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Adulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentAge 25 +What is adult IQ, and how does expertise develop?
What is intelligence?Spearman’s “G”
◦General intelligence◦One basic trait◦Inferred from vocabulary, memory, &
reasoning
How is age related to intelligence?IQ – Once thought to decline after
age 20Now only thought to decline at
age 60, 70, 80Seattle longitudinal study
◦Intellectual functioning in older adults increases if they do paid work that is intellectually stimulating.
What are the components of intelligence?
What are two clusters (types) of intelligence?Fluid intelligence
◦Quick and flexible◦Provides easy learning◦Good working memory & abstract thought◦Decreases during adulthood
Can be temporarily counteracted by crystallized intelligence
Crystallized intelligence◦Accumulated learning◦Vocabulary - Language◦ Increases during adulthood
Fluid & Crystallized intelligence
Do you remember?What is Spearman’s “G”?What is the difference between
fluid and crystallized intelligence?◦Which declines with age?◦How can this decline be temporarily
counteracted?
What are Sternberg’s types of intelligence?Analytic intelligence
◦Book smarts Remembering things in high school and
collegeCreative intelligence
◦Flexible◦Imaginative thinking◦Not standard or conventional
Practical intelligence◦Street smarts
How does age effect intelligence?
What do you gain and lose with age?
How can selective optimization & compensation help adults?People select what they want to
focus on ◦E.g. Pediatric nursing (Selection)
People compensate for aging or other difficulties◦E.g. Wear glasses or increase type
size on computer (Compensation)Build their nursing expertise
(Optimization)
Expert Cognition (Thinking)How do experts think?
What is a selective expert?Everyone has more skill and
knowledge than others in what they are interested in
What determines who is an expert?E.g. Brain surgeonMore skilled and knowledgeable
than novices
How do experts think?Intuitive
◦Rely on past experience◦More intuitive, less Stereotypical◦Knows when to bend formal procedures and
rules◦E.g. “Gut feeling” that this is what to do
Automatic◦Thinking without deliberate, conscious thought
E.g. Driving◦Process most tasks automatically
Saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges
How do experts think?Cont.Strategic
◦Better strategies handling unexpected problems
Flexible◦Being creative and flexible when
needed.Example = “The miracle on the
Hudson” Flight
What is the relationship between expertise and age?Expertise needs time, training,
ability and practice to developExpertise can sometimes
overcome the effects of ageExperienced adults often use
selective optimization with compensation
Do you remember?What are Sternberg’s three types
of intelligence?How can adults use their
intellectual strengths to compensate for declining abilities?
What is intuitive and automatic thinking?