Advanced analytical approaches in ecological data analysis The world comes in fragments.

Advanced analytical approaches in ecological data analysis

The world comes in fragments

Biogeography

Species occurrences across a fragmented landscape

1. Islands2. Lakes3. River bed and irrigation systems4. Mainlands

continental distributionshabitat islandsmountain tops and valleysfragmented landscapesscattered distributed host plants

5. Cities and anthropogenic habitats6. Routes of species invasion7. Experimental plots (natural, macro-,

meso-cosm experiments)

Galapagos Islands

The Darwin finches

The Darwin finches (Sanderson, Am. Scient. 2000)

Species

Sey

mou

r

Bal

tra

Isab

ella

Fer

nand

ina

San

tiago

Rab

ida

Pin

zon

San

ta C

ruz

San

te F

e

San

C

risto

bal

Esp

anol

a

Flo

rean

a

Gen

oves

a

Mar

chen

a

Pin

ta

Dar

win

Wol

f

Geospiza magnirostris 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Geospiza fortis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Geospiza fulignosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

Geospiza difficilis 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Geospiza scandens 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Geospiza conirostris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Camarhynchus psittacula 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Camarhynchus pauper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Camarhynchus parvulus 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Platyspiza crassirostris 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Cactospiza pallida 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cactospiza heliobates 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cerrthidea olivacea 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Islands

A presence – absence matrix reflects the distribution of species across sites

The distribution of ground beetles across Mazuran lake islands

Species/Sites wros wron wil ter swi sos mil lip kor hel guc gil ful dab 3pog 2pog 1pogPterostichus nigrita (Paykull) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Platynus assimilis (Paykull) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0Amara brunea (Gyllenhal) 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0Agonum lugens (Duftshmid) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Badister unipustulatus Bonelli 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Lasoitrechus discus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Amara aulica (Panzer) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Anisodatylus binotatus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Bembidion articulatum (Panzer) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Clivina collaris (Herbst) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Panagaeus cruxmajor (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Poecilus versicolor (Sturm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pterostichus gracilis Dejean) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Stenolophus mixtus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer) 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Harpalus latus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0Agonum duftshmidi Shmidt 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1Harpalus solitaris Dejean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Row totals13119766542211111111

13732

Colums totals 3 4 7 5 3 9 8 9 4 3 4 10 7 7 6 5 4 98

In presence – absence matrices zeros denote species absence, ones denote species presences.

Absences might be caused either by real absences of species or by incomplete detection.

Species abundance matrix M

Phylogenetic distance matrix P

Species trait matrix T

Site GPS location matrix D

Environmental variable matrix V

Interdepen-dence

matrix X

Species

Spe

cies

Spe

cies

Spe

cies

Sites

Sites

Sites

Var

iabl

es

Var

iabl

es

Traits

Traits

Multivariate approaches to biodiversity

Why are species abundant or rare?What determines community composition?

How does a community function in space and time? L

S A1-2 C2-4 C3-1 D3-2 D3-4CaCO3 0.27 1.17 0.06 1.04 1.04Sand 82.54 76.71 88.56 79.02 79.02pH 8.16 7.97 8.08 8.18 8.18

S A1-2 C2-4 C3-1 D3-2 D3-4Achillea_pannonica 0 0 0 0 0Agrostis_capillaris 0.1 0 0.15 0 0Agrostis_stolonifera 0 0 0 0 0.3Agrostis_vinealis 0 0.9 0 0.2 0Ajuga_genevensis 0 0 0 0 0Apera_spica-venti 0 0 0.4 0 0

A1-2 C2-4 C3-1 D3-2 D3-4Longitude 171.38 205.61 227.46 239.65 233.65Latitude 295.09 275.55 293.74 271.88 271.88

SpeciesLeaf mass

[mg]Leaf size

[mm2]Life

spanAchillea_pannonica 82.33 567.84 5Agrostis_capillaris 60.97986 1147.934 5Agrostis_stolonifera 60.97986 1147.934 5Agrostis_vinealis 1.41 22.75 5Ajuga_genevensis 17.99 365.5 5Apera_spica-venti 60.97986 1147.934 1Arctium_minus_agg. 60.97986 1147.934 2

SAchillea_pannonica

Agrostis_capillaris

Agrostis_stolonifera_

agg.

Agrostis_vine

alis

Ajuga_geneve

nsis

Apera_spica_venti

Achillea_pannonica 0.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 117.0 179.0Agrostis_capillaris 179.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 179.0 6.7Agrostis_stolonifera 179.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 179.0 6.7Agrostis_vinealis 179.0 2.5 2.5 0.0 179.0 6.7Ajuga_genevensis 117.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 0.0 179.0Apera_spica_venti 179.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 179.0 0.0

Observed species abundances

Phylogenetic data from Genbank or own sequencing

Plant species trait data from Bioflor and Leda

GPS longitude and latitude data

Measured environmental data

WordClim, BioClim

Species and environmental data in primary plant succession


Biogeographic matrices are static descriptions of colonization patterns.

Colonization and extinction are permanent processes. In reality presence – absence pattern change whole the time.

It makes therefore a difference if we use temporal point data to construct our matrices or a time series.

Time series data contain much more entries but might be ecologically unrealistic.

Species/Sites wros wron wil ter swi sos mil lip kor hel guc gil ful dab 3pog 2pog 1pog Row totalsPterostichus nigrita (Paykull) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13Platynus assimilis (Paykull) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 11Amara brunea (Gyllenhal) 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 9Agonum lugens (Duftshmid) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 7Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 6Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 5Badister unipustulatus Bonelli 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4Lasoitrechus discus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2Amara aulica (Panzer) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1Anisodatylus binotatus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Bembidion articulatum (Panzer) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Clivina collaris (Herbst) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Panagaeus cruxmajor (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Poecilus versicolor (Sturm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Pterostichus gracilis Dejean) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1Stenolophus mixtus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer) 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13Harpalus latus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 7Agonum duftshmidi Shmidt 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3Harpalus solitaris Dejean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Colums totals 3 4 7 5 3 9 8 9 4 3 4 10 7 7 6 5 4 98

Dispersion

Extinction

Species/Sites wros wron wil ter swi sos mil lip kor hel guc gil ful dab 3pog 2pog 1pog Row totalsPterostichus nigrita (Paykull) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13Platynus assimilis (Paykull) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 11Amara brunea (Gyllenhal) 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 9Agonum lugens (Duftshmid) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 8Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius) 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 11Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal) 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14Badister unipustulatus Bonelli 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 14Lasoitrechus discus (Fabricius) 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 11Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 11Amara aulica (Panzer) 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10Anisodatylus binotatus (Fabricius) 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 11Bembidion articulatum (Panzer) 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 13Clivina collaris (Herbst) 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 12Panagaeus cruxmajor (Linnaeus) 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 12Poecilus versicolor (Sturm) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 13Pterostichus gracilis Dejean) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13Stenolophus mixtus 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 10Pseudoophonus rufipes (De Geer) 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16Harpalus latus (Linnaeus) 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 10Agonum duftshmidi Shmidt 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 12Harpalus solitaris Dejean 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 7Colums totals 15 16 17 11 14 11 10 11 14 19 19 11 20 14 18 16 15 251

Time axis

Time series matrices have too many entries and do not reflect real ecological patterns.

They do not give information on real species interactions

For a proper assessment of

ecological patterns we need point

data.

The comparison of point and time series

matrices gives information about dispersion rates.

The distribution of ground beetles across Mazuran lake islands


Abundance matrices contain additional information. Abundance matrices might be based on point or averaged time series data.

Mutual interaction matrices

Food web example

1. Food webs2. Host – parasite networks3. Plant – herbivore networks4. Pollination networks5. Predator – prey networks6. Competition networks7. Species impact networks

Bacterial producers

Small herbivores

Small carnivores

Larger carnivores

Large carnivores

Medium omnivores

Large omnivores

Large herbivores

Parasitoids

Hyperpara-sitoids

Parasites

Smaller decomposer

Larger decomposer

Plant producers

Bacterio-phages

Prey/Predators 1 2 3 4 5A 1 1 1 1 0B 1 0 1 0 1C 1 1 1 0 0D 1 0 0 0 0E 1 0 0 0 0F 1 0 0 0 0G 1 1 1 0 0H 1 0 0 1 0

Translation of a food web into a matrix. Ones denote direct links.

Generalist predatorSpecialist predator

Typical terrestrial food web

Predaceous birds and snakes Parasitoid spider wasps Songbirds

Lizards

Predaceous insects

Scorpions

Spiders

Herbivorous insects

Land plands, seed detritus

Rodensts

Scavenging insects

Detritovorous insects

Seabird ectoparasites

Algal detritusSeabird guanoFish and bird carcasses

Seabirds

Marince planctonic food web Marine macroalgae

Interaction strength is

expressed by probabilities or by

frequencies of interaction

A quantitative food web

Lower/higher level 1 2 3 4 5A 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5B 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0.7C 0.9 0 0.9 0 0D 0.7 0 0 0.4 0E 0.3 0.7 0 0.1 0F 0 0.6 0 0 0G 0.7 0 0 0 0H 0.2 0 0 0.8 0

Interaction matrices

Pollination networks

Plants

BeesFrom Kratochwil et al. 2009

Plant Asclepias AsclepiasAspidonepsisMiraglossumMiraglossumPachycarpusSisyranthusXysmalobiumXysmalobiumPollinators cucullata woodii diploglossa verticillare pilosum natalensistrichostomus gerrardii involucratumHemipepsis 0 0 0 18 9 20 2 41 1Pompilidae sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Tiphia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Arge 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Apis 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0Halictidae sp. 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0Halictidae sp. 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other wasps 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3Other bees 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1Other solitary bees 0 1 2 0 0 9 0 0 0Atrichelaphinis 0 15 0 1 0 0 35 15 6Cyrtothyrea 0 8 0 1 0 0 42 6 0Lycidae sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0Cantharidae sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0Elateridae sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4Chrysomelidae sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1Chrysomelidae sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1Scarabaeinae sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0Scarabaeinae sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1Scarabaeinae sp. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Curculionidae sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4 1Curculionidae sp. 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Coleoptera sp. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0Coleoptera sp. 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Other Coleoptera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4Aspilocoryphus 1 0 0 1 0 4 1 139 1Lygaeidae sp. 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 2Coreidae sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Spilostethus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Homoecerus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Pentatomoidea sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Other Heteroptera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Calliphoridae genus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Calliphoridae genus 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0Calliphoridae genus 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Sarcophaga sp. 0 1 0 6 0 11 0 53 1Musca 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0Muscidae genus 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Empididae sp. 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Empididae sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Chloropidae 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0Microphthalma 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Microphthalma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Tachinidae subfamily Goniinae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Tachinidae genus 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Actea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Sepsidae sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1Sepsidae sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Sepsidae sp. 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Dacus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Bibionidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Diptera sp. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Diptera sp. 22 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0Other Diptera 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 15 0Unidentified butterfly 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Unidentified micromoth 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

From Ollerton et al. 2003

S 8 1 7 4 6 5 2 3 S

7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3

10 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 18 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 59 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 43 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 46 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

S 3 3 4 5 3 3 4 3

How to present a presence – absence matrix?

Unsorted raw data Sorted according to marginal totals

Sorted to maximize species turnover

S 4 2 7 1 3 5 6 8 S

8 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 53 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 49 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 41 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 32 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 36 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 34 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2

10 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

S 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

Correspondence analysis

Reciprocal averaging (seriation)

S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 32 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 33 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 44 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 59 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4

10 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2

S 3 4 3 5 3 3 4 3

Ecological gradients

Species ful guc 3pog sos 2pogdabwrosgil ter 1pogwil mil swi kor hel lip wron SumPterostichus nigrita (Paykull) 1 1 2 18 2 5 0 58 53 30 61 39 0 0 0 2 2 13Platynus assimilis (Paykull) 48 2 25 9 7 4 0 39 0 0 1 0 0 76 9 117 0 11Amara brunea (Gyllenhal) 10 4 0 40 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 3 1 1 9Agonum lugens (Duftshmid) 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 7Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius) 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 6Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 21 7 0 0 0 0 1 6Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal) 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 5Badister unipustulatus Bonelli 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 4Lasoitrechus discus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2Sum 4 3 2 7 3 6 3 6 4 2 5 4 3 2 2 5 4

Area 10 10 2.1 20 1 7 0.2 10 0 0 1 0.2 2.1 2 1 4.19 0.15Isolation 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.09 0.09Habitat heterogeneity 10 10 8.4 8 7 7 6.8 6 4 4.3 4 3.1 3.1 3 1 1.23 0.91

Sorting of matrix columns according to ecological gradients allows for an assessment of the importance of environmental variables.

Spatial or ecological distance

Species turnover

Species turnover or beta diversity is a special case of species segregation where there is an ordering change in species composition across the sites.

Species ful guc 3pog sos 2pogdabwrosgil ter 1pogwil mil swi kor hel lip wronPterostichus nigrita (Paykull) 1 1 2 18 2 5 0 58 53 30 61 39 0 0 0 2 2Platynus assimilis (Paykull) 48 2 25 9 7 4 0 39 0 0 1 0 0 76 9 117 0Amara brunea (Gyllenhal) 10 4 0 40 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 3 1 1Agonum lugens (Duftshmid) 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius) 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0Pterostichus vernalis (Panzer) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 21 7 0 0 0 0 1Amara plebeja (Gyllenhal) 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0Badister unipustulatus Bonelli 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 0Lasoitrechus discus (Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

. kor swi lip sos hel guc3poggil ful dab 2pogwil wronwros1pogmil terPoecilus_cupreus_(Linnaeus) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Badister_unipustulatus_Bonelli 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Amara_plebeja_(Gyllenhal) 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Platynus_assimilis_(Paykull) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0Amara_brunea_(Gyllenhal) 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0Pterostichus_nigrita_(Paykull) 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1Loricera_pilicornis__(Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0Pterostichus_vernalis_(Panzer) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1Agonum_lugens_(Duftshmid) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1Lasoitrechus_discus_(Fabricius) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Raw matrix

Ordinated presence – absence matrix

Unexpected occurrences

Spatial distance between species

Ecological distance between sites

Basic patterns

Small scale spatial variability in phylogenetic signals during early plant succession depends on soil properties

Werner Ulrich, Marcin Piwczyński, Markus Klemens Zaplata, Susanne Winter, Wolfgang Schaaf, Anton FischerPhylogenetic distance matrix according to the classification contained in APG III (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009)

S

Achillea_pannonica

Agrostis_capillaris

Agrostis_stolonifera_agg.

Agrostis_vinealis

Ajuga_genevensis

Apera_spica_venti

Arctium_minus_agg.

Arenaria_serpyllifolia_agg.

Achillea_pannonica 0.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 117.0 179.0 44.0 122.0Agrostis_capillaris 179.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 179.0 6.7 179.0 179.0Agrostis_stolonifera_agg. 179.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 179.0 6.7 179.0 179.0Agrostis_vinealis 179.0 2.5 2.5 0.0 179.0 6.7 179.0 179.0Ajuga_genevensis 117.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 0.0 179.0 117.0 122.0Apera_spica_venti 179.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 179.0 0.0 179.0 179.0Arctium_minus_agg. 44.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 117.0 179.0 0.0 122.0Arenaria_serpyllifolia_agg. 122.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 122.0 179.0 122.0 0.0Artemisia_campestris_agg. 32.7 179.0 179.0 179.0 117.0 179.0 44.0 122.0Artemisia_vulgaris_agg. 32.7 179.0 179.0 179.0 117.0 179.0 44.0 122.0Berteroa_incana 127.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 127.0 179.0 127.0 127.0Betula_pendula 127.0 179.0 179.0 179.0 127.0 179.0 127.0 127.0

The data of our lecture

Small scale spatial variability in phylogenetic signals during early plant succession depends on soil properties

Werner Ulrich, Marcin Piwczyński, Markus Klemens Zaplata, Susanne Winter, Wolfgang Schaaf, Anton Fischer

Database containing a total of 33 plant functional, genetic and morphological traits complied from the Leda (Kleyer et al. 2008) and BioFlor (Klotz et al. 2002) trait bases.

Species

Leaf mass [mg]

Leaf size [mm2]

Life span

Min releasing height [m]

Max releasing height [m]

Stem erect %

Stem ascending to prostrate %

Emergents attached to substrate

Terminal velocity m/s

Achillea_pannonica 82.33 567.84 5 0.2 0.8 100 0 01.93471

7

Agrostis_capillaris60.9798

61147.93

4 5 0.2 0.83 50 50 0 0.98

Agrostis_stolonifera_agg.60.9798

61147.93

4 5 0.1 0.7 50 25 25 1.11Agrostis_vinealis 1.41 22.75 5 0.2 0.4 50 50 0 1.59

Ajuga_genevensis 17.99 365.5 5 0.07 0.3 75 25 01.93471

7

Apera_spica-venti60.9798

61147.93

4 1 0.3 1 100 0 0 1.31

Software• Niche – A Fortran program for meta-

community analysis. • Turnover – A Fortran program for the

analysis of species associations. • NODF – a Fortran program for

nestedness analysis. • Past• Matrix Excel add in

Literature• Zaplata M. K., Winter S., Fischer A.,

Kollmann J., Ulrich W. 2013. Species-driven phases and increasing structure in early-successional plant communities. Am. Nat. 181: E17-E27.

• Ulrich W., Gotelli N. J. 2013. Pattern Detection in Null Model Analysis. Oikos 122: 2-18.

• Gotelli N. J., Ulrich W. 2012. Statistical challenges in null model analysis. Oikos 121: 171-180.

• Ulrich W., Gotelli N. J. 2012. A null model algorithm for presence – absence matrices based on proportional resampling. Ecol. Modell. 244: 20-27.

• Ulrich W., Piwczyński, M., Maestre F. T., Gotelli N. J. 2012. Null model tests for niche conservatism, phylogenetic assortment and habitat filtering. Meth. Ecol. Evol. 3: 930-939.

• Ulrich W., Almeida-Neto M., Gotelli N. G. 2009. A consumer’s guide to nestedness analysis. Oikos 118: 3-17.

Date post:	14-Dec-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	delaney-gent
View:	213 times
Download:	0 times

Advanced analytical approaches in ecological data analysis The world comes in fragments.

Documents