Advanced APA Style: Applying APA

With Senior Writing SpecialistAmber Cook, M.M.

Advanced APA Tips

1. In-text citations

2. Reference list entries

3. Editorial APA

4. Heading levels

In-Text Citations

• (Author, 2009)

• (Author, 2009, p. 23)– p. for one page– pp. for multiple pages– para. for paragraph numbers

• (Author & Author, 2009)

Citations in Text

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Note that the words page and chapter are abbreviated in such text citations:

(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)

APA pp. 208-209 (5th) pp. 174-179 (6th)

• Three, four, and five authors– Cite all of the surnames at first mention

• (Patterson, Rivers, & Timmerman, 2009)

– Each subsequent mention just the surname followed by et al.

• (Patterson et al., 2009)

• Six or more authors– Cite only the first surname followed by et al.

the first time and every time.

When to Cite Publication Date

• Per APA p. 174 in 6th edition:

Within a paragraph, when the name of the author is part of the narrative…you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical references to a study.

Do include the year in all parenthetical citations.

When to Cite Publication Date

Patterson (2008) found that citing is fun. Patterson took great care in her research and is confident in this fun as truth. In fact “students really grow to love APA” (Patterson, 2008, p. 23). Patterson also found that students secretly love APA, even in the beginning.

Block Quotes

• 40 words or more

• No quotation marks

• Punctuation before the citation

• One half inch indented on the left

• Double spaced (in 6th edition)

Block Quotes

Citing can be fun and is often misunderstood:

Citing is both trickier and easier than you might think. It is just a matter of figuring

out what goes where and following a set of standard rules. Nothing more, nothing less. (Patterson, 2008, para. 2)

Integrating Your Quotes

• Avoid having a quotation alone in a sentence.

Instead of:

“Citing is fun” (Patterson, 2008, p. 23).

Try:

Patterson found that “citing is fun” (2008, p. 23).

And One Other Thing…

• Do not begin a section with a quote

• Do not end a section with a quote

Page Number for Paraphrasing?

“When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number.”

APA sixth edition, section 6.04, p. 171.

Cool Stuff in the Sixth Edition

• Nifty table on in-text citations: p. 177

What About Websites?

You’ll never have a URL as an

in-text citation.

You will find the author and publication date and cite as you would any other source.

How Do I Find the Author?

• An individual

• An organization

• The name of the website

And the Publication Date?

• Published on date

• Last updated date

• Copyright date

The last known date the information was deemed relevant.

If All Else Fails….

Use n.d. for no date

For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the abbreviation para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material (see section 6.05).

(Myers, 2000, para. 5)(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para.

1)

Citing Electronic Sources in Text

When Can I Use a URL in Text?

• Only when citing an ENTIRE website.

You can purchase tickets at the Northwest Airlines website (www.nwa.com).

You’ll identify the full name of the website in text and the URL for the landing page (or host name) parenthetically. No hyperlinks.

Home Page

One Last Note…

• No reference list entry for entire websites.

Removing a Hyperlink

www.cnn.com

• Right click on the hyperlinked URL

• Select remove hyperlink from the menu

www.cnn.com

Citing Multiple Sources Parenthetically 6.16

• Alphabetical order– (Beta Band, 2007; Cook, 2004; Super, 2009)

• Authors separated by a semicolon • Multiple years with the same author have

older year first, and use a, b, c designation for same years– (Poppycock, 2005a, 2005b; Zounds, 2001)

Personal Communication 6.20

• Includes interviews, e-mails, lectures, and more• Doesn’t appear in reference lists

B. A. Superciter (personal communication, June 1, 2006) found....

(M. I. Right, personal communication, February 17, 2007)

Can I Cite Myself? APA p. 170

• Although students may be writing for a second, third, or fourth time on a topic, their writing at Walden is expected to reflect new approaches and insights into a topic to demonstrate their intellectual growth.

• When using their own scholarly work in subsequent research, students should cite themselves as primary author and their own previous coursework or KAM demonstrations as unpublished papers, as shown in the APA publication manual.

Example

Reference list:

Doe, J. (2006). My greatest paper. Unpublished manuscript, Department of English, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

In text:

Evidence from several trips to the moon by NASA suggests it is made of bleu cheese (Curie, as cited in Doe, 2006).

So the Answer is….Yes?

• Cite accordingly

• Check with your professor

Citing Secondary Sources APA 6.17

If Cook’s work is cited in Rivers, and you did not read Cook, you’ll cite Rivers (what you actually read) in your reference list, and Rivers parenthetically in text.

Name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source.

Sample

Cook’s study (as cited in Rivers, 1992) found that….

Rivers, H. (1992). I actually read this article. A Reader’s Kind of Place, 1(20), 220-240.

Report the Literature in Past Tense

Percy (1935) found

Mathieu (1955) argued

Korrapati (1975) wrote

Lynch (1995) discussed

Espinosa (2005) reported

Zuckerman (2009) whined, fished, indicated, extorted

Questions?

• Paper sample: Let’s try it out!

• Up next:– Reference list– Editorial APA– Heading levels

Order of Sources

• Alphabetical

• Nothing precedes something– Brown, J. will go before Browning– Brown will go before Brown, J.– MacArthur before McAllister

• Same author, multiple sources– Oldest source first

Order of Sources

• Soltz, A. (1996)

• Soltz, A., & Patterson, P. (2000)

Same author, same year:

• Soltz, A. (1996a). The first thing.

• Soltz, A. (1996b). The second thing.– Determined by alphabetical order of document

title.

Book

• APA 7.02

Author, A. (publication date). Title of book in italics. Publishing city, abbreviated state: Name of Publisher.

Book Example

Patterson, J. (2000). I wrote a book! Minneapolis, MN: The Ultimate Publisher.

Chapters in an Edited Book

• APA 7.02

Author, A. (publishing date). Title of the chapter or article. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book in italics (pp. 2-3). Lawrence, KS: Arlinghaus.

Journal

• APA 7.01

Author, A. (publication date). Title of article in sentence case, plain text. Title of Journal in Title Case, Italics, 1(2), 3-5.

Sentence Case?

• The capitalization is as it is in a sentence. The first word capitalized and the first word after punctuation is capitalized.

Author, A. (2009). This is an example: Holy cow! Easier than I thought! San Diego, CA: Shocking News Group.

Reference List Changes

.

Most aspects are unchanged from the 5th edition, and especially unchanged from the

2007 APA Guide to Electronic Sources.

Some things were simplified.

Reference List Changes

.

• State postal abbreviations are now required with all cities.

• The journal issue number is no longer indicated if the journal is not paginated by issue.

Abbreviated States

Before:

Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York: Paddy Publisher.

Now:

Patterson, J. (2009). My life. New York, NY: Paddy Publisher.

Issue number

Before:

Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1(2), 3-4.

Now:

Patterson, J. (2008). Article. Journal, 1, 3-4.

Reference List Changes

.

• Seven or more: list up to and including all seven authors.

• For eight or more, list the first six authors . . . + Last Author in the reference list.

• But in text you can continue to use et al. if you have six or more names in a group.

Et al. in Sixth Edition

Patterson, J., Cook, A., Rivers, H., Marshall, H., Ball, T., O’Keefe, J. … Strutt, K. (2009). The book they wrote. Minneapolis, MN: Paddy Publishers.

Electronic Sources: APA 6th ed.

.

Preferences, in order, for identifying sources.

1.The doi number [lowercase, no period after]

2.The URL of the journal’s home page

A retrieval date and the database name are no longer required unless there’s a chance the original might disappear.

DOI

• Digital object identifier– Used to easily identify objects in a digital environment– Provides an actionable, interoperable, persistent link – www.doi.org

• Handy website for finding a doi– http://www.crossref.org

All information regarding DOI in the following pages was retrieved from California State University San Marcos

http://library.csusm.edu/subject_guides/psychology/doi.asp

DOI

DOI

Reference List: Examples

Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party etiquette. What to do in Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228. doi:######

Hatter, M., Rabbit, W., & Wonderland, A. (2005). Tea party etiquette. What to do in Wonderland, 34(2), 221-228. Retrieved from http://www.wonderlandjournal.com

.

Electronic Document

Author. (publication date). Title of document in italics. Retrieved on month day, year, from www.urlhere.com

Questions?

• Sample paper: Let’s try it out!

• Up next:– Editorial APA– Heading levels

Editorial APA

• APA style is more than just citations (believe it or not!).

• Hyphens, heading levels, grammar, punctuation, and spelling are all part of the APA publication manual.

A few of the hidden rules…

Ellipses Points APA p. 119 (5th)

• You will not use ellipses points before or after direct quotes.

– Use three spaced ellipsis points (…) within a sentence to indicate you have omitted material.

– Use four spaced ellipsis points (….) to indicate you have omitted material between sentences.

Ellipses Points APA p. 119 (5th)

Patterson said that “…citing is super good fun” (2009, p. 23).

Patterson said that “citing is…fun” (2009, p. 23).

Patterson said that “citing is super good fun….although it might be an acquired joy” (2009, p. 23).

Parentheses

Rivers stated that it was too much information (TMI)(2009).

Rivers stated that it was too much information (TMI; 2009).

USE A SERIAL COMMA.

(Groucho, Chico, Harpo, & Zeppo, 1932)

Steelers, Penguins, and Pirates (2009)

Quick APA Review: Some Things Old, Some Things New

Numbers 10 and above as numerals.Nine and lower spelled out, with exceptions:

A 2-year-old boy; for 3 months, 10 daysNew: about three years oldNew: three participants (not 3); three subjects.

Bullets are now allowed.

The preferred food choices of State Fair goers are

• chocolate chip cookies,

• anything on a stick, and

• deep-fried cheese curds.

New in the 6th edition

Little APA Things

• The term subjects is now permitted. Still better: participants, or clients, or managers, or something specific.

• Lowercase theories (theory of learned behavior).

• Lowercase disorders or diseases (bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], multiple sclerosis)

• New: Appendices instead of appendixes.

Questions?

• Up next:– Heading levels– Sample paper

Headings

• Use more headings rather than fewer.• Keep in mind your reader is a slow

processor.• Create a path for your reader to follow.• BUT you still need to transition between

your paragraphs.

The heading levels are completely different

Here is APA 5th edition.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW [L5]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

Blah blah blah I can’t say enough about a market economy.

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L3]

Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah ya di ya di da da fortune in the German

hops industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.

Why apples didn’t work . [L4] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel

and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.

Dependable Cheap Labor [L3]

Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah ya da da exploited ya did da and

exploited as if Florida cares about migrant laborers.

Union busting in sunny Florida. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.

The heading levels are completely different

Here is APA 6th edition: 3.03

Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]

Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops

industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.

Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel

and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.

Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah yada

yada exploited migrant laborers.

Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.

Walden invention

Chapter 2: Literature Review [L0]

History of the Florida Citrus Industry [L1]

The rise of the citrus industry is a testament to the beauty of capitalism.

Herr Sunkist’s Arrival [L2]

Blah blah Baron von Sunkist blah blah yada yada fortune in the German hops

industry blah moved to Florida for the weather.

Why apples didn’t work. [L3] He tried cabbage and planting wiener schnitzel

and eventually spent millions on apples to no avail.

Dependable cheap labor [L4]. Blah blah blah Sunkist exploited blah blah yada

yada exploited migrant laborers.

Union busting in sunny Florida [L5]. Blah blah antiunion blah blah.

All new levels using bolds and

italics and

All new levels using bolds.

Creating Academic Voice and Tone

• Do not use contractions

• Do not use the second person

• Do not use we or our (unless talking about yourself and fellow researchers)

• Do not ask questions in text

• Do not directly address your reader

• Remove your personal experience, background, and observations

Questions?

• Up next:– Sample paper

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