Adolf Meyer Adolf Meyer

andand

George BartonGeorge Barton

OT513: Analysis and Adaptation of Occupation

November 18, 2009

Kara Schreier, Danielle Sotelo, Stephanie Troiano, Laura Seidel

Adolf MeyerAdolf Meyer::BackgroundBackground

Born on September 13, 1866 in Born on September 13, 1866 in Niederweningen, SwitzerlandNiederweningen, Switzerland

1892:1892: Received his medical degree from the University Received his medical degree from the University

of Zurichof Zurich Emigrated to the United StatesEmigrated to the United States

Wrote Wrote The Philosophy of Occupational The Philosophy of Occupational TherapyTherapy in 1922 in 1922

Died March 17, 1950 at his home in BaltimoreDied March 17, 1950 at his home in Baltimore

•“Our role consists in giving opportunities rather than prescriptions. There must be opportunities to work, opportunities to do, to plan and create, and to use material” (Gordon, 2009).

Connection to OTConnection to OT Believed in individualized treatmentBelieved in individualized treatment

Believed in naturalistic and humanistic treatment Believed in naturalistic and humanistic treatment approachapproach

Worried doctors prescribe medication instead of Worried doctors prescribe medication instead of taking time to treat each patient and understand taking time to treat each patient and understand them as a personthem as a person

Believed in using patient’s individual assets to Believed in using patient’s individual assets to counter mental illnesscounter mental illness

The “work cure”The “work cure” Helped develop philosophy of OT Helped develop philosophy of OT

Meyer and the value of OT Mental illness reflects “problems in living”-

importance of occupation to mental health

Time use matters- “systematic engagement of interest and concern about the use of time and work was an obligation and a necessity”

Engaging in occupations helps person to integrate and participate in society

Meyer and Modern OT Emphasis on a client-centered approach

Focus on occupational balance Healthy living is a blend of work and pleasure

The importance of adaptation, for the person, the environment, and the occupation

Recognizing sleep as meaningful occupation The fundamentals of life: “Work and play and rest and sleep”

George BartonGeorge Barton::BackgroundBackground

Born 1871- Brookline, MABorn 1871- Brookline, MA Died 1923Died 1923

Connection to OTConnection to OT ArchitectArchitect Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Little formal medical experienceLittle formal medical experience Experience through personal illness, nursing, Experience through personal illness, nursing,

and independent studyand independent study First exposure to OT in Clifton Springs First exposure to OT in Clifton Springs

Sanatorium- Reverend Elwood Worcester Sanatorium- Reverend Elwood Worcester

Influence on the ProfessionInfluence on the Profession 1914- Consolation House1914- Consolation House Work as rehabilitation: Work as rehabilitation: “He used his own body as a “He used his own body as a

clinic to work out the problem of rehabilitating clinic to work out the problem of rehabilitating himself” himself” ((Quiroga, 1995, p. 118).Quiroga, 1995, p. 118).

Grading occupations, energy conservation strategies, Grading occupations, energy conservation strategies, efficiency efficiency

1915- coined the term “occupational therapy”1915- coined the term “occupational therapy” ““If there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational If there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational

therapy?”therapy?” (Reed & Sanderson, 1999) (Reed & Sanderson, 1999) 1917- NSPOT- President and chair of Committee on 1917- NSPOT- President and chair of Committee on

Research and EfficiencyResearch and Efficiency Treat the “whole person” Treat the “whole person” Occupation as a drugOccupation as a drug

Major ContributionsMajor Contributions Rehabilitation can be achieved through work Rehabilitation can be achieved through work

and productivity and productivity Used OT to work with the physically disabledUsed OT to work with the physically disabled Energy conservation practices Energy conservation practices Founded NSPOTFounded NSPOT

Additional AccomplishmentsAdditional Accomplishments Cured his paralysisCured his paralysis Consolation HouseConsolation House

““He wanted to ‘raise the cry that it is time for humanity He wanted to ‘raise the cry that it is time for humanity to cease regarding the hospital as a door closing upon a to cease regarding the hospital as a door closing upon a life…’”life…’” ( (Reed & Sanderson, 1999Reed & Sanderson, 1999))

Value of OTValue of OT Medicine only healed illness and patients left hospital Medicine only healed illness and patients left hospital

completely dependent- OT gives people a purposecompletely dependent- OT gives people a purpose Productive and meaningful activity speeds recoveryProductive and meaningful activity speeds recovery A good occupation is one that “promoted physical A good occupation is one that “promoted physical

improvement, clarified and strengthened the mind improvement, clarified and strengthened the mind and could become the basis or the corollary of a new and could become the basis or the corollary of a new life upon recovery” (Peloquin, 1991). life upon recovery” (Peloquin, 1991).

Injury or illness does not mean life is over. Work can Injury or illness does not mean life is over. Work can create a new meaningful and purposeful life. create a new meaningful and purposeful life.

End of LifeEnd of Life 1918-Resigned from presidency1918-Resigned from presidency 1918- married 1918- married Continued as chair of Research and Efficiency Continued as chair of Research and Efficiency

Committee of NSPOTCommittee of NSPOT 1923- died from tuberculosis 1923- died from tuberculosis

Activity!... But first, read this: "The diagnosis would suggest the prescription: the

proper occupation in the proportion necessary to produce the desired physical, mental, and spiritual results. Barton believed that any prescription from

materia medica…could be translated into occupational terms. He explained that if medicine prescribed benzol to a patient as a leukotoxin for leukemia, occupational therapy would put the same patient to work in a canning factory where the fumes of hot benzine would ‘keep her in good health’ while she supported herself…. Each human activity could be associated with a physical effect" (Peloquin, 1991).

And now… Barton believed that actual work could act as a cure Consider a client with: 1. Depression 2. Left-side neglect due to a stroke

Using Barton’s theory, what could you “prescribe” the client besides medication or exercises to therapeutically help his/her condition?

Meyer believed in getting to know the individual client because specific activities that individuals find meaningful can help him/her therapeutically

Turn to your neighbor and conduct a brief interview to decide what activities you could utilize as an OT if she was your client and had one of the above diagnoses

ReferencesReferences American Occupational Therapy Association. (2009). American Occupational Therapy Association. (2009). AOTA: A historical perspective.AOTA: A historical perspective. Retrieved from Retrieved from

http://www.aota.org/About/39983.aspx Bing, R. (1981). Occupational therapy revisited: A paraphrastic journey. Bing, R. (1981). Occupational therapy revisited: A paraphrastic journey. AmericanAmerican

Journal of Occupational Therapy, 35, Journal of Occupational Therapy, 35, 499–518. Retrieved from http://www.aota. org/ 499–518. Retrieved from http://www.aota. org/ Practitioners/Resources/Slagle/1981.aspxPractitioners/Resources/Slagle/1981.aspx

Gordon, D. M. (2009). The history of occupational therapy. In E. B. Crepeau, E. S. Cohn, &Gordon, D. M. (2009). The history of occupational therapy. In E. B. Crepeau, E. S. Cohn, &B. A. Boyt Schell (Eds.), B. A. Boyt Schell (Eds.), Willard & Spackman’s Occupational TherapyWillard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy (11 (11thth ed.) (pp.202-215). ed.) (pp.202-215). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Peloquin, S.M. (1991). Looking Back--Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Peloquin, S.M. (1991). Looking Back--Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Collective Collective Understandings of the Founders, Part 1. Understandings of the Founders, Part 1. American Journal ofAmerican Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45,Occupational Therapy, 45, 352-260. 352-260. Retrieved from http://www1.aota.org/ajot/ Retrieved from http://www1.aota.org/ajot/ abstract.asp?IVol=45&INum=4&ArtID=9&Date=Aprilabstract.asp?IVol=45&INum=4&ArtID=9&Date=April%201991%201991

Quiroga, V.A.M. (1995). Occupational therapy: The first 30 years 1900-1930. Maryland: Quiroga, V.A.M. (1995). Occupational therapy: The first 30 years 1900-1930. Maryland: TheTheAmerican Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.

Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S. N. (1999). Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S. N. (1999). Concepts of occupational therapyConcepts of occupational therapy (4 (4thth ed.) ed.)..Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Ryan, S. E., & Sladyk, K. (Eds.). (2005). Ryan, S. E., & Sladyk, K. (Eds.). (2005). Ryan’s occupational therapy assistant: Principles, practiceRyan’s occupational therapy assistant: Principles, practiceissues, and techniquesissues, and techniques (4 (4thth ed.). New Jersey: Slack. ed.). New Jersey: Slack.

Soylent Communications. (2009). [Picture of Adolf Meyer]. Soylent Communications. (2009). [Picture of Adolf Meyer]. Adolf Meyer.Adolf Meyer. Retrieved from Retrieved fromhttp://www.nndb.com/people/022/000119662/

Stein, F., & Cutler, S. K. (2002). Stein, F., & Cutler, S. K. (2002). Psychosocial occupational therapy: A holistic approachPsychosocial occupational therapy: A holistic approach (2 (2ndnd ed.). New ed.). NewYork: Delmar Thomson Learning.York: Delmar Thomson Learning.