Learning

LearningAdvanced BiologyWinter 2013Black History Assembly Free-WriteINNATE = Born with LEARNED = Gained throughout life

Black History Assembly Free-WriteINNATE = Born with LEARNED = Gained throughout life

Is discrimination an innate or learned behavior?

Is the ability to break barriers innate or learned?How do we learn?Take a few minutes to write down the ways animals could learn behaviors.

How did they learn these behaviors?What causes a learned behavior?Can you have a behavior that isnt learned?Types of BehaviorsINNATE vs. LEARNEDINNATE vs. LEARNEDRhythmic

Communication

Reproductive

Competitive

Dominance

Territoriality

Social InteractionConditioningClassicalOperant

Habituation

Imprinting

ObservationalInnate BehaviorSometimes called inborn behaviors.

Innate BehaviorSometimes called inborn behaviors.

When the behavior is the same for all members of a species.Innate BehaviorSometimes called inborn behaviors.

When the behavior is the same for all members of a species.

Genetically controlled.

Innate BehaviorSometimes called inborn behaviors.

When the behavior is the same for all members of a species.

Genetically controlled.

What would some innate behaviors be?

Learned BehaviorsBehaviors that develop or change as we experience events. Learned BehaviorsBehaviors that develop or change as we experience events.

Changed behavior = learning.Learned BehaviorsBehaviors that develop or change as we experience events.

Changed behavior = learning.

Learning enables an animal to adapt to change.Rhythmic BehaviorsRepeated behaviors at regular intervals

This may be different for different species.

These may have adapted to obtain resources and avoid competition.

Regulated internally and externally:Internal - biological clockExternal lightExamples of Rhythmic BehaviorsMigration in many animal species.Birds, fish, eels, insects, mammals

Examples of Rhythmic BehaviorsMigration in many animal species.Birds, fish, eels, insects, mammals

Migration = movement of large numbers of animals over long distances from one area to another with a return home.Usually the same route.

Examples of Rhythmic BehaviorsMigration in many animal species.Birds, fish, eels, insects, mammals

Migration = movement of large numbers of animals over long distances from one area to another with a return home.Usually the same route.

Why migrate?Examples of Rhythmic BehaviorsMigration in many animal species.Birds, fish, eels, insects, mammals

Migration = movement of large numbers of animals over long distances from one area to another with a return home.Usually the same route.

Why migrate?

Arctic Tern Migration MapExamples of Rhythmic BehaviorsHibernation in many speciesBears, rodents, fish, birds

Examples of Rhythmic BehaviorsHibernation in many speciesBears, rodents, fish, birds

Hibernation = a state of inactivity and metabolic depression. Usually shown by low body temperature, slowed breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate.Examples of Rhythmic BehaviorsHibernation in many speciesBears, rodents, fish, birds

Hibernation = a state of inactivity and metabolic depression. Usually shown by low body temperature, slowed breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic rate.

Can be due to lack of resources, time, or temperature and can last days, weeks or even months.Communication BehaviorsAn innate behavior that is a response to a stimulus.

Can be through any sense:TouchPosture / display Sound Chemical signals (taste and smell).How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place?

How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place? A senderWhos sending the message?

How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place? A senderWhos sending the message?A receiverWhos receiving the message?

How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place? A senderWhos sending the message?A receiverWhos receiving the message?Type of signalWhat is the purpose for the communication?

How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place? A senderWhos sending the message?A receiverWhos receiving the message?Type of signalWhat is the purpose for the communication?How the signal is sent (visual, auditory)What senses does the signal use?

How Communication HappensA setting for the communicationWhere is this taking place? A senderWhos sending the message?A receiverWhos receiving the message?Type of signalWhat is the purpose for the communication?How the signal is sent (visual, auditory)What senses does the signal use?A behavior of the receiverWhat was the outcome?

Types of CommunicationTouch:

Types of CommunicationTouch:

Physical Aggression

Types of CommunicationTouch:

Billing in Birds

Types of CommunicationTouch:

Pysiological Needs (EATING)Red Spot on Glaucus Wing Gulls

Types of CommunicationPosture and Display:

Dominance and Territoriality

Courtship Rituals

Dominance DisplaysSome animals create social hierarchies:

Caste: Each caste has a different structure and different, specialized job in the group.Bees, termites, ants, etc.Queen Workers - Warriors

Dominance DisplaysPecking Orders: There is one dominant individual and it fights to keep other individuals in their place

Dominance DisplaysPecking Orders: There is one dominant individual and it fights to keep other individuals in their place

Higher in the pecking order = more food and resourcesStronger individuals will more likely add to the next generation (higher fitness)Courtship RitualsSexual Dimorphism: the two sexes in a species look physically different.

Courtship RitualsSexual Dimorphism: the two sexes in a species look physically different.

Di- = twoCourtship RitualsSexual Dimorphism: the two sexes in a species look physically different.

Morphology = the size, shape, or structure of an organism or part.Courtship RitualsFor some animals to mate, they must do an intricate and specified dance between the two sexes.

Spider Courtship Dance

SOUNDBirds use many different sounds to communicate different feelings / actions.

Can be:TerritorialMatingFamilySinging

SOUNDMarine mammals use sound to communicate as well as see.

SOUNDMarine mammals use sound to communicate as well as see.

Echolocation: the use of sound waves to determine distance.

Chemical CuesIn a sense, animals can use taste and smell through chemical cues to communicate.

Dogs sniffing around

Ants following each other.

Circle of Death (not the Xbox)Ants will follow each other using pheromones (chemicals secreted by the body), sometimes to their own death.What type of communication?AWESOME VIDEO OF BIRDS!

Birds of Paradise Displays:

ConditioningTalk with your neighbor about what conditioning might be and what types of conditioning you see.

This can be for humans, insects, mammals, fish, etc.Learned BehaviorsBehaviors that develop or change as we experience events.

Changed behavior = learning.

Learning enables an animal to adapt to change.Types of ConditioningConditioning: getting a desired response or behavior.

TWO MAIN TYPES:

CLASSICAL OPERANTClassical ConditioningHas mainly to do with stimulus and response.

Classical ConditioningHas mainly to do with stimulus and response.

Stimulus: something (object or event) that causes a behavior to happen.

Classical ConditioningHas mainly to do with stimulus and response.

Stimulus: something (object or event) that causes a behavior to happen.

Response: The behavior that results from the stimulus.Pavlovs Dog

Classical Conditioning SummaryU.S.=> U.R.

Starts with an Unconditioned Stimulus (U.S.) that gives us an Unconditioned Response (U.R.)Classical Conditioning SummaryN.S.=>N.R.

We also have a Neutral Stimulus (N.S.) that gives us a Neutral Response (N.R.)Classical Conditioning SummaryN.S. + U.S. =>U.R.

When we condition the subject, we pair the Neutral Stimulus (N.S.) with the Unconditioned Stimulus (U.S.) which still gives us the Unconditioned Response (U.R.)Classical Conditioning SummaryN.S. = C.S.

C.S.=>C.R.

Because they were paired together for a long time, Neutral Stimulus (N.S.) then becomes the Conditioned Stimulus (C.S.). And when used alone, it will give us a Conditioned Response (C.R.)Classical Conditioning ExamplesTHE OFFICE: Jim classically conditions Dwight

Operant ConditioningHas to do with rewards and punishmentsOperant ConditioningHas to do with rewards and punishments

In nature, it is mainly trial and error.

Operant ConditioningHas to do with rewards and punishments

In nature, it is mainly trial and error.

Animals make responses that result in a consequence.

Operant ConditioningHas to do with rewards and punishments

In nature, it is mainly trial and error.

Animals make responses that result in a consequence.This consequence will increase or decrease the chance of the response happening again.

Operant ConditioningPunishment:Decreases the likelihood of the response happening again.Operant ConditioningPunishment:Decreases the likelihood of the response happening again.

Reinforcement:Increases the likelihood of the response happening again.

Operant ConditioningPunishment:Decreases the likelihood of the response happening again.

Reinforcement:Increases the likelihood of the response happening again.

Two types of each consequence: Positive and NegativeOperant ConditioningTYPES OF REINFORCEMENT/PUNISHMENT:

Operant ConditioningTYPES OF REINFORCEMENT/PUNISHMENT:

Positive:When you add something to reinforce or punish.

Operant ConditioningTYPES OF REINFORCEMENT/PUNISHMENT:

Positive:When you add something to reinforce or punish.

Negative: When you remove something to reinforce or punish.Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive Reinforcement?

Positive Punishment?

Negative Reinforcement?

Negative Punishment?Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive ReinforcementGiving candy to students / treats to seeing eye dogs!

ADDING:

REINFORCING: Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive ReinforcementGiving candy to students / treats to seeing eye dogs!

ADDING: Candy or treat

REINFORCING:Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive ReinforcementGiving candy to students / treats to seeing eye dogs!

ADDING: Candy or treat

REINFORCING: Good answers or good behaviorExamples of Operant ConditioningPositive Punishment:Taking a charge in basketball or shock collars or choke chains.

ADDING:

PUNISHMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive Punishment:Taking a charge in basketball or shock collars or choke chains.

ADDING: Me in the lane or shock or choking.

PUNISHMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningPositive Punishment:Taking a charge in basketball or shock collars or choke chains.

ADDING: Me in the lane or shock or choking.

PUNISHMENT: Offense going into the key or the dog barking or walking too fast.Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Reinforcement:Putting on sunscreen or scraping off burnt toast.

REMOVING:

REINFORCMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Reinforcement:Putting on sunscreen or scraping off burnt toast.

REMOVING: The sunburn or the burnt toast.

REINFORCMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Reinforcement:Putting on sunscreen or scraping off burnt toast.

REMOVING: The sunburn or the burnt toast.

REINFORCMENT: Will keep putting on sunscreen or keep taking a knife out to scrape off burnt toast.Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Punishment:Being grounded or taking away a dogs chewtoy or food if begging.

REMOVING:

PUNISHMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Punishment:Being grounded or taking away a dogs chewtoy or food if begging.

REMOVING: Childs privileges or dogs toy / food.

PUNISHMENT:Examples of Operant ConditioningNegative Punishment:Being grounded or taking away a dogs chewtoy or food if begging.

REMOVING: Childs privileges or dogs toy / food.

PUNISHMENT: Decreases bad behavior or dogs begging for food.