verb in

the subordinate clause is

in the base form.

It is essential that she have the operation.

It is important that we be there on time.

Subjunctives after other expressions

The SUBJUNCTIVE can be used after other

expressions, such as IF, UNLESS, I'D

RATHER, IT'S TIME, I WISH, IF ONLY, to

describe states or events which are

impossible or hypothetical, and therefore

unreal.

We use the normal SIMPLE

PAST form, affirmative and

negative. to form the Past

Subjunctive. When the verb

is BE, WAS is replaced by

WERE, especially in formal

and written English.

I'd rather you didn't go out tonight.

I wish she were here.

It's time we went home.

If only he were here with us now.

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PREPOSITIONS

FOLLOWING VERBS

AND ADJECTIVES

Many verbs and adjectives are normally

used with particular prepositions. A common lexical error consists of using the

wrong preposition.

The following list includes some other

common verbs with their associated

prepositions. Notice that some of the

verbs can take an object before the

preposition.

Could you please look after my dog while I'm on vacation?

Accuse + object + of He was accused of stealing the necklace.

Apologize + for Andrew apologized for his bad behavior.

Ask + for We asked for another plate of french fries.

Believe + in Some people don't believe in democracy.

Blame + for Tom was blamed for starting the fire

Borrow + object + from Jane wants to borrow fifty dollars from me.

Compare +object + with It isn't fair to compare him with a professional athlete.

Consist + of A Rugby team consists of fifteen players.

Depend + on His success in the exams will depend on how hard he works.

Feel + like His handshake feels like a dead fish.

Hope + for She hopes for better luck next year.

Insist + on The angry customer insisted on a complete refund.

Live + on He found it hard to live on his salary as a teacher.

Unit 2

5

Look + at Look at me when I speak to you!

Object + to I strongly object to being called a liar.

Pay + for George never offers to pay for the meal.

Prefer +object + to John prefers to eat meat when he's in a restaurant.

Prepare + for Susan needed more time to prepare for the party.

Quarrel + about We often quarrel about stupid little things.

Refer + to His last letter referred to his promotion at work.

Rely + on You shouldn't rely on him; he's always late.

Remind + object + of Mike was reminded of his mother when he saw the photo.

Succeed + in He finally succeeded in persuading her to marry him.

Suspect + object + of I was suspected of being a spy.

Think + of/about I suddenly thought of the answer.

We thought about the problem for hours.

Wait + for I've been waiting for Joe for twenty minutes.

Warn + object + about I was warned about the dog.

They warned me about the dog next door.

Wish + for Most people wish for health and happiness.

I've been waiting for this moment…

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Specific prepositions are used after

certain adjectives. There is no definite

rule to ascertain which preposition

should be used with which adjective.

Adjectives and prepositions are commonly used in phrases. The adjective goes usually before the

preposition.

Sentences use adjectives + prepositions to make statements

about a person´s attitude towards something.

Preposition OF usually follows: afraid, ashamed, aware,

certain, conscious, jealous, proud, and sure.

Example:

Note.

The Subjunctive

can also be

formed with

SHOULD + BASE

FORM. This form

is less common

and more formal.

Jack is afraid of being lost in the jungle...

Remember:

Some adjectives are

followed

by specified prepositions.

That is, a speaker uses

one particular preposition

with an adjective to

express a particular

meaning.

PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING

ADJECTIVES

Susan is jealous of her Little brother…

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She is good with kids(meaning she has a positive

Michael is afraid of being alone.

The teacher is aware of her students' individual needs.

Susan is jealous of all the attention her new baby brother is getting from their parents.

The Preposition AT is usually follows Clever, good, and talented.

Mario is good at math.

Javier is talented at computers.

Dania is clever at science.

As you can see in

the examples the

preposition AT

make statements

about a person s

aptitude towards

something.

Prepositions OF or TO usually follow Kind, Nice, polite

and rude.

How kind of her to make dinner for us.

He was nice to his brother and nephews.

My family is nice to me.

.

My mom is nice to me every moment…

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Unit 3

SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD

When the main verb in the

sentence indicates the subject's

opinion about, or wish or

intention for the action of a

second subject, or of an event

described in the subordinate

clause.

The doctor suggested that I live near the sea…

The subjunctive usually accompanies a change in subject in the subordinate clause. The following are some of the verbs that may appear in the main clause for this construction:

advise, agree, decide, insist, propose, recommend, suggest.

It is also possible to express the subjunctive using should + base verb. This form is more

formal and less common.

The doctor suggested that I live near the sea.

We agreed that the report never be published.

Charles proposed that the prisoners be released immediately.

They insisted that we should stay the night.

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SO vs. SUCH

It is easy to confuse SO with SUCH when they are used with adjectives and nouns.

The normal constructions are as follows:

She was so kind that everybody loved her.

The book was so boring that I fell asleep while reading it.

His last concert was such a disaster that he never played piano again.

I have never seen such courage.

It was such a strange noise that he was frightened.

We were surprised he turned out to be such a fine scholar.

It was so horrible a film that we left before the end.

When we use

SUCH…THAT, we

write a noun with

an adjective

between them or

just a noun.

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Unit 4

Parallel structure or parallelism is the rule that words or phrases in a series should be in the

same from.

When several subordinate phrases or clauses in a sentence are governed by the same verb

they should all take the same form.

Failure to observe this rule often leads to grammatical error.

PARALLEL STRUCTURES

I like swimming, reading and studying languages…

Unit 4

I want you to sweep the floor, wash the dishes, make the bed, and feed the canary.

I want you to sweep the floor, wash the dishes, make the bed, and feeding the canary.

I like swimming, riding and studying languages…

I like swimming, riding, and to study languages.

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Correct parallel structure is important because it makes a sentence easier to read and understand.

Correct parallel structure allows for essays and paragraphs to flow more smoothly for the reader.

To fix an error in parallel structure, the

writer must put all the words or phrases

in a series in the same form.

Here are some examples of errors in

parallel structure and how these errors

can be fixed.

Marissa stopped at the coffee shop, the bank and the library.

Marisa stopped at the coffee shop, the bank and ran to the library.

In this sentence, the words in the series are all nouns with the word the before the noun.

For this sentence to be correct, the last part ran to the library should be changed to the

library.

This weekend I have to write an essay, do a book report and complete a lab.

This weekend I have to write an essay, do a book report and a lab.

In this example, each noun in the series comes in a phrase with a verb before it. The last

part of the series a lab does not match because it lacks a verb. This can be fixed by

adding a verb to come before a lab. The verb complete has been added to make the

phrase parallel to the others.

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Unit 5

NEGATION English, unlike many other languages,

normally allows only one negative

expression in a negative sentence.

A sentence with two negative expressions

has a positive meaning, because one

negative cancels out the other.

Thus the sentence "Nobody does not like

John." means "Everybody likes John."

No dogs are allowed

in the house…

NEGATION OF NOUNS

Both the subject and the object of sentences can be preceded by the negative quantifiers no

(the negative equivalent of a or some) or neither (when there are only two.)

Note:

Although possible,

there are limitations

to noun phrase

negation. Only plural,

non-count, and

collective nouns can

be negated with the

quantifier no.

I have no time today.

Neither of the twins likes vegetables.

No dogs are allowed in my house.

Neither half of the audience could see the other

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The subject can be preceded by the negative quantifiers not many or not much

Don’t you

think he is

attractive?

Umm….. He

isn’t much to

look at.

Despite all the efforts, not much has been achieved.

There were not many people who would have predicted this outcome.

Not much has been achieved in the field of fight against drugs.

Not many musicians, artists or people creating works of art are aware of the

importance of copyright.

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If the noun is preceded by the

article the or by a possessive my,

your, his, etc. or john's, peter's, etc.

we use the negative quantifiers

none of or neither of.

None of your

business…

Did you lose

your girl?

None of my friends eats garlic.

Until they got married, she had met none of his brothers or sisters.

Neither of my parents can speak English.

Since the accident, she can use neither of her hands None of is used

before nouns or

objects pronouns

follow by a verb

either singular or

plural.

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N E G A T I V E P R O N O U N S

The negative pronouns nobody, no one, and nothing can act as the subject or object of a

sentence.

No one, nobody and nothing are indefinite pronouns.

We use no one, nobody and nothing to refer to an absence

of people, things or places. We use them with a singular verb:

Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.

You usually have to wait for a long time. Nothing happens quickly.

No one and nobody mean the same. Nobody is a little less formal than no one.

We use no one more than nobody in writing:

I knew nobody at the party.

No one moved; no one said anything.

Note: The negative

pronouns NOBODY, NO

ONE, and NOTHING

can act as the subject

or object of a sentence.

Nobody liked my new dress.

No one wanted to be the first to leave the party.

Nothing is impossible.

Nothing seems to happen," said Zeb, doubtfully.

I saw nobody, I heard no one, and I felt nothing.

No one moved; no one said anything.

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Negation of Verbs

The negative verb forms are made by putting not after an auxiliary verb. Often abbreviated to (n't)

We are not afraid…

Fred isn’t sleeping.

Pete doesn’t want to talk with Ann.

James hasn’t got any money.

You mustn’t believe her.

Louis shouldn't be late.

Jack won’t help us.

I haven't seen that movie…

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The auxiliary do + not, (does + not for

3rd person singular) is used to negate

simple present tense verbs.

is the most common helping

verb for negative sentences.

We use it whenever the affirmative

sentence does not have a helping

verb.

¡I don’t believe you!

She does not have a car.

Mary doesn’t drink coffee.

My brothers don’t speak English.

Nicolle, why you did not call me

yesterday?

The auxiliary did + not is used to negate Simple Past

verbs.

We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in

the past tense. This is for regular and irregular verbs in

English. (Exception to Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)

I didn't want to go to the dentist.

She didn't have time.

You didn't close the door.

He didn't come to my party.

We didn't sleep well last night.

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Verbs can also be negated by using the

adverbs ever, hardly ever, almost never,

and neither, nor. These adverbs are

normally placed immediately before the

main verb.

For example:

I never drink alcohol.

John has never seen the lions at the zoo.

Mary has hardly ever scolded the child.

Tom speaks neither English nor Italian.

I neither understand nor listen to the

gossip…

When the verb has three or more elements should have been done or may have

been doing, the negative adverb is placed between the two first elements.

They should never have released that film.

He may not have been working for long.

Sarah may not have been sleeping a

lot, she is always late…

Notice that when we use NEITHER...NOR we do not have to repeat the subject before the second verb.

In most cases we can emphasize the

negation of a verb by adding at all to the

end of the sentence.

I don't like fish at all.

We couldn't understand him at all.

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

AFTER ADJECTIVES

Unit 6

FORM

SUBJECT + BE + ADJECTIVE (+ THAT) + SUBJECT

(+ SHOULD) + VERB (BASE FORM)

Bob was determined that the party

continue…

The subjunctive mood. Is the verb

form used to express a wish, a

suggestion, a command, or a

condition that is contrary to a

fact.

The subjunctive mood after

adjectives.

It is when an adjective indicates

in the main clause the speaker´s

or subject reaction to the verb

in the subordinate clause.

Fred was determined that the party continue.

We were horrified that the bridge should have collapsed.

We were relieved that so many people should have been saved after the crash.

We were terrified that the car should have crashed.

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Amazing

Alarming

Amusing

Annoying

Delaightful

Dissapointed

Embarrassing

Angry

Horrifying

Interesting

Odd

Sad

Shameful

Shocking

Strange

Upset

Worrying

Essential

Important

Vital

Urgent

Extraordinary

Surprising

Happy

The following is a list of adjectives often used in the main clause when we use

the subjunctive mood.

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Examples

Would you mind passing me the salt, please?

Would you mind closing the window?

Would you mind + not + -ing form of verb

Examples:

Would you mind not smoking?

Would you mind not shouting?

COMMON ERRORS

LIKE vs. MIND

A common semantic error is caused

by confusion between the words

like and mind, especially when they

are used in their interrogative

forms with the modal would.

Unit 7

When we ask somebody to do something in a polite way, we can use this form: Would you

mind + -ing form of verb. We can also ask somebody to not do something in the same way,

using this form:

Would you mind if I take a drink?

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The use of like for offers and requests We use would like to offer something to someone in a polite way. And to ask them

to do something politely such as a (Requests), or politely to say what we want.

Note:

Would you like + noun?

Are normally used to

make an offer or an

invitation.

Would you like to take

a coffee with me?

The following questions below are common semantic errors that people do.

Incorrect Form Correct Form

Would you mind a banana? Would you like a banana?

Would you mind to dance? Would you like to dance?

Would you like closing that window? Would you mind closing that window?

These examples presenting above are wrong in their semantic structure, because:

“Would you mind” It is used for asking politely for something and “Would you like”

It is used for offering something or inviting someone.

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Infinitives as Connectors

Ana opened the window to let

some air into the room…

Unit 8

Infinitives are often used to replace clauses which

explain the subject's reason for performing an action.

I went to the kitchen to get some food.

Simple present infinitives can also be used to replace a second main clause, connected to

the first by and or then, without any idea of reason or cause. In this case, the second

(infinitive) verb is normally be told, discover, find, hear, learn, etc.

The infinitive is often preceded by only, this indicates an irritating or disappointing end to

the sentence.

They reached the top of the mountain at last, only to discover that the other climbers

had got there first.

They arrived home to find another car parked in their parking space.

We walk all the way to the station, only to be told that the engineers were on strike.

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Infinitives After Passive Voice

These nuts are said to be

good for health.

It is to describe a general opinion or

belief. Instead of a sentence containing

two clauses, for example:

People think that John is crazy.

We make the subject of the

subordinate clause into the subject of a

passive verb. Look in the same

example:

John is thought to be crazy.

In the second example, we add the

infinitive after the passive verb (to be).

The following verbs are commonly used in this way:

Agree, allege, assume, believe, consider, know, report, say and think.

Let see the structure and some examples about it:

Subject + Be + Past participle + Infinitive + Complement

Fred is known to love fishing.

Janet is said to speak five languages

We can also use the progressive, past, and passive forms of the infinitives in this way.

Let see some examples about it:

Carlos is reported to be building a new type of bomb.

This language is believed to be spoken by African tribe.

She is reported to have been kidnapped by her ex-husband.

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