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Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs
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Page 1: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Adulteration and Evaluation of

Crude drugs

Page 2: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Recap

In the last class, we have discussed about

• Alphabetical classification

• Taxonomical Classification

• Morphological classification

• Chemical classification

• Pharmacological classification of Crude Drugs

Page 3: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Objectives

On completion of this lesson, you would be able to

know:

• Methods of adulteration of Crude Drugs

• Commonly used substitutes in adulteration

• Evaluation for determining adulterants

Page 4: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Adulteration and Evaluation

• Adulteration involves incorporation of impurities.

• Includes spoilage deterioration admixture.

• Genuine drugs are intentionally substituted.

• With spurious, inferior, defective or harmful substances.

Page 5: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Adulteration of Crude Drugs

• Adulteration is the debasement of Genuine materials

• Adulteration is done when

There is scarcity of crude drugs or

Cost of the drug is high even though there is no

scarcity

• The drug is either partially or completely substituted

• The adulterant used must be having same morphological

characters as that of genuine drug

• In case of powdered drugs colour, texture and density

taken into consideration

Page 6: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Methods of Adulteration

1. Manufacture of Substitutes:

Adulterants are artificially manufactured so as to

resemble the genuine drug morphologically.

Ex. Pieces of Basswood into correct size & shape of

Nutmeg and sprayed with volatile oil

Flour dough moulded into correct size & shape

and dipped into red ink and writing ink so as to

resemble Ergot

Page 7: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Methods of Adulteration

2. Substitution of superficially similar but cheaper

natural materials obtained from same species

Ex. Addition of Clove stalks to genuine Cloves

Substitution of Digitalis purpurea with leaves of

Digitalis thapsi

3. Substitution of inferior commercial varieties

Ex. Substitution of Alexandrian Senna with Indian Senna

Substitution of Capsicum annum fruits with

Capsicum minimum

Page 8: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Methods of Adulteration

4. Substitution with exhausted materials

Ex. Exhausted Cloves substituted to genuine Cloves

Exhausted Ginger to genuine Ginger

Exhausted Benzoin to genuine Benzoin

5. The presence of extraneous matter if in excess

forms adulteration

Ex. Presence of clove stalks and fruits in Cloves

Presence of stems and other parts in Belladonna

Page 9: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Methods of Adulteration

6. Addition of synthetic principles to fortify inferior

varieties

Ex. Addition of synthetic Citral to oil of Lemon

Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

7. Powdered drugs

Ex. In case of powdered drugs colour, texture and

density of the powder taken into consideration

irrespective of its origin.

Page 10: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Faulty collection

• In some cases the quantity of medicinal

constituents reaches the maximum at a

particular season.

Page 11: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Season age stage of maximum activity

Solanaceous drugs - Summer flowering stage of Plant

Rauwolfia - Autumn 3 to 4 years old plant

Coriander - When fully grown and ripe

Linseed - When fully ripe

Colchicum corm - Early summer

Page 12: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Pyrethrum flower - Half or 2/3rd open flower

Wild cherry bark - Autumn bark of young stem

Male fern - Late autumn

Belladonna root - Root of 3 to 4 years old plant

Rasna - 4 to 10 years of age

Opium -Collected in afternoon when

sky is clear

Page 13: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Official drug Substituent_____

Aconite - Aconitum -Aconitum

napellus deinorhizum

Guggul - Commiphora - Commpihora

mukul roxburghii

Myrrh - Commiphora - Commpihora

molmol erythaea

Pale catechu - Uncaria gambier - Acacia deinorhizum

Page 14: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Belladonna - Atropa Scopola

belladonna carniolica

Phytolacca

decandra

Digitalis - Digitalis purpurea Verbascum

(Species) - Adulterants thapsus

Symphtum Officinale

Primula Vulgaris

Page 15: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Cascara bark Rhamnus Rhamnus californica

purshiana

Tragacanth Astragalus Sterculia urens

Cinnamon Cinnamonum Cinnamonum

zeylanicum cassia

Page 16: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Improper Preparation

- Before marketing several drugs are to be prepared inert

or undesirable part is discarded if not done lead to

adulteration.

Page 17: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Officially used part Unwanted part

• Ginger - Rhizome freed from - Cork

cork

• Male Fern - Rhizome and leaf bases - Roots

• Orange - Dried out part - Spongy inner

• Lemon peel pericarp part of pericarp

• Quillaia bark - Inner part of - Rhytidoma

bark

Page 18: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Tamarind - Fruits free from - Outer part of

brittle outer part pericarp

• Clove - Freed from stalks - Excess stalk

Page 19: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Neglect of proper conditions for drying

• Leads to adulteration in some drugs

Page 20: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Faulty Treatment

• Cochicum corm - Drying at temperature 650

which accelerate the rate

of hydrolysis of

colchicines

Page 21: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Digitalis - Leaves in wet condition for

period which provide suitable

atmosphere for hydrolysis of

glycosides by enzyme or drying

above 600C also leads to

hydrolysis of glycosides

Page 22: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Gentian - Allowing excessive fermentation

before drying in which sugars are

converted into alcohol and carbon

dioxide which leads to reduction in

water soluble extractive value.

Page 23: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Cod-liver oil - Excessive heat used in separating

the oil from liver tissues effect

the vitamin content as well as

odour and colour.

Page 24: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Improper Storage:

• The quality value and medicinal potency

• Impaired or destroyed by action of

• Moisture

- Temperature

- Microorganisms

- Drug becomes unfit for human consumption

- To be considered adulterated

Page 25: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Cascara bark - To be stored at least for one year

before being medicinally utilized

• Ergot - Should be kept entire after

removal of fat and stored in cool

place to prevent attack by insects

moulds and bacteria

Page 26: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Colophony - Should be stored only in lump

form

• Male Fern - To be used after the internal

• green colour is lost.

• Digitalis -To be stored in air tight

Belladona -containers protected from sunlight

Hyoscyamus

Stramonium

• Cord-liver oil - Air tight amber coloured bottles

away from sunlight in cool place.

Page 27: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Deliberate Adulteration:

Gross Substitution by entirely different Plant Material

Some times in place of genuine drug substitute

Product similar in appearance to the genuine

Due to scarcity or purely for making profit.

Page 28: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Due to their morphological resemblance

• They are marketed as adulterant

Drug Substitutional Drug

• Ashoka:

• Saraca indica Tremna orientalis

• Kurchi:

• Holarrhena antidysentrica Wrightia tinctoria

Page 29: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Rauwolfia - Rauwolfia canescens

(Rauwolfia serpentina)

• Senna (Cassia aungustifolia) - Cassia auriculata

• Nux vomica - S. nuxblanda

(Strychnos nux-vomica) - S. potatorum

Page 30: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Substitution by spent or exhausted material

• Many costly crude drugs are extracted

• For one or more active constituents or

• Essential oil partially or completely

• Same drug is admixed with the genuine drug

Page 31: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Component extracted

• Fennel - Volatile oil

• Clove

• Coriander

• Liquorice - Glycyrrhizin and other

water soluble components

• Jalap - Resin

Page 32: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Capsicum - Capsaicin

Pungent Principle

• Ginger - Gingerol

Resin

Volatile oil

Page 33: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Tolu balsam - Benzoic and

Benzoin Cinnamic acid

Storax

• Tea and Coffee - Caffeine

• Cannabis - Tetra hydro

Cannobinol

Page 34: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Adulteration with non-Plant Material

- Some times foreign / fictitious material mixed

- With the authentic drug.

• Artificially manufactured similar looking

• Material is sued as substitute

Page 35: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Component Extracted

• Myrrh - Quartz and other mineral

substances

• Resins - Colophony

• Clove and - Imitation material

Caraway made of clay

Page 36: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Balsam of - Admixture of synthetic

Peru Benzyl benzoate

storax

Benzoin and Balsam of

Tolu

Page 37: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Nutmeg - Broken kernels moulded with

clay or similarly shaped pieces of

wood

• Oil of lemon - Mixture of terpenes and Citral

• Opium - Lead shots

• Asafoetida - Lime stones

Page 38: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Substitution or Adulteration due to confusion

in Vernacular name:

- Several plants in India known by different vernacular

- More confusion exists between common vernacular

causes of this type of adulteration

Page 39: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Common Name Biologically different plants

• Punarnava - Boerhavia diffusa

- Trianthema species

- Portulacastrum species

• Brahmi - Hydrocotyl asiatica

Herpestris monniera

Page 40: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Shankhpushpi -Evolvulus alsinoides

Concolvulus pluricaulis

and Clitoria ternatea

• Rasna - Acorus calamus

Alpinia officinarum

Anacyclus pyrethrum

Page 41: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Adulteration in Powdered Drugs

• Besides the entire drugs the powdered drugs

• Also found to be adulterated.

Page 42: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Drug Adulterant

Ipecacuanha - Dextrin

Colocynth Ginger - Exhausted ginger powder

Barks - Brick powder

Olive stone - Liquorice

Gentian powder

Capsicum - Red sanders wood

Page 43: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Evaluation Detection of Adulteration:

• Evaluation of crude drug involves

• Confirmation of its Identity

• Determination of its Quality and Purity.

Page 44: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• If adulterated requires detection of nature of

adulteration in the identified drug

• Before use of any plant drug

• Its identity should be thoroughly confirmed

comparing morphological and microscopic

characters

• Listed in Pharmacopoeial monograph comparing

characters with authentic drug from herbarium.

Page 45: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

• Considering the wide variations in source

• Crude drugs their chemical nature

• Biological activity

• Standard by different techniques

Page 46: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Summary

In this class we learnt about

• Types of adulterations

• Commonly used substitutes in adulteration

• Evaluation for determining adulterants

Page 47: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Quiz

1. Volatile oil is not extracted from one of the

following

a. Fennel

b. Coriander

c. Jalap

d. Clove

Page 48: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

1.Total balsamic acids are

a. Benzoic and Cinnamic acid

b. Cinnamic and salicylic acids

c. Benzoic and salicylic acids

d. All correct

Quiz

Page 49: Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude drugs - libvolume6.xyzlibvolume6.xyz/medicine/bpharm/semester6/pharmacognosyi/extraction… · Addition of synthetic balsamic acids to Tolu Balsam

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are different types of adulterations

2. What are the common substituants used for

adulteration in crude drugs.


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