Adhesives. First Adhesives The first adhesives were natural gums and other plant resins or saps. It...

AdhesivesAdhesives

First AdhesivesFirst Adhesives

The first adhesives were The first adhesives were natural gumsnatural gums and other plant and other plant resinsresins or saps. It was believed that the or saps. It was believed that the SumerianSumerian people were the first to use people were the first to use it until it was discovered that it until it was discovered that NeanderthalsNeanderthals as far back as 50,000 as far back as 50,000 years made adhesives from birch years made adhesives from birch bark bark

Animal ProteinAnimal Protein

Type Type Form and Form and colorcolor

Preparation Preparation and and application application

Strength Strength properties properties

Typical usesTypical uses

Blood, protein Blood, protein Solid and partially Solid and partially drieddried

whole blood; dark whole blood; dark red tored to

black bondlineblack bondline

Mixed with coldMixed with cold

water, lime,water, lime,

caustic soda, andcaustic soda, and

other chemi-other chemi-

cals; applied at cals; applied at room temperature;room temperature;

pressed either at pressed either at room tempera-room tempera-

ture or 120ture or 120

oo

C (250C (250

oo

F)and higherF)and higher

High dry strength; High dry strength; moderatemoderate

resistance to resistance to water andwater and

damp atmosphere damp atmosphere and toand to

microorganismsmicroorganisms

Interior-type Interior-type softwoodsoftwood

plywood, some plywood, some times intimes in

combination with combination with soybeansoybean

adhesive; mostly adhesive; mostly replacedreplaced

by phenolic by phenolic adhesiveadhesive

Animal ProteinAnimal Protein

A natural animal hide glue made from pure animal protein which has been reconstituted into a cake A natural animal hide glue made from pure animal protein which has been reconstituted into a cake form to make for a more easily dissolving form of hide glue than typical granules. Excellent adhesive form to make for a more easily dissolving form of hide glue than typical granules. Excellent adhesive strength for gluing difficult surfaces, and removable with heat or steamstrength for gluing difficult surfaces, and removable with heat or steam

Casein ProteinCasein Protein Natural adhesivesNatural adhesives have have

many of the same properties many of the same properties that chemical and synthetic that chemical and synthetic adhesives have. Some natural adhesives have. Some natural adhesives are quite strong, adhesives are quite strong, whilst others are incredibly whilst others are incredibly flexible. Some are flexible. Some are waterproofwaterproof, whilst others are , whilst others are solublesoluble in water. Some are in water. Some are ideal for delicate jobs which ideal for delicate jobs which require a level of invisibility of require a level of invisibility of the the adhesiveadhesive, whilst others , whilst others can be used in the can be used in the construction of large or heavy construction of large or heavy items of furniture. items of furniture.

Casein ProteinCasein Protein

Type Type Form and Form and color color

Preparation Preparation and and application application


Typical uses Typical uses

Casein, protein Casein, protein Powder with addedPowder with added

chemicals; white chemicals; white to tanto tan

bondlinebondline

Mixed with water; Mixed with water; applied andapplied and

pressed at room pressed at room temperaturetemperature

High dry strength; High dry strength; moderatemoderate

resistance to resistance to water, dampwater, damp

atmospheres, and atmospheres, and interme-interme-

diate diate temperatures; nottemperatures; not

suitable for suitable for exterior usesexterior uses

Interior doors; Interior doors; discontinueddiscontinued

use in laminated use in laminated timberstimbers

Where's the glue in this pictureWhere's the glue in this picture

Many new adhesives are based on plastic Many new adhesives are based on plastic compounds, they have advantages and compounds, they have advantages and

disadvantagesdisadvantages Plastics can be classified in many ways, Plastics can be classified in many ways,

but most commonly by their polymer but most commonly by their polymer backbone (backbone (polyvinyl chloridepolyvinyl chloride, , polyethylenepolyethylene, , polymethyl methacrylatepolymethyl methacrylate, and other , and other acrylicsacrylics, , siliconessilicones, , polyurethanespolyurethanes, etc.). , etc.).

Other classifications include Other classifications include thermoplasticthermoplastic, , thermosetthermoset, , elastomerelastomer, , engineering plasticengineering plastic, , addition or condensation or polyaddition addition or condensation or polyaddition (depending on polymerization method (depending on polymerization method used).used).

Polyvinyl AcetatePolyvinyl Acetateemulsionemulsion


Preparation Preparation and and applicationapplication



Cross-linkableCross-linkable

polyvinyl acetatepolyvinyl acetate

emulsionemulsion

Liquid, similar to Liquid, similar to polyvinylpolyvinyl

acetate emulsions acetate emulsions butbut

includes includes copolymerscopolymers

capable of cross-capable of cross-linkinglinking

with a separate with a separate catalyst;catalyst;

white to tan with white to tan with colorlesscolorless

bondlinebondline

Liquid emulsion Liquid emulsion mixed withmixed with

catalyst; cure at catalyst; cure at room tempera-room tempera-

ture or at elevated ture or at elevated temperature intemperature in

hot press and hot press and radio-frequencyradio-frequency

presspress

High dry strength; High dry strength; improvedimproved

resistance to resistance to moisture andmoisture and

elevated elevated temperatures,temperatures,

particularly long-particularly long-termterm

performance in performance in moistmoist

environmentenvironment

Interior and Interior and exterior doors;exterior doors;

moulding and moulding and architecturalarchitectural

woodwork; woodwork; cellulosiccellulosic

overlaysoverlays

polyvinyl acetatepolyvinyl acetateemulsionemulsion

As an As an emulsionemulsion in water, PVA is sold in water, PVA is sold as an as an adhesiveadhesive for for porousporous materials, materials, particularly particularly woodwood, , paperpaper, and , and clothcloth. It . It is the most commonly used is the most commonly used wood gluewood glue, both as "white glue" and , both as "white glue" and the yellow "the yellow "carpenter's gluecarpenter's glue." PVA is ." PVA is widely used in bookbinding and book widely used in bookbinding and book arts due to its flexibility, and because arts due to its flexibility, and because it is non-acidic, unlike many other it is non-acidic, unlike many other polymers polymers

PVA gluePVA glue

ElastomericElastomericcontactcontact





ElastomericElastomeric

contactcontactViscous liquid, Viscous liquid, typicallytypically

neoprene or neoprene or styrene-styrene-

butadine butadine elastomers inelastomers in

organic solvent or organic solvent or waterwater

emulsion; tan to emulsion; tan to yellowyellow

Liquid applied Liquid applied directly to bothdirectly to both

surfaces, partially surfaces, partially dried afterdried after

spreading and spreading and before pressing;before pressing;

roller-pressing at roller-pressing at room tempera-room tempera-

ture produces ture produces instant bondinginstant bonding

Strength develops Strength develops immedi-immedi-

ately upon ately upon pressing, in-pressing, in-

creases slowly creases slowly over a periodover a period

of weeks; dry of weeks; dry strengthsstrengths

much lower than much lower than those ofthose of

conventional wood conventional wood adhe-adhe-

sives; low sives; low resistance toresistance to

water and damp water and damp atmos-atmos-

pheres; adhesive pheres; adhesive film readilyfilm readily

yields under static yields under static loadload

On-the-job On-the-job bonding ofbonding of

decorative tops to decorative tops to kitchenkitchen

counters; factory counters; factory laminationlamination

of wood, paper, of wood, paper, metal, andmetal, and

plastic sheet plastic sheet materialsmaterials

Elastomer contactElastomer contact

This solvent-based contact cement bonds This solvent-based contact cement bonds instantly, eliminating clamping. It is instantly, eliminating clamping. It is strong-bonding, fast drying, oil and strong-bonding, fast drying, oil and waterproof. waterproof.

Recommended for bonding plastic Recommended for bonding plastic laminates to wood, hardboard, leather, laminates to wood, hardboard, leather, rubber, plywood, laminates, particleboard, rubber, plywood, laminates, particleboard, canvas and metal. canvas and metal.

Can also bond wood, aluminum, steel, Can also bond wood, aluminum, steel, fabric, copper, rubber, leather and canvas. fabric, copper, rubber, leather and canvas.

Elastomer contactElastomer contact

ElastomericElastomericmasticmastic





ElastomericElastomeric

masticmastic

(construction(construction

adhesiveadhesive

Putty like Putty like consistency,consistency,

synthetic or synthetic or naturalnatural

elastomers in elastomers in organicorganic

solvent or latex solvent or latex emul-emul-

sions; tan, yellow, sions; tan, yellow, graygray

Mastic extruded in Mastic extruded in bead to fram-bead to fram-

ing members by ing members by caulking gun orcaulking gun or

like pressure like pressure equipment; nailingequipment; nailing

required to hold required to hold materials in placematerials in place

during setting and during setting and serviceservice

Strength develops Strength develops slowlyslowly

over several over several weeks; dryweeks; dry

strength lower strength lower than conven-than conven-

tional wood tional wood adhesives;adhesives;

resistant to water resistant to water and moistand moist

atmospheres; atmospheres; tolerant of outtolerant of out

door assembly door assembly conditions;conditions;

gap-filling; nailing gap-filling; nailing required torequired to

ensure structural ensure structural integrityintegrity

Lumber to Lumber to plywood in floorplywood in floor

and wall systems; and wall systems; laminat-laminat-

ing gypsum board ing gypsum board and rigidand rigid

foam insulating; foam insulating; assemblyassembly

of panel system in of panel system in manu-manu-

factured homesfactured homes

MasticMastic

Forms a surface skin, preventing transfer by touch and dirt pick-up on exposed surfaces. Paintable (after skin has formed). Easy clean-up off non-porous surfaces with mineral turpentine. Convenient to use non-slumping from vertical joints and easily extrudable. Long "open" time assists in the assembly of lap joints.

Where can this product be used? Metal Glass Concrete Masonry Timber

Emulsion poly-Emulsion poly-mer/isocyanatemer/isocyanate





Emulsion poly-Emulsion poly-

mer/isocyanatemer/isocyanateLiquid emulsion Liquid emulsion andand

separate separate isocyanateisocyanate

hardener; white hardener; white withwith

hardener; colorlesshardener; colorless

bondlinebondline

Emulsion and Emulsion and hardener mixed byhardener mixed by

user; reactive on user; reactive on mixing withmixing with

controllable pot-controllable pot-life and curinglife and curing

time; cured at time; cured at room and elevatedroom and elevated

temperatures; temperatures; radio-frequencyradio-frequency

curable; high curable; high pressure requiredpressure required

High dry and wet High dry and wet strength;strength;

very resistant to very resistant to water andwater and

damp atmosphere; damp atmosphere; veryvery

resistant to resistant to prolonged andprolonged and

repeated wetting repeated wetting and drying;and drying;

adheres to metals adheres to metals andand

plasticsplastics

Laminated beams Laminated beams forfor

interior and interior and exterior use;exterior use;

lamination of lamination of plywood toplywood to

steel metals and steel metals and plastics;plastics;

doors and doors and architecturalarchitectural

materialsmaterials

EpoxyEpoxy





Epoxy Epoxy Liquid resin and Liquid resin and hardenerhardener

supplied as two supplied as two parts;parts;

completely completely reactivereactive

leaving no free leaving no free solvent;solvent;

clear to amber; clear to amber; colorlesscolorless

bondlinebondline

Resin and Resin and hardener mixed byhardener mixed by

user; reactive with user; reactive with limited pot-life;limited pot-life;

cured at room or cured at room or elevated tem-elevated tem-

peratures; only peratures; only low pressurelow pressure

required for bond required for bond developmentdevelopment

High dry and wet High dry and wet strength tostrength to

wood, metal, wood, metal, glass, andglass, and

plastic; plastic; formulations forformulations for

wood resist water wood resist water and dampand damp

atmospheres; atmospheres; delaminatedelaminate

with repeated with repeated wetting andwetting and

drying; gap-fillingdrying; gap-filling

Laminating veneer Laminating veneer andand

lumber in cold-lumber in cold-moldedmolded

wood boat hulls; wood boat hulls; assemblyassembly

of wood of wood components incomponents in

aircraft; lamination aircraft; lamination ofof

architectural architectural railings andrailings and

posts; repair of posts; repair of laminatedlaminated

wood beams and wood beams and architec-architec-

tural building tural building components;components;

laminating sports laminating sports equip-equip-

ment; general ment; general purposepurpose

home and shophome and shop

EPOXYEPOXY

EpoxyEpoxy Bonds a variety of surfaces Bonds a variety of surfaces Dries Crystal Clear so there's no visible evidence of repair Dries Crystal Clear so there's no visible evidence of repair Quick setting in 5 minutes Quick setting in 5 minutes No clamping necessary No clamping necessary High water resistance High water resistance Forms a rigid, durable bond Forms a rigid, durable bond Can be used for gap filling (Surfaces need not mate closely) Can be used for gap filling (Surfaces need not mate closely) Good chemical resistance Good chemical resistance Heat Resistant Heat Resistant Doesn't yellow over time so is ideal for use on glasswareDoesn't yellow over time so is ideal for use on glassware

Where can this product be used? Where can this product be used? Fixing a broken glass vase Fixing a broken glass vase Repairing jewellery Repairing jewellery Toy repairs Toy repairs Fixing ornaments or crockery Fixing ornaments or crockery Fixing your handbag strap Fixing your handbag strap Not suitable for bonding plastics such as Polypropylene and Polyethylene or for use Not suitable for bonding plastics such as Polypropylene and Polyethylene or for use

on polystyreneon polystyrene

Hot meltHot melt





Hot melt Hot melt Solid blocks, Solid blocks, pellets,pellets,

ribbons, rods, or ribbons, rods, or films;films;

solvent-free; white solvent-free; white to tan;to tan;

near colorless near colorless bondlinebondline

Solid form melted Solid form melted for spreading;for spreading;

bond formed on bond formed on solidification;solidification;

requires special requires special applicationapplication

equipment for equipment for controlling melt controlling melt andand

flowflow

Develops strength Develops strength quickly onquickly on

cooling; lower cooling; lower strength thanstrength than

conventional wood conventional wood adhe-adhe-

sives; moderate sives; moderate resistanceresistance

to moisture; gap-to moisture; gap-filling withfilling with

minimal minimal penetrationpenetration

Edge-banding of Edge-banding of panels;panels;

plastic lamination; plastic lamination; patching;patching;

film and paper film and paper overlays;overlays;

furniture furniture assembly; generalassembly; general

purpose home and purpose home and shopshop

Hot glue gunHot glue gun

MelamineMelamine





Melamine andMelamine and

melamine-ureamelamine-ureaPowder with Powder with blendedblended

catalyst; may be catalyst; may be blendedblended

up to 40% with up to 40% with urea; whiteurea; white

to tan; colorless to tan; colorless bondlinebondline

Mixed with water; Mixed with water; cured in hotcured in hot

press at 120°C to press at 120°C to 150°C (250°F to150°C (250°F to

300°F); 300°F); particularly suited particularly suited for fastfor fast

curing in high-curing in high-frequency pressesfrequency presses



damp damp atmospheresatmospheres

Melamine-urea Melamine-urea primaryprimary

adhesive for adhesive for durable bondsdurable bonds

in hardwood in hardwood plywood; end-plywood; end-

jointing and edge-jointing and edge-gluing ofgluing of

lumber; and scarf lumber; and scarf joiningjoining

softwood plywoodsoftwood plywood

ResorcinolResorcinol





Resorcinol andResorcinol and

phenol-phenol-

resorcinolresorcinol

Liquid resin and Liquid resin and powderedpowdered

hardener supplied hardener supplied as twoas two

parts; phenol may parts; phenol may bebe

copolymerized copolymerized withwith

resorcinol; dark resorcinol; dark redred

bondlinebondline

Liquid mixed with Liquid mixed with powdered orpowdered or

liquid hardener; liquid hardener; resorcinol adhe-resorcinol adhe-

sives cure at room sives cure at room temperatures;temperatures;

phenol-resorcinols phenol-resorcinols cure at tem-cure at tem-

peratures from peratures from 21°C to 66°C21°C to 66°C

(70°F to 150°F(70°F to 150°F


very resistant to very resistant to moisturemoisture

and damp and damp atmospheres;atmospheres;

more resistant more resistant than wood tothan wood to

high temperature high temperature andand

chemical agingchemical aging

Primary adhesives Primary adhesives forfor

laminated timbers laminated timbers andand

assembly joints assembly joints that mustthat must

withstand severe withstand severe serviceservice

conditionsconditions

ResorcinolResorcinol Adhesives formulated Adhesives formulated

from resorcinol-from resorcinol-formaldehyde resins formaldehyde resins or phenol-modified or phenol-modified resorcinol-resorcinol-formaldehyde resins formaldehyde resins are the criteria for are the criteria for wood bonding wood bonding applications applications demanding room demanding room temperature cure, temperature cure, structural integrity, structural integrity, and waterproof and waterproof characteristics. characteristics.

PhenolicPhenolic





Phenolic Phenolic Liquid, powder, Liquid, powder, and dryand dry

film; dark red film; dark red bondlinebondline

Liquid blended Liquid blended with extenders with extenders andand

fillers by user; film fillers by user; film insertedinserted

directly between directly between laminates;laminates;

powder applied powder applied directly to flakesdirectly to flakes

in composites; all in composites; all formulationsformulations

cured in hot press cured in hot press at 120°C toat 120°C to

150°C (250°F to 150°C (250°F to 300°F) up to300°F) up to

200°C (392°F) in 200°C (392°F) in flakeboardsflakeboards



damp damp atmospheres; atmospheres; moremore

resistant than resistant than wood to highwood to high

temperatures and temperatures and chemicalchemical

agingaging

Primary adhesive Primary adhesive forfor

exterior softwood exterior softwood plywood,plywood,

flakeboard, and flakeboard, and hardboardhardboard

PhenolicsPhenolics

PhenolicsPhenolics ( (PFPF) or () or (phenol formaldehydesphenol formaldehydes) )

• high high modulusmodulus, relatively heat resistant, and excellent fire , relatively heat resistant, and excellent fire resistant polymer. Used for insulating parts in electrical resistant polymer. Used for insulating parts in electrical fixtures, paper laminated products (e.g. "Formica"), thermally fixtures, paper laminated products (e.g. "Formica"), thermally insulation foams. It is a thermosetting plastic, with the familiar insulation foams. It is a thermosetting plastic, with the familiar trade name Bakelite, that can be moulded by heat and trade name Bakelite, that can be moulded by heat and pressure when mixed with a filler-like wood flour or can be cast pressure when mixed with a filler-like wood flour or can be cast in its unfilled liquid form or cast as foam, e.g. "Oasis". in its unfilled liquid form or cast as foam, e.g. "Oasis". Problems include the probability of mouldings naturally being Problems include the probability of mouldings naturally being dark colours (red, green, brown), and as thermoset difficult to dark colours (red, green, brown), and as thermoset difficult to recyclerecycle

PolyurethanePolyurethane





Polyurethane Polyurethane Low viscosity Low viscosity liquid toliquid to

high viscosity high viscosity mastic;mastic;

supplied as one supplied as one part; two-part; two-

part systems part systems completelycompletely

reactive; color reactive; color variesvaries

from clear to from clear to brown;brown;

colorless bondlinecolorless bondline

Adhesive applied Adhesive applied directly to onedirectly to one

surface, preferably surface, preferably to water-to water-

misted surface; misted surface; reactive withreactive with

moisture on moisture on surface and in air;surface and in air;

cures at room cures at room temperature; hightemperature; high

pressure required, pressure required, but masticbut mastic

required only required only pressure frompressure from

nailingnailing


resistant to water resistant to water and dampand damp

atmosphere; atmosphere; limited resis-limited resis-

tance to prolonged tance to prolonged andand

repeated wetting repeated wetting and drying;and drying;

gap-fillinggap-filling

General purpose General purpose home andhome and

shop; construction shop; construction adhesiveadhesive

for panelized floor for panelized floor and walland wall

systems; systems; laminatinglaminating

plywood to metal plywood to metal andand

plastic sheet plastic sheet materials;materials;

specialty specialty laminates; instal-laminates; instal-

lation of gypsum lation of gypsum boardboard

PolyureathanePolyureathane Polyurethane is used as an Polyurethane is used as an adhesiveadhesive, especially , especially

as a as a woodworking gluewoodworking glue. Its main advantage over . Its main advantage over more traditional wood glues is its water more traditional wood glues is its water resistance. It was introduced in the general North resistance. It was introduced in the general North American market in the 1990s as American market in the 1990s as Gorilla GlueGorilla Glue and and ExcelExcel, but has been used much longer in Europe., but has been used much longer in Europe.

On the way to a new and better glue for On the way to a new and better glue for bookbindersbookbinders, a new adhesive system was , a new adhesive system was introduced for the first time in 1985. The base for introduced for the first time in 1985. The base for this system is polyether or polyester, whereas this system is polyether or polyester, whereas polyurethane (PUR) is used as prepolymer. Its polyurethane (PUR) is used as prepolymer. Its special feature is the coagulation at room special feature is the coagulation at room temperature and the reacting to moisture.temperature and the reacting to moisture.

PolyurethanePolyurethane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane#Adhesives

UreaUrea





Urea Urea Powder and liquid Powder and liquid forms;forms;

may be blended may be blended withwith

melamine or other melamine or other moremore

durable resins; durable resins; white towhite to

tan resin with tan resin with colorlesscolorless

bondlinebondline

Powder mixed with Powder mixed with water, hard-water, hard-

ener, filler, and ener, filler, and extender by user;extender by user;

some formulations some formulations cure at roomcure at room

temperatures, temperatures, others require hotothers require hot

pressing at 120°C pressing at 120°C (250°F);(250°F);

curable with high-curable with high-frequencyfrequency

heatingheating


moderately moderately durable underdurable under

damp damp atmospheres; atmospheres; moder-moder-

ate to low ate to low resistance toresistance to

temperatures in temperatures in excess ofexcess of

50°C (122°F50°C (122°F

Hardwood Hardwood plywood; furni-plywood; furni-

ture; fiberboard; ture; fiberboard; particle-particle-

board; board; underlayment; underlayment; flushflush

doors; furniture doors; furniture corescores

UreaUrea

It was the first organic compound to be It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, in starting materials, in 18281828 by by Friedrich WöhlerFriedrich Wöhler, who prepared it by the , who prepared it by the reaction of reaction of potassium cyanatepotassium cyanate with with ammonium sulfateammonium sulfate. .

It is found in It is found in mammalianmammalian and amphibian and amphibian urine as well as in some fish. Birds and urine as well as in some fish. Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, comprising a reptiles excrete uric acid, comprising a different form of nitrogen metabolism that different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water.requires less water.

UreaUrea

Date post:	16-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	francine-henderson
View:	214 times
Download:	0 times

Adhesives. First Adhesives The first adhesives were natural gums and other plant resins or saps. It...

Documents