Advanced Aquaculture of Carps and Tilapia – Ponds and Cages
Kevin Fitzsimmons, John Woiwode, R.S.N. Janjua ASA SoyPak
Multan, Punjab, Pakistan14 March 2012
Carp and Tilapia• Carps are most important farmed food fish and
tilapia are second.• Global demand, variety of production systems and
geographic regions, some vertically integrated• Environmentally sustainable – “Green Aquaculture”
(no fish meal required in the diet, no antibiotics, many farms use effluents for crops)
Subsistence and Export Commodity• Tilapia is unique in its role as a small livestock
animal grown by subsistence farmers in developing countries around the world…..
• And• It is widely grown and exported to high value
markets to be served in expensive restaurants and grocery stores
• Commodity or specialty crop - BOTH, like chicken
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World Tilapia Production of 3,300,000 mt in 2011
US Tilapia consumption (imports and domestic)368,295 mt of live weight (equivalent) – 2006
437,000 mt of live weight (equivalent) - 2007453,264 mt of live weight (equivalent) – 2008
465,953 mt of live weight (equivalent – 2009)579,443 mt of live weight (equivalent – 2010)
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Met
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Genetic improvements in tilapia
(From: Mair, G., 2002)
Selective breeding and genetic improvements
• Excellent breeding programs - G.I.F.T. - Malaysia- Genomar - Brazil and Norway- Chitralada – Thailand- TabTim – Thailand (CP Group)- GIFT Excell – Philippines- Molobicus - Philippines- GIFT Bangladesh
• Several in Mexico• YY Supermale - Philippines and Swansea, Egypt and
Indonesia
Carp and tilapia in ponds
Extensive ponds
Semi-intensive ponds
Multiple small cages
Taal Lake, Philippines
Irrigation Reservoir, Arizona
Paulo Afonso Reservoir, Brasil
Other small cages
Nile Delta, Egypt
All tilapia farms have dogs, even cage farms
Shrimp Pond, Philippines
Shrimp Pond, Thailand
Large cage farms
Pond culture to cotton irrigation
Fish and citrus in Hainan, China
Integration of aquaculture and agricultureWater pH reduced from 8.3 to 8.0Added 19.7 kg/ha N to 45 kg/ha used in
standard fertilization schedule of cotton.
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Results - Integration of aquaculture and agriculture
Contributed 2.6 kg/ha P to cotton crop.
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Cotton Height 2002
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Plant height with Fish Effluent, Standard Fertilizer and Well Water
Fish Nutrition and Feeds
Contents
Nutrition Pond Fertilization and Natural Feeds Ingredients and Formulations Manufacture and Preparation Storage, Handling, and Feeding Methods
Nutrition and feeding behaviours Tilapia are omnivores (eat lots of things) Carps are more specialized Both capable of consuming decaying vegetable
matter Long intestines Filter feeders (algae, bacteria, plankton) when
young Need protein and balanced nutrition for rapid
growth Maybe more cost effective to settle for moderate
growth
Feeding strategy Juvenile fish are especially good at filter
feeding phytoplankton.Many hatcheries utilize greenwater culture Juveniles also filter feed on small
zooplankters (especially crustaceans)Save money on juvenile feeds by partial
nutrition from natural feed in juvenile ponds and tanks
Nutrition decisionsNatural herbivores and detritivores. Opportunistic feeders grazing on algae and
bacteria in production system.Fry and fingerlings need high protein
(50-40%) dietGrowout needs lower protein (32-28%) diet“Organic” diets may be needed for “organic”
buyersCompare FCR to decide most efficient diet
Minimize fish meal in diet
Use more soybean meal Utilize other grains treated with phytase Increase use of other by-product meals (meat
and bone, blood, feather, poultry by-product, brewers waste, etc.)
Examine other locally available ingredients (rice bran, cotton cake, canola, sunflower seed meal, etc)
Long convoluted intestine.Digests complex organic matterFry are filter feedersAdults are grazers
Carp and Tilapia Biology
Proteins
Need balanced set of amino acids. Basic building blocks of proteins (and muscles)
Ten essential amino acids (required) several more are supplemental
Lipids
Lipids are basically fats. Fish need a variety of long chain
hydrocarbon fatty acids for proper growth Will also bio-accumulate lipids from
consumed algae
Carbohydrates
Needed for metabolic energy Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar. Common ingredients are corn, sorghum,
rice Molasses is mostly sugar and water. Does
not supply as much energy as equal mass of lipid (fat)
Fiber
Less digestible material to help move material though the intestines.
Helps with micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
Commonly supplied in “premix” Often available in natural production of
ponds. Not critical for most semi-intensive fish
farm operations. Very critical in cage systems
Ingredients and formulations
Normally need high protein diets for young 40-50% Protein requirements drop as fish reach
reproductive age. Lipid demand might increase with egg formation. 30-32%
Growout diets only need 25% protein
Manufacturing and preparations
Pellet mill
Compression pellet mill
Feed mixed with water to dough consistency Moistened feed put into hopper, pushed down
to auger screw Auger forces feed through the die head. Holes in die determine pellet width Knife blade cuts pellets to desired length
Extruders
Floating feeds Feed mixes with steam in barrel of extruder Cooks ingredients, improves palatability Gelatinizes starches Steam expansion and auger forces feed out
of barrel with rapid expansion. Traps air in pellet, allows to float
Meat grinders and pasta mills
Storage
Always keep feed as dry and cool as possible Avoids spoilage and rancidity of fats in diet Bags should be on pallets, off floor to allow
air to circulate and slow pests (mice, rats, roaches, ants, from getting to bags
Large amount can be stored in bulk in silos.
Handling
Reduce rough handling Crushed pellets form fines which are not
consumed by fish. Fed by hand, blower, belts
Bangladesh tilapia aquaculture
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Future global tilapia aquaculture
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Conclusions Tilapia are omnivores But eating anything will not make you grow
fast and strong Tilapia need balanced nutrition for rapid
growth just like human children
Buy TILAPIA
Thank you!
Questions and discussion?