Project No. 601217-EPP-1-2018-1-BE-EPPKA2-SSA-B
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any usewhich may be made of the information contained therein.
1
Additive Manufacturing with Steel FeedstockDr. Caner Simsir
21.01.2021
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
2
Outline
• Maraging Steels
• Properties of Maraging Steels
• Advantages and Applications
• Physical Metallurgy of Maraging Steels• Martensitic transformation of Fe-Ni alloys
• Age-hardening of Fe-Ni-Co-Mo-Ti alloys
• Austenite reversion and grain growth
• Grain refinement by thermal cycling
Characteristics and Classification of Maraging Steels
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
3
Maraging Steels• Maraging steels are a class of
• High alloy steels (%Alloying > 10%)• High/Ultra-high strength steels (1400MPa < σ0.2% < 2400MPa )
• Maraging steels are characterized by very low carbon content and use substitutional elements (Ni – Co – Mo – Ti – Al ) to produce “age-hardening” in relatively soft/ductile Fe-Ni BCC martensite. In carbon strengthened steels, there are several issues :• The strength increases with carbon, but weldability, formability and
machinability decrease with it.• They are prone to decarburization.• Large tendency for distortion during quenching• They are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.
• Maraging steels are both very strong and very tough.
• Maraging steels are good formability, machinability, weldability and suitable for additive manufacturing.
• They can also be further surface hardened by nitriding.www.rapidsol.org
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
4
Physical Properties of Maraging Steels
• Melting point : 1413 oC
• Density : 8.1 g/cm3 @20 oC
• Specific heat capacity : 452 J/kg-K
• Thermal conductivity: 25.5 W/m-K
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) : 11.3 μm/m
• Young`s Modulus : 210 GPa
• Bulk Modulus: 140 GPa
• Shear Modulus : 77 GPa
• Yield Strength : 1400 MPa – 2400 MPa
• Tensile Strength : 1600 MPa – 2500 MPa – 3500 MPa
• Elongation at break > 15%
• 50 HRC < Hardness < 58 HRChttps://www.engineeringclicks.com/maraging-steel/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
5
Properties of Maraging Steels
W. Sha and Z. Guo, Maraging Steels: Modelling of microstructure, properties and applications, CRC Press, 2009
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
6
Chemical Composition of Maraging Steels
The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
7
Mechanical Properties of Maraging Steels
The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
8
Properties of Maraging Steels
J.C. Hamaker and A.M. Bayer, Cobalt, No. 38, 1968, p 3 The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
9
Properties of Maraging Steels
The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
10
Properties of Maraging Steels
The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
11
Properties of Maraging Steels
The 18 percent nickel maraging steels : Engineering Properties, Publication No. 4419. Nickel Development Institute, 1976
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
12
Advantages of Maraging Steels
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
13
Applications of Maraging Steels
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
14
Fe-Ni Equilibrium Phase Diagram
E. A. Owen and Y. H. Liu, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1949, 163, 132.
S. Floreen. The Physical Metallurgy of Maraging Steels, Metallurgical Reviews, 1968
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
15
Fe-Ni Metastable Phase Diagram
F. W.Jones and W. 1. Pumphrey, , J. Iron Steel Inst, 1949,163, 121.
S. Floreen. The Physical Metallurgy of Maraging Steels, Metallurgical Reviews, 1968
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
16
The 18% Nickel Maraging Steels
C. Carlson, Heat Treating of Maraging Steels, in ASM Handbook 4D, Heat Treating of Irons and Steels, Eds. J.L. Dosett and G.E. Totten
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
17
Transformation to Martensite
C. Carlson, Heat Treating of Maraging Steels, in ASM Handbook 4D, Heat Treating of Irons and Steels, Eds. J.L. Dosett and G.E. Totten
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
18
As Quenched Microstructure
C. Carlson, Heat Treating of Maraging Steels, in ASM Handbook 4D, Heat Treating of Irons and Steels, Eds. J.L. Dosett and G.E. Totten
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
19
The Effect of Alloying Elements on Martensitic Transformation
• Most alloying elements except cobalt supress the Ms temperature.
• Ms temperature of most maraging steels lies in 200 oC – 300 oC to avoid need for refrigeration to get 100% martensitic structure at room temperature.
• Ni, Mo and Ti are strong suppressors of martensitic transformation, thus their amount should be strictly controlled.
• Co is an important alloying element as it increases the Ms temperature and helps increasing the amount of Ni, Mo and Ti, which is necessary for subsequent aging treatment.
• Retained austenite is not typically an issue but it in Ni, Mo, Ti segregated regions as bands.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
20
The Precipitation Reactions: Ni3Mo, Ni3Ti, Fe2Mo
R. Tewari, S. Msumder, I.S. Batra, G.K. Dey, S. Banerjee, Precipitation in 18 wt% Ni maraging steel of grade 350, Acta Materialia 48 (2000) 1187–1200.
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
21
The Precipitation Reactions: Ni3Mo, Ni3Ti, Fe2Mo
F.H. Lang and N. Kenyon, Bulletin 159, Welding Research Council, 1971
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
22
The Precipitation Reactions: Ni3Mo, Ni3Ti, Fe2Mo
K. Shimizu and H. Okamoto, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., Vol 12, 1971, p 273
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
23
The Precipitation Reactions: Co/Mo Interaction
D.T. Peters and C.R. Cupp, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., Vol 236, 1966, p 1420
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
24
Austenite Reversion
W. Sha and Z. Guo, Maraging Steels: Modelling of microstructure, properties and applications, CRC Press, 2009
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
25
Austenite Reversion
W. Sha and Z. Guo, Maraging Steels: Modelling of microstructure, properties and applications, CRC Press, 2009
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
26
Solution Annealing
B.R. Banerjee and J.J. Hauser, Technical Report 66-166, Air Force Materials Laboratory, 1966
M.J. Fleetwood, G.M. Higginson, and G.P. Miller, Br. J. Appl. Phys., Vol 16, 1965, p 645
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
27
Solution Annealing
C. Carlson, Heat Treating of Maraging Steels, in ASM Handbook 4D, Heat Treating of Irons and Steels, Eds. J.L. Dosett and G.E. Totten
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Grain Refinement by Thermal Cycling
Austenite microstructure refinement by thermal cycling of 18Ni (300) Maraging steel. (a) Original specimen grain coarsened at 1150 C (2100 F) for 1 h and then water quenched. ASTM grain size: 1.5. (b) Specimen (a) grain refined by heating to 1025 C (1880 F) for 10 min and then water quenched. ASTM grain size: 4. (c) Specimen (b) additional grain refinement by cycling three times between room temperature and 1025 C (1880 F). ASTM grain size: 7.
G. Saul, J.A. Roberson, and A.M. Adair, in Source Book on Maraging Steels, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 52–56
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot beheld responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
29
Thank you for your attention!
Dr. Caner SimsirMiddle East Technical University
Department of Metallurgical and Materials [email protected]
