Advanced Components
Presented by Dale T. Bradshaw, Modern Grid Initiative TeamSan Diego Smart Grid SummitOctober 25, 2006
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Advanced Components: Examples
Composite conductors
Low Impedance Low EMF bundle configurations for HVAC
Next generation FACTS/PQ devices
Superconducting rotating machines
Fault current limiters
Superconducting transmission cable
Advanced distributed generation and energy storage
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New Conductors will increase Thermal Capacity, but Drive up Need for Dynamic Reactive Power (as will Parallel Line Contingencies)
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000MW
MVA
R
Current
ACSR
Hi T low Sag
ACSS/TWFirst and Second Generation SuperVARtm
FACTs?
3M ACCC
Thanks to Dr. Arshad Mansoor, VP, EPRI
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Another Example of a Composite Conductor CTC’s Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced-ACSR
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0.8
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MW Transferred
Vol
tage
pu
No CapsWith Caps
Without Capacitors Voltage Collapse is slower
With Capacitors
Voltage Collapse is sharper & faster
Growing Risk of Voltage Collapse
CA situation
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Growing Risk of Voltage CollapseLoss of Capacitor VAR Output as a Function of Line VoltageThus Shunt Capacitors are Only a Short Term Solution To Voltage Issues
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Power Transfer Enhancement of Overhead Power Lines Unique Bundle ConfigurationsTennessee Tech University - Dr. Prit Chowduri
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Power Transfer Enhancement of Overhead Power Lines Unique Bundle ConfigurationsTennessee Tech University - Dr. Prit Chowduri
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Examples of FACTS Power ElectronicsDevices: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)AEP Inez Substation +/- 320 Mvar
AEP / EPRI / WestinghouseDemonstration - 640 MVA
Increase transmission line capacityDirect power flow along selected linesPowerful system oscillation dampingVoltage support and regulation
Line Load
Electronic generator to provide reactive power and extract real power
Electronic generator to provide reactive power and insert real power
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Another Example of a FACTS Devices: DG&E-Talega STATCOM Site
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SDG&E-Talega STATCOM Inverters
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Example of a Distributed STATCOM (DSTATCOM) for Control of Voltage and Transient StabilityTVA’s D-VAR at Inez substation in MS.
A VAr next to the customer or at the low voltage side of a T&D interface is 2 to 3 times more effective in supporting voltage than a VAr produced by Generators or on the Transmission system.
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Possible New Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlFuture Voltage Source Converter Using Gen 4 ETO ThyristorDr. Alex Huang at NCSU SPEC
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ETO Device Development Roadmap
Gen-3
Gen-6 ETO(SiC ETO)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
• Gen-5 ETO •(ETO Module)
Gen-4 ETO
20 kV
10 kV
4.5 kV
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ETO System Field Demonstration Roadmap
TVA Flicker Mitigation with TUCAP Energy Storage
ETO Converter
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
P (MVA)
30
10
4.5
BPA Wind farm STATCOM
STATCOM: Completed TUCAP: underway
Project Initiated
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Solid-State Transformer (SiC based)
Size:10 m3
Conventional 2.7 MVA transformer
Estimated Size:3.4 m3
2.7 MVA Solid-state transformer
AC Harmonics
Filter
Front End
Load Converter
13.8kV AC
4160V AC Estimated Size: 3.4m3
A VAR producer rather than a VAR consumer3x size and significant weight reduction compared
to conventional transformer.
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TIPS
EDGES
GATED
DiamondAnode
Diamond Cathode
SiO2
Possible Long Term Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlCVD diamond tips, edges and flat electronic configurations
Bas e Elec trode
Anode
Diamo nd TipCathode
Ga te-
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Possible Long Term Technology for Voltage & Stability ControlDiamond Technology PackagingDr. Jim Davidson at Vanderbilt University
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Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of PolycrystallineDiamond in a Vacuum on the Cathode of a Field Effect Diode, Triode, Transistor, etc.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Diamond Diodes, Triodes, & Thyristors
Diamond devices potentially can:Carry 5 times more current (less complex & lower cost)Conduct heat 4 times better than copper (lower cost)Operate at >500 C versus 150 C for Silicon (lower cost & more reliable air cooling)Carry 5 to 10 times the DC voltage (lower cost without transformers)Operate at much higher frequencies (up to GHz) than conventional devices resulting in lower harmonics and improved power quality Can reduce costs by >50% and improve performance for FACTS, PCS for DC, DSI, HVDC, transfer switches
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“Back to the Future” with a High Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser
New relatively low cost option Instant 2X output for transients and 4X output for peaks.Low operating and maintenance costs Inherently stableCommercially availablePrototype successfully tested in TVA service area, 2005ModularHigh ReliabilityRelocatable
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2nd generation YBCO HTS wire to reduce wire cost by a factor of 5x 2G wire will Increase magnetic field, critical current, and MVAR output from the same size High temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser by 4X to 5X2G wire will allow large high efficiency, high torque, cost effective superconducting motors for power plants (primarily nuclear and coal) and industries
Back to the Future Voltage and Transient Stability Control TechnologyHigh Temperature Superconducting Synchronous Condenser – a Better Source of Dynamic VARs per DOE ORNL
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
0 2 4 6 8
Bi2223PIT Tape
YBCO/RABiTS
H||c77 K
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Crit
ical
Cur
rent
D
ensi
ty (A
/cm
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Magnetic Field (Tesla)
2nd generation wire
1st generation wire
The high current is maintained to higher magnetic fields, allowing use in motors, transformers, generators
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“Smart Wires” Power Flow Control DeviceDr. Deepak Divan at GATECH Intelligent Power Infrastructure Consortia (IPIC)
POTENTIAL FOR:Deferring new linesControlling flow on contract pathProviding redundancyZero footprint solutionMass produced modulesEasy and rapid installationLowest Cost Option for Dynamic Power Flow ControlEnhanced Meshed Network utilization of 30% to 40%
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Smart Wires Power Flow Control DeviceDr. Deepak Divan at GATECH Intelligent Power Infrastructure Consortia (IPIC)
Phase II Smart Wires TargetsOperating current
100-1000 A
Fault current 40 kA / 5-cycles
Voltage injection -8 to + 8 Vrms
Weight 100 lb.Communication Wireless or PLC
Courtesy: Soft Switching Technologies
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Evolution of the Thyristor Protected Series Compensator (TPSC) into The Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL)
An Electronic dynamic Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL) is available at HV, has zero impedance at steady state, and during a fault electronically switches in milliseconds to a current limiting reactor
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Evolution of the Thyristor Protected Series Compensator (TPSC) into the Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL)
SCCL can achieve high speed current limitations like an HTS fault current limiter.Combining a TPSC with an external reactor provides a SCCL which can limit the current to pre-designed levels (drop 80 kA to 50 kA or less)
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CollectorCollector
Drive MotorDrive Motor
Rotary TransformerRotary Transformer
CollectorCollector
Drive MotorDrive Motor
Rotary TransformerRotary Transformer
Variable Frequency Transformer VFT Core Components
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Advantages of Rotary Transformer for an Inter Tie
Supplies reactive power during faults
Passive response to post-fault disturbance can produce a 200% real power injection
Controls to frequency set point providing governor response and black-start capability
Can control flow of power over interties
Provides complementary support to dynamic sources of reactive compensation like STATCOMS
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Superconducting Cables AEP’s Bixby Substation 3-phase Triax Design
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Energy Storage Technologies ExampleSodium Sulfur or NaS battery
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Energy Storage Technologies ExampleGen4 – 25 kWh / 100 kW FlywheelGen3 - 6 kWh flywheel being Demonstrated in CA
Rim: co-mingled carbon composite and glass
Housing
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Smart Energy Matrix 20 MW Plant Based on 25 kw-hr Modules
September 2006: DOE/Sandia awarded $752,500 contract to Beacon Power to design balance-of-plant
Preliminary design
External View
Interval View of SEM 25 kw-hr Modules
Sized for 100 kw inverter and 15 minutes storage
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Breakthrough in Energy Storage?EEStor’s EESU
It is a parallel plate capacitor with barium titanate as the dielectricIt claims that it can make a battery at half the cost per kilowatt-hour and one-tenth the weight of lead-acid batteriesAs of last year selling price would start at $3,200 and fall to $2,100 in high-volume production The product weighs 400 pounds and delivers 52 kilowatt-hoursThe batteries fully charge in minutes as opposed to hoursThe EEStor technology has been tested up to a million cycles with no material degradation compared to lead acid batteries that optimistically have 500 to 700 recharge cyclesBecause it's a solid state battery rather than a chemical battery, such being the case for lithium ion technology, there would be no overheating and thus safety concerns with using it in a vehicleWith volume manufacturing it's expected to be cost-competitive with lead-acid technologyAs of last year, EEStor planned to build its own assembly line to prove the battery can work and then license the technology to manufacturers for volume production
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Example of Key Distributed Generation ResourceCapstone’s 30 kw to 250 kw
Attribute Capstone Microturbine
CARB certified clean emissions
Yes
Low-maintenance air bearings
Yes
Digitally controlled power electronics
Yes
Integrated utility protection & synchronizing
Yes
Light weight Yes
Combustionchamber
Exhaust output
Recuperator
Fuel injector
Air bearings
Compressor
Generator
Air intake
Cooling fins
Turbine
Air bearings• No oil or greaseAir cooled• No anti-freeze or liquids
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CCHP @ Citibank, La Jolla
One C60 + water-driven chillerWinter heating, summer A/CCommissioned April 2003Simple interconnectionCARB DG: No air permit
Savings:$1,600-1,800per month
Savings:$1,600-1,800per month
Featured inDistributed
Energy MagazineSept/Oct ‘04
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Atrium Hotel: Irvine
Three C60-CHPsCommissioned Oct, 2003Simple interconnectionNo air permit needed
Capstone CHP heated water for: Pool, laundry, kitchen, guestrooms and
building heating
180 kW SCE reduced demand/usage
Atrium Hotel with 211 Rooms
Savings: $10,000/monthSavings: $10,000/month
“It just made sense. Our ROI will be within 1.5 years”
—GM Sheri Blackwood
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Wilson Turbopower’s Advanced 300 kw Microturbinesat 56.7% efficiency using multi-stage compressor and expander and high efficiency ceramic heat exchanger at 97.5% efficiency
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Conclusions
Dynamic voltage support technologies must be developed and quickly implemented along with high temperature low sag conductors to increase line capacity to enable the use of existing Transmission ROW.
Advanced power electronic technologies must be developed.
Superconductivity must continue to be developed for motors, cables, synchronous condensers, fault current limiters, etc.
Voltage support should be applied close to customers or on the low side of the T&D interface.
Improved lower cost technology for flow control equipment to reliably reduce transmission congestion is needed after system has been optimized.
Distributed energy storage and generation should be also considered as sources of VArs for voltage support, black start, etc.