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MATERI
Penyajian Data
Distribusi Sampel
Distribusi Peluang
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(1) Descriptive statistics Utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in a
data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set, and to
present that information in a convenient form. (Memanfaatkan
metoda grafik dan angka untuk menemukan pola darisekumpulan data, merangkum informasi yang melekat dalam
sekumpulan data, dan menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk
yang tepat dan jelas)
(reveal : to cause or allow sth to be seen)(Utilize : to use sth. for a practical purpose)
BERDASAR TIPE ANALISIS&FUNGSINYA ADA
DUA KATEGORI
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(2) Inferential statistics
Utilizes sample data to make estimates,decisions, predictions, or other
generalizations about a larger set of data.
(Memanfaatkan data sampel untuk membuat estimasi, keputusan, prediksi,
atau generalisasi lain tentang
sehimpunan data yang lebih besar)
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Kategori Data
Data
Quantitative(numerical) Qualitative(categorical)
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1. Qualitative Data
Gagasan-gagasan (Ideas)
Opini-opini (Opinions)
Evaluasi yang bersifat kategori (CategoricalEvaluation)
Examples:
Warna yang paling disukai (Color Preference)
Calon presiden yang paling disukai Penilaian kualitas suatu produk (e.g.Kualitas
kertasS)
Dua Kategori Data Statistik
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2. Quantitative Data
ॾBesar keuntungan niagaॾ Jumlah penonton sepak bolaॾ Tingkat suku bunga
ॾ Rata-rata skor hasil ujianॾ Jumlah barang yang cacatॾ Jarak antar kota A dan Bॾ Persentase kelulusan siswa
(1) Diskrit (Descrete)
()(2) Kontinu (contnous)
()
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VARIABEL DAN TIPE SKALA
PENGUKURAN
A. Istilah variabel digunakan untuk
menunjukan kejadian atau fenomena
yang terhadapnya dilakukan kajian,
dan/atau pengukuran dan/atau
penghitungan; baik kualitatif maupun
kuantitatif
B. Terdapat empat tipe/klasifikasi/kategoriskala pengukuran :
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1. Skala nominal : merupakan tipe skala yang paling sederhana, data
dibedakan hanya berdasar kategori (pria = 1, perempuan = 2;
islam = 1, katolik = 2, protestan = 3, budha = 4)
2. Skala ordinal : data dibedakan berdasarkan urutan (order) (e.g. 10
orang siswa pria kelas 3 SMA dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan
tinggi badannya, yang paling tinggi ditempatkan pada posisi
pertama, diikuti oleh yang tingginya badannya lebih pendek.
3. Skala interval : skala interval dicirikan dengan adanya besar
satuan-satuan yang sama dari besaran-besaran yang sedang
dikaji/dipelajari/diamati tetapi tidak memiliki titik nol absolut. (e.g.ukuran suhu dinyatakan dalam skala interval)
4. Skala ratio : ini hampir sama dengan skala interval, hanya
dibedakan oleh adanya titik acuan nol mutlak sebagai titik awal
(starting point). Mistar ukur mengilustrasikan jenis skala ratio; 4cm
sama dengan dua kali 2cm.
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Catatan!Pembulatan angka di belakang koma dimana angka terakhirnya
adalah angka 5 dilakukan seperti berikut1. Kita hilngkan angka 5 jika angka yang mendahuluinya adalah angka
genap (77,65 = 77,6)
2. Bila yang mendahului angka 5 adalah bilangan gasal, maka angka
yang mendahuluinya dinaikan satu digit (77,75 = 77,8)
Notasi-notasi matematis yang sering muncul dalam statistika:Σ : sum of
> : greater than
< : less than
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thanlessor toequal :thangreater or toequal :
equal not does:
≤
≥
≠
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Teknik/MetodePengambilan Data
Observasi (Observation)
Wawancara (Personal Interviews)
Survey melalui telepon (Telephone Surveys)
Kuesioner melalui surat (Mail Questionnaires)
Bar Codes (pattern of thick and thin parallel lines printedon books, googs, etc. It contains information in code thata computer can interpret)
Scanners (a device that can be passed accros a
document, etc. in order to store its contents in acomputer)
Reproduced (to make a copy of a picture, etc.)
P r i m a r y D a t a
S e c o n d a r y D a t a
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Pengumpulan Data (Data Collection)
Data dari eksperimen yang dirancang (Designed
experiments)Contoh : we analyzes data from experiments designed to learnwhich treatments do a better job of controlling or curing leukemiathan others.
Melalui studi observasi (Observational studies)
Contoh, I observed the grades of males and females in mystatistics class in order to compare them. I concluded that therewas no important pattern of difference between the two groups.
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Data from a published source.Contoh : saya menulis dissertasi menggunakan
data yang publikasikan oleh the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission on the distribution of
electric power.
Data dari hasil survey.Contoh :
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A variable is a characteristic or property of
an individual population unit. We measure
a variable for members of the population.
If we measure a variable for everymember of a population that is a census.
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Populasi (Population)
The set of all values under consideration-that is, allpertinent (relevant to sth) data- is customarily referredto as a population
Himpunan semua nilai yang mungkin, baik hasil
menghitung maupun pengukuran, kuantitatif ataupunkualitatif, daripada karakteristik tertentu mengenaisuatu objek yang lengkap dan jelas (Sujana)
A population is a set of units (usually people,
objects, transactions, or events) that we areinterested in studying.
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Contoh Populasi
• Jumlah penduduk berpendapatan rendah di
seluruh Indonesia
• Sikap seluruh Mahasiswa UNSIL terhadap
kebersihan lingkungan kampus
• Pengaruh penerapan pembelajaran realistik
pada mata pelajaran IPA terhadap hasil belajar
seluruh siswa SMP di Kota Tasikmalaya
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Again:
Population Defined:
• The Collection of All Items of Interest (Universe)
All People Living in Georgia
All HP Laser-jet Printers Sold in 2001
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Sample
• A subset of the population data that are
actually collected in the course of a study.
•
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Sample Examples
• Unemployment - Status of the 1000
employable people interviewed.
• SAT Scores - Math SAT scores of 20 people
that took the SAT during 2002
• Responses of 538 currently enrolled
underage college students as to whether
they have consumed alcohol in the last 24hours
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Population vs. Sample
Population
Sampel ke-1
Sampel ke- 2
Sampel ke- 3
Sampel ke-n
…
...
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Samples
Again Sample Defined:
A Subset of a population.
A Representative Sample
– Has the characteristics of the population
• Census - A Sample that Contains all Items in the
Population
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WHO CARES?
• In most studies, it is difficult to obtain
information from the entire population. We
rely on samples to make estimates or
inferences related to the population.
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Types of Statistical Analysis
• Descriptive Statistics
– Graphical Tools
– Numerical Measures
• Inferential Statistics
– Populations
– Samples
• Probability
– Linking Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Statistical Inference
• Drawing Conclusions (Inferences) about a
Population Based on an examination of a
Sample taken from the population
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