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Vocab development
Anabole- a building up
Di- two Endo- inside Exo- outside Glyco- sugar Hydro- water Katabole- a throwing
down
Katalysis-dissolution
Lipos- fat -lysis- a loosening Metabole- change Mono- single Poly- many Sakcharon- sugar
Elements
Consists entirely of atoms with the same of protons and neutrons in its nucleus Exception to this is an isotope mass number- total number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus Atomic weight- takes into account the
mass of the subatomic particles and the relative proportions of any isotopes
Atomic number- number of protons in an atom of an element
Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds are forces formed by atom interactions
Chemical bonds produce : Molecules– contain more than one atom
bonded together by shared electrons (covalent bond)
Compounds- made up of two or more atoms or elements (ionic or covalent bond)
Chemical Bonds
Ionic bonds Results from the attraction between ions
Ions- atoms or molecules that have an electric charge Cations- positive ions Anions- negative ions
Chemical Bonds cont…
Covalent Bonds Result from the sharing of electrons
Sharing one pair of electrons is a single covalent bond
Sharing two pairs of electrons is a double covalent bond
Chemical Bonds cont…
Covalent bonds cont… Non-polar covalent bond
Help form most of the framework of the large molecules in the human body
Polar covalent bonds Unequal sharing of electrons
Chemical Bonds cont…
Hydrogen bonds Attraction between a slight positive
charge on a hydrogen atom and a weak negative charge on an oxygen or nitrogen of another polar molecule
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction- new bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken Reactants- beginning substances Products- resulting substances
Chemical Reactions cont…
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that take place in the body.
chemical reactions are written in chemical notation
Basic Energy Concepts
Work- movement or a change in the physical structure of matter
Energy- capacity to perform work Kinetic energy- energy of motion Potential energy- stored energy
3 types of reactions
Decomposition- breaks a molecule into smaller parts (AB → A + B) Ex: digestion Hydrolysis
A—B—C—D—E + H2O → A—B—C—H+HO—D—E
Catabolism- decomposition reactions that happen within cells
3 types of reactions
Synthesis – builds larger molecules from smaller components (A+B→AB) Dehydration synthesis- A—B—C—H+HO—D—E →
A—B—C—D—E +H2O
Anabolism- synthesis of new compounds within the body
3 types of reactions
Many important biology reactions are freely reversible Two reactions occur simultaneously one
decomposition one synthesis Equilibrium – both reactions are
occurring at the same rate
Enzymes
Activation energy- amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Enzymes- molecules that speed up reactions
Catalysts- compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without being permanently changed
Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds Inorganic compounds – small
molecules that generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Organic compounds- molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms Can be much larger and more complex
than inorganic compounds
Inorganic & Organic
Nutrients- essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet.
Metabolites- all of the molecules that are broken down by chemical reactions within our bodies
Water!!!
Water is the single most important constituent of the body
3 general properties of water that are important to the human body Water is an essential reactant in chemical
reactions of living systems. Water has a very high heat capacity. Water is an excellent solvent.
Many inorganic molecules undergo ionization in water to form ions.
Body pH
The pH of a solution indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions it contains. Acidic (pH less than 7) Neutral (pH of 7) Basic (pH greater than 7)
Buffers maintain pH within normal limits by releasing or absorbing hydrogen atoms
pH of blood & most body fluids is 7.35-7.45
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate- contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Most important energy source for metabolic processes within the body.
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides Two monosaccharides bonded together Ex: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk) ,
maltose Used as an energy
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides- many monosaccharides connected Starches – important energy source Cellulose- plant starch Glycogen- animal starch
Lipids
Lipids are water insoluble Major types:
Fatty acids Fats Steroids Phospholipids
Form essential structural components of all cells
Used as energy reserves
Lipids
Fatty Acids Primary function:
Energy source Absorbed from food or synthesized in
cells Saturated
Butter, fatty meat, ice cream Unsaturated
Vegetable oils
Lipids
Fats Glycerol
Fatty acids attach to this to form fats Triglyceride
Most common fats in the body Primary functions:
Energy source Energy storage Insulation Physical protection
Lipids
Steroids Primary functions:
Structural components of cell membranes Hormones
All have the same carbon-ring framework.
Cholesterol Both useful and harmful Two sources
Food Liver
Lipids
Phospholipids Primary function:
Structural components of cell membranes Most abundant component
Proteins
Formed from amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen Types:
Structural Contractile Transport Enzymes Antibodies
Proteins
Structural Proteins Function: support Create 3-d framework for the body Provide strength, organization, and
support for cells, tissues, and organs
Proteins
Contractile Proteins Function: movement Responsible for muscle contraction Movement of individual cells
Proteins
Transport Proteins Function:
Transport molecules into and out of cell Transport molecules between parts of a
cell Transport molecules from cell to cell
Proteins
Enzymes Function:
Metabolic regulation Sensitivity of enzymes is important in
controlling the pace and direction of metabolic operations
Protein Structure
Proteins are long chains of amino acids 20 amino acids in the human body
Each amino acid has Central carbon atom bonded to
Hydrogen atom Amino group (--NH2) Carboxylic acid group (--COOH) Variable R group (side chain)
Protein Structure
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
Peptides are molecules made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds Polypeptide- many peptides connected
together Greater than 100 amino acids = protein
Protein Structure
Basic structure is established by the sequence of amino acids
Characteristics of a certain protein are determined in part by the R groups on its amino acids
Shape of a protein determines is function Denaturation- a change in the 3-D shape
of a protein
Nucleic Acids
Store and process information at the molecular level inside cells
2 classes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nucleic Acid Structure
Made up of subunits called nucleotides Nucleotides include 3 parts
Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base
5 nitrogenous bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (only found in DNA) Uracil (only found in RNA)
DNA & RNA Comparison
Characteristic RNA DNA
Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous Bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
Shape of Molecule Single strand Double stranded; double helix
Function Performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA
Stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis