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Introduction:-Introduction:- Additives are the most important part of Additives are the most important part of

plastic resin.Additives are some types of plastic resin.Additives are some types of chemical which may be solid,liquid,gas, chemical which may be solid,liquid,gas, rubber.After mixing the certain rubber.After mixing the certain chemicals,we improve the properties of chemicals,we improve the properties of polymers like mechanical properties, polymers like mechanical properties, chemical properties,thermal properties, chemical properties,thermal properties, outdoor properties.Before use of additives outdoor properties.Before use of additives in plastic material we want to know that in plastic material we want to know that which type of place or which type of place or sector(automobile,electrical,transpoprtationsector(automobile,electrical,transpoprtation,chemical industries and other industries),chemical industries and other industries)

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ContentsContents:-:- INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION DEFINITIONDEFINITION SELECTION CRITERIASELECTION CRITERIA ADVANTAGE OF ADDITIVES.ADVANTAGE OF ADDITIVES. FILLERSFILLERS PLASTICIZERPLASTICIZER TOUGHNING AGENTTOUGHNING AGENT LUBRICANTSLUBRICANTS STABILIZERSSTABILIZERS COLOURING AGENTCOLOURING AGENT ANTI OXIDANTSANTI OXIDANTS COUPLING AGENTSCOUPLING AGENTS BLOWING AGENTSBLOWING AGENTS FLAME RETARDANTSFLAME RETARDANTS NUCLEATING AGENTNUCLEATING AGENT ANTISTATIC AGENTANTISTATIC AGENT MISCELANEOUSMISCELANEOUS

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DEFFINITIONDEFFINITION Additives are the chemical compound which are added to Additives are the chemical compound which are added to the polymer in small concentration to improve or to get the the polymer in small concentration to improve or to get the desired properties without affecting the other properties of desired properties without affecting the other properties of polymer.polymer.

SELECTION CRITERIASELECTION CRITERIA:-:-Selection criteria which are required to select a particular Selection criteria which are required to select a particular additives to mix a certain plastic material according to additives to mix a certain plastic material according to requirement. The additives must fulfil some of important requirement. The additives must fulfil some of important requirement.requirement.It should be efficient in their function.It should be efficient in their function.It should be stable under processing condition.It should be stable under processing condition.It should be good compatible with polymer.It should be good compatible with polymer.It should be stable during life period/service period.It should be stable during life period/service period.It should be non toxic in nature.It should be non toxic in nature.It should have easy dispersion with polymer.It should have easy dispersion with polymer.It should be easily available in market.It should be easily available in market.It should be attractive price and econoal It should be attractive price and econoal

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ADVANTAGE OF ADVANTAGE OF ADDITIVESADDITIVES:- :-

It increase mechanical property.It increase mechanical property. It increase bulkiness.It increase bulkiness. It reduce cost.It reduce cost. It increase chemical resistivity.It increase chemical resistivity. It increase chemical resistivity.It increase chemical resistivity. It increase electrical insulationsIt increase electrical insulations It increase rheological properties.It increase rheological properties. It increase optical properties It increase optical properties

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DIFFERENT TYPE OF ADDITIVES DIFFERENT TYPE OF ADDITIVES :-:-

FillersFillers PlasticizerPlasticizer impact modifierimpact modifier LubricantsLubricants StabilizerStabilizer Colouring agentColouring agent AntioxidantsAntioxidants Coupling agentCoupling agent Blowing agentBlowing agent Flame retardantsFlame retardants Nucleating agentsNucleating agents Antistatic agentsAntistatic agents MiscellaneousMiscellaneous slip agentslip agent antiblocking agentantiblocking agent antislip agentantislip agent curing agentcuring agent cling agent cling agent

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FILLERS:-FILLERS:- These are the additives which are used in These are the additives which are used in

polymer to reduce formulation cost and to improve polymer to reduce formulation cost and to improve / to increase physical properties of polymer./ to increase physical properties of polymer.

Example – wood flour, Talk, Jute, calcium floride Example – wood flour, Talk, Jute, calcium floride (Caf), CaS, BaS, Mica, Cotton, Silicate, Baso4, (Caf), CaS, BaS, Mica, Cotton, Silicate, Baso4, Cacl2 etc.Cacl2 etc.

FUNCTION OF FILLER FUNCTION OF FILLER It improves mechanical property.It improves mechanical property. It improve the electrical propertyIt improve the electrical property It improve heat resistance property.It improve heat resistance property. It increases the weight.It increases the weight. It reduces the cost.It reduces the cost. It reduces shrinkage…It reduces shrinkage…

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PLASTICIZERS:-PLASTICIZERS:- Plasticizers are those chemical which are added to Plasticizers are those chemical which are added to

polymer which are added to polymer to improve its polymer which are added to polymer to improve its flexibility processibility & stretchability flexibility processibility & stretchability

A plasticizers can decrease :-A plasticizers can decrease :- melt viscosity melt viscosity glass transition temperatureglass transition temperature modulus of elasticity modulus of elasticity Examples:-Examples:-(i) phthalates(i) phthalates -- Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)

-- Diisoctyl phthalate (DIOP)Diisoctyl phthalate (DIOP)-- Butyl benzyl phathalateButyl benzyl phathalate-- Diphenyl phthalate.Diphenyl phthalate.

(ii) Phosphates(ii) Phosphates -- Tributyl phosphateTributyl phosphate-- Trichloro ethyl.Trichloro ethyl.

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PLASTICIZERS

Primary plasticizer Secondry plasticizer Tertiary plasticizer

Primary plasticizer :-Primary plasticizer :-.. The primary plasticizer are usually used alone (without using the The primary plasticizer are usually used alone (without using the

secondary & tertiary plasticizers) and it is not exude (discharge secondary & tertiary plasticizers) and it is not exude (discharge through prores) form the plasticized material.through prores) form the plasticized material.

Example – Generally phthalates (DOP, DIOP ) , phosphatesExample – Generally phthalates (DOP, DIOP ) , phosphates.. Secondary plasticizerSecondary plasticizer :- :- Secondary plasticizers Secondary plasticizers

have lower gelling powe and limited compatibility with the have lower gelling powe and limited compatibility with the polymer so that combination with a primary plasticizer is polymer so that combination with a primary plasticizer is necessarynecessary..

Secondary plasticizers never used without primary Secondary plasticizers never used without primary plasticizer.plasticizer.

Example :- Example :- Chlorinated hydrocarbonsChlorinated hydrocarbons Alephatic hydrocarbonAlephatic hydrocarbon

Tertiary plasticizersTertiary plasticizers :- :- Extenders have very poor gelling power. Least useful Extenders have very poor gelling power. Least useful

alone. Extenders are generally used as a diluent for alone. Extenders are generally used as a diluent for primary plasticizers.primary plasticizers.

Example :- Side products of mineral oilsExample :- Side products of mineral oils

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Impact modifiers or Impact modifiers or toughning agents :-toughning agents :-

These are generally polymeric materials & These are generally polymeric materials & elastomers which are added to rigid plastics to elastomers which are added to rigid plastics to improve the impact property melt index, improve the impact property melt index, processibilities, surface finishing & weather processibilities, surface finishing & weather resistance.resistance.

EFFECT OF PROPERTIES OF TOUGHING AGENT:-EFFECT OF PROPERTIES OF TOUGHING AGENT:-Impact strength increaseImpact strength increaseHeat diffraction temperature (HDT) increase.Heat diffraction temperature (HDT) increase.Rigidity of material decrease.Rigidity of material decrease.Example : - Example : - Synthetic rubber., polymethyl metha Synthetic rubber., polymethyl metha

acrylate.acrylate.Fibre (glass fibre, carbon fibre.)Fibre (glass fibre, carbon fibre.)Poly carbonate (very tough)Poly carbonate (very tough)

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LUBRICANTS:- LUBRICANTS:- Lubricants are those substances which are added Lubricants are those substances which are added

to polymers to reduce internal and external to polymers to reduce internal and external friction in molten polymer and facilitate its friction in molten polymer and facilitate its processing by improving flow properties. It also processing by improving flow properties. It also enhances properties such as:-enhances properties such as:-

Better colour or pigment dispersion.Better colour or pigment dispersion. Higher surface clarity of moulded part.Higher surface clarity of moulded part. Fast cycleFast cycle Easier mould releaseEasier mould release

Lubricants are two typesLubricants are two types External lubricantsExternal lubricants Internal lubricants Internal lubricants

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External lubricants :-External lubricants :- External lubricants External lubricants ae those lubricants which elps to reduce the ae those lubricants which elps to reduce the friction [sticking] between metal surface of friction [sticking] between metal surface of processing equipment and polymer during processing equipment and polymer during processing processing

Example –Zinc Stearates,Calcium stearates Example –Zinc Stearates,Calcium stearates Graphite Graphite

Internal lubricants :- Internal lubricants :-

Internal lubricants are those substances which Internal lubricants are those substances which act internally between the polymeric layers / act internally between the polymeric layers / chains chains

Example - Butyl stearates, Amide was, Example - Butyl stearates, Amide was, Polyethylene wax, Distearyl phthalate, Polyethylene wax, Distearyl phthalate, Amid wax, acetyl aalmitate glyceral mono Amid wax, acetyl aalmitate glyceral mono stearate use in PVCstearate use in PVC

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STABILIZERS:-STABILIZERS:- Stabilizers are those materials which Stabilizers are those materials which

when added to the polymer, it controls when added to the polymer, it controls or adjust effectively the deteriorate or adjust effectively the deteriorate physiochemical reaction during physiochemical reaction during processing & during the use of the processing & during the use of the components.components.

Generally stabilizers are four types.Generally stabilizers are four types.1. light stabilizers, 1. light stabilizers, eg:-eg:-salicylates,benzoates etc.salicylates,benzoates etc. 2. Heat stabilizers,2. Heat stabilizers,eg:-eg:-TBLS. DBLP. DBLCTBLS. DBLP. DBLC..

3. HDT modifiers, eg:-3. HDT modifiers, eg:-ABS.Styrene polymerABS.Styrene polymer

4. Bio stabilizers , eg:-4. Bio stabilizers , eg:-Trialkyl tin compound Trialkyl tin compound chloroxylenol chloroxylenol

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COLOURING AGENTS :-COLOURING AGENTS :- These are the chemical material These are the chemical material

dispersed through out the polymer to dispersed through out the polymer to provide the polymer with specific colour- provide the polymer with specific colour- colourant are two types.colourant are two types.– Dyes.Dyes.– PigmentsPigments

Requirement of colourants :-Requirement of colourants :-– They must be high thermal stability.They must be high thermal stability.– They should not affected to transparent They should not affected to transparent

material.material.– They should not migrate in its life cycle.They should not migrate in its life cycle.– It should not be effect on chemical.It should not be effect on chemical.– It should have dispersibility.It should have dispersibility.– It should have good weathering resistance.It should have good weathering resistance.

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ANTIOXIDANTS :ANTIOXIDANTS : Antioxidants are those chemicals which is added in the Antioxidants are those chemicals which is added in the

polymer to prevent the oxidation of polymer.polymer to prevent the oxidation of polymer.

Antioxidants can arrest a reactive polymer radical and Antioxidants can arrest a reactive polymer radical and prevent the polymer (p) from degradation through active prevent the polymer (p) from degradation through active radicals.radicals.

ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS.-ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS.-POPO + XH + XH POH + XPOH + X (Stable) (Stable)POOPPOOP + XH + XH PH + XPH + X

Stabilised free redicals.Stabilised free redicals. + XH + XH POOH + XPOOH + X Reactive radical + Antioxidants. Stable Product + Reactive radical + Antioxidants. Stable Product +

Stabilised radicals.Stabilised radicals.MECHANISM OF OSIDATIVE DEGRADATION:-MECHANISM OF OSIDATIVE DEGRADATION:-PP polymer chianpolymer chianPP P (free redical)P (free redical)P + O2 P + O2 PO2 (peroxide redical)PO2 (peroxide redical)PO2 + PPO2 + P POOH + P (free redical)POOH + P (free redical)

PolymerPolymer hydroperoxidehydroperoxide

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COUPLING AGENTCOUPLING AGENT (adhesion promoters) :-(adhesion promoters) :-

Coupling agents are those materials Coupling agents are those materials which improve the adhesion property of which improve the adhesion property of the bond between two dissimilar the bond between two dissimilar surfaces.surfaces.

Coupling agents improve the Coupling agents improve the dispersion of minerals. Pigments, fillers, dispersion of minerals. Pigments, fillers, reinforcement fibers, leading to reinforcement fibers, leading to improvement in composite properties.improvement in composite properties.

There are main three groups There are main three groups of coupling agents.of coupling agents.

1.1. SilanesSilanes

2.2. TitanatesTitanates

3.3. MiscellaneousMiscellaneous

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BLOWING AGENT :-BLOWING AGENT :- These agents are additives which are able These agents are additives which are able

to produce foam or porous structures in to produce foam or porous structures in polymeric matrix through gas & gas is polymeric matrix through gas & gas is generated physically or chemically generated physically or chemically

The following properties are generated which The following properties are generated which is is given below :-given below :-

Lower density that is why weight is very Lower density that is why weight is very less.less.

Material saving.Material saving. Improved dielectric properties for Improved dielectric properties for

electrical cable insulation.electrical cable insulation. Improved heat & sound insulation.Improved heat & sound insulation. Types of blowing agent :- Blowing agents Types of blowing agent :- Blowing agents

are divided into two types :-are divided into two types :- Physical blowing agentPhysical blowing agent Chemical blowing agent.Chemical blowing agent.

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Flame Retardants :-Flame Retardants :- Those chemicals which are added in plastic Those chemicals which are added in plastic

material in order to retard the flammability of plastic material in order to retard the flammability of plastic material and increase an insulation barrier property material and increase an insulation barrier property against heat and flame.against heat and flame.

Physical action:-Physical action:-By formation of a protective layer (coating). By formation of a protective layer (coating).

The condensed combustible layer can be shielded The condensed combustible layer can be shielded from the gaseous phase with a solid or gaseous from the gaseous phase with a solid or gaseous protective layer, Eg. Phosphorous compound.protective layer, Eg. Phosphorous compound.

Chemical action:-Chemical action:-Reaction in the gas phase . the radical Reaction in the gas phase . the radical

mechanism of the combustion process which takes mechanism of the combustion process which takes place in the gas sphare is interrupted by the flame place in the gas sphare is interrupted by the flame retardant. The exothermic process are this stopped, retardant. The exothermic process are this stopped, the system cools down and supply of flammable the system cools down and supply of flammable gases is reduces and eventually completely gases is reduces and eventually completely suppressed suppressed

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SMOKE SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS :-SUPPRESSANTS :- It is like flame retardants. It It is like flame retardants. It

sbsorbs and prevent smoke volatile sbsorbs and prevent smoke volatile gase which are produce during fire gase which are produce during fire incidence of any plastic material.incidence of any plastic material.

Example :-Example :-Alumenium trihydratesAlumenium trihydrates

Molybdenum trioxideMolybdenum trioxide

Magnesium hydroxideMagnesium hydroxide

Calcium carbonate.Calcium carbonate.

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NUCLEATING AGENT :-NUCLEATING AGENT :- These are the additives which decrease the These are the additives which decrease the

size of spherulites and increase the size of spherulites and increase the transparency of crystalline polymer and transparency of crystalline polymer and making the transparent.making the transparent.

FUNCTION.FUNCTION.1.1. It reduce the extent of crystallisation.It reduce the extent of crystallisation.2.2. It reduce spherulite size.It reduce spherulite size.3.3. It prevent discolourantion during It prevent discolourantion during

processing.processing.4.4. It promotes formulation of crystal It promotes formulation of crystal

modification of lowest density.modification of lowest density.Example ;-Example ;- Organic nucleating agent.Organic nucleating agent.

Salts of mono or polycarboxylic acid.Salts of mono or polycarboxylic acid.Inorganic --Inorganic -- talk , silica, karolin, ethylene, talk , silica, karolin, ethylene, acrylic, ester co-polymer.acrylic, ester co-polymer.

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SLIP AGENTS :-SLIP AGENTS :- These additives are important in These additives are important in

reducing coefficient of friction off the reducing coefficient of friction off the film surface, thus ensuring good film surface, thus ensuring good handling properties.handling properties.

Fatty acid amides are most Fatty acid amides are most commonly use as slip additives.commonly use as slip additives.

Example :-Example :- olic acid amideolic acid amide -PE-PE Euric amide-PP syringeEuric amide-PP syringe Amide wax,paraffins wax- Amide wax,paraffins wax-

PVC.PVC.

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ANTIBLOCKING ANTIBLOCKING AGENTS :-AGENTS :- These are the additives which are These are the additives which are

added to the plastics for the purpose added to the plastics for the purpose of preventing the adhesion of the of preventing the adhesion of the surface of film made from same surface of film made from same material or other . these non material or other . these non compatible in nature and the compatible in nature and the concentration of antiblocking agent concentration of antiblocking agent into the polymer is 0.2%.into the polymer is 0.2%.

Example -Example - Silica, Chalk, fine Silica, Chalk, fine particle filler, in pvc- amide wax. particle filler, in pvc- amide wax. (1%).(1%).

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ANTI STATIC AGENTSANTI STATIC AGENTS-:-: These are the chemical compound which These are the chemical compound which

are added to the plastics to reduce the build up of are added to the plastics to reduce the build up of electro static charge on the surface of material.electro static charge on the surface of material.

Anti static additive prevent dust Anti static additive prevent dust attraction for esthetic resion.attraction for esthetic resion.

Some of the plastic material passes Some of the plastic material passes high electrostatic charges due to the following high electrostatic charges due to the following causes :-causes :-

In some cases static charges may develop due to In some cases static charges may develop due to continuous exposure to the dust particles.continuous exposure to the dust particles.

In some cases certain filler may give electrostatic charges In some cases certain filler may give electrostatic charges to the plastic materials.to the plastic materials.

Example :-Example :- AmineAmine PhosphatesPhosphates GlycolGlycol Fatty acid estersFatty acid esters Alkyl sulphonates.Alkyl sulphonates.

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CONCLUSION:-CONCLUSION:- Additive play a critical and complex Additive play a critical and complex

role in th plastic industry. Different role in th plastic industry. Different types of additive play different types types of additive play different types of roles. They can deal the problems of roles. They can deal the problems of processing. Althought their original of processing. Althought their original purpose in lower the cost and purpose in lower the cost and improve the a overall properties likes improve the a overall properties likes dimension stability, mechanical dimension stability, mechanical properties, electrical properties. properties, electrical properties. Chemical properties, thermal Chemical properties, thermal properties & outdoor properties properties & outdoor properties

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