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ADVANCED LIGHTING CONTROLS: BARRIERS, BENEFITS AND BEYOND

STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, HCLP

PLATINUM

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SeventhwaveG175

Advanced lighting controls: barriers, benefits and beyond C411

Stan WalerczykRecorded 9/16/15

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product._______________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Have LEDs, high performance fluorescents and electronically ballasted ceramic metal halides made lighting controls obsolete when it comes to saving energy? While increasingly efficient lighting has diminished the energy saving impact of occupancy sensors, photo controls and advanced controls, there are benefits from these technologies that go beyond controlling the lights. Join us to discuss all the benefits of advanced lighting controls—when to use them and why.

CourseDescription

LearningObjectives

• Identify when lighting controls will cost effectively save energy.

• Describe the various benefits of advanced lighting controls for different projects.

• Plan for the effects of greater network connectivity (the Internet of Things) to control lighting.

• Discuss tunable (dimming and Kelvin changing) LED systems and identify suitable applications for this technology.

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

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GBCI cannot guarantee that course sessions will be delivered to you as submitted to GBCI. However, any course found to be in violation of the standards of the program, or otherwise contrary to the mission of GBCI, shall be removed. Your course evaluations will help us uphold these standards.

Approval date:

Course ID: 0920004001

Advanced lighting controls: barriers, benefits and beyond

Seventhwaveby

05/21/2015

Approved for:

1General CE hours

INTRODUCTION

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STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO• 26 years experience

– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher

– Check out my 25th lighting anniversary letter on my website

• 500 projects

• 100 white papers and published articles

• 1000 seminars, including – 5 Lightfairs

– 3 IES Annual Conferences

– Numerous IES Sections across the country

• IES Member 1995 - 2008– Served on several committees

– Currently on Visual Effects of Lamp Spectral Distribution and Energy Management Committees

• Human Centric Lighting Professional Certification

• Certified Lighting Efficiency Professional by AEE– CLEP Review Board

• Allowed Lighting Certified by NCQLP to expire end of 2014

• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research

• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee

• Human Centric Lighting Society & Committee Chair

• ‘Lighting & Controls: Transitioning To The Future’ book published by AEE– http://www.aeeprograms.com/store/detail.cfm?id=1143&category_id=6

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NO ENDORSEMENTS

• Although several manufacturers and models are listed, none are endorsed

• Easier to talk about specifics than generalities

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APPENDIX• Since there is so much more material

than I can fit into one hour, a substantial appendix is at the end, which you can go through on you own

DIMINISHNG RETURNS

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• If a lighting retrofit can reduce 50% of the

energy on lighting, and if controls can reduce 50% of the energy on lighting does not mean there will be zero energy on lighting

• What ever is done second has diminishing returns– So if lighting is considered first, then controls would

50% of the reduced wattage from the new lighting

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• With very little low hanging fruit left, there

are diminishing returns in retrofits

• Not only do we need to be careful about cost effectiveness of lighting

• But we need to be extra careful about cost effectiveness of controls saving energy with lighting

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• In general lighting and controls retrofits are becoming

less cost effective

• Although we can still reduce lighting wattage by 50 -60%, the wattage and electric savings are becoming smaller

• Following are some examples

• Also with lower lighting watts, there is less than controls can save

• Plus with the recent extra costs of some energy codes, project costs can be 20 – 30% higher than before

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• 2x4 troffer example

– In the past going from 4 F34T12 lamps and 2 energy saving magnetic ballasts to 2 32W F32T8 lamps and high BF electronic ballast was quite cost effective

• 144 – 72 = 72W reduction

• $22.86 annual energy savings based on 3500 hours at $.09/KWH

– Now we can go with LED troffer kits, saving close to 60%, but electric bill is not reduced very much

• 72 – 30 = 42W reduction

• $14.70 annual energy savings based on 3500 hours at $.10/KWH

• Plus LED troffer kits cost a lot more than a fluorescent retrofit

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• Hibay example

– 1000W mercury vapor lamps with magnetic ballast could be replaced one for one with 400W probe start MH lamps and magnetic ballasts very cost effectively

• 1080 – 458 = 622W reduction

• $199 annual energy savings based on 4000 hours and $.08/KWH rate

– Later those 400W MH systems could be cost effectively replaced with fluorescent T8 or T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

• 458 – 220 = 238W reduction

• $86 annual energy savings based on 4000 annual hours at $.09/KWH rate

• Occupancy sensors would often be cost effective

– But now it is a challenge replacing fluorescent hibays with LED hibays• 220 – 110 = 110W reduction

• $44 annual energy savings based on 4000 annual hours at $.10/KWH rate

• With relatively high parts and labor costs, $44 annual savings is not that good

• With only 110W savings, occupancy sensors may not be that cost effective if space is occupied a good portion of the time

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DIMINISHING RETURNS• Omni-direction screw-in lamp example

– 60W incandescent bulb could be replaced with a 13 – 15W CFL

• 60 – 14 = 46W reduction

• $16.56 annual energy savings based on 4000 hours and $.09/KWH

• Often could buy these lamps at $.25

– Now replace the CFL with a 9W LED• 14 – 9 = 5W reduction

• $2.00 annual energy savings based on 4000 hours and $.10/KWH

• These lamps often cost $4 - $8

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DO CONTROLS SAVE ENERGY ON LIGHTING

COST EFFECTIVELY?

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DO CONTROLS SAVE ENERGY COST EFFECTIVELY?

• Sometimes a lot and cost effectively– Examples include

• Warehouse rack aisles with lights on but hardly any traffic

• Library book aisles with light on but hardly any traffic

• Areas getting a lot daylight for most of the day with low glare and electric lights fully on

– But with very efficient LEDs, controls may not be cost effective

• Sometimes yes, but not cost effectively, especially if very efficient LED products– Many private and open offices, classrooms, etc.

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FOLLOWING GROUP OF SLIDES COVERS SEVERAL QUESTIONS IN

A TYPICAL PRIVATE OFFICE• 10’ x 12’

• Two 2x4 18 cell parabolic troffers– Each with three basic grade fluorescent 32W F32T8s and generic standard

ballast factor (BF) ballast consumes 90W

• Building time system set at 3000 annual hours of operation– Although probably not realistic, let’s say office worker never uses the light switches

• KWH rate is $0.10

• Annual lighting consumption from troffers is $54

• There is already good LED task lighting, which will be kept

• Good size south facing window

• With the sun’s intensity and glare the window blinds are closed most of the time

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LIGHTING ONLY• Each troffer can be retrofitted with fixed 20W

5000K troffer kit– 20W

– $130 parts, labor and disposal

• Room– 40W

– $12 annual electrical consumption

– $42 annual electrical savings

– $260 parts, labor and disposal

• 6.2 year payback without rebate

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BASIC SENSOR ONLY• One basic grade wall mounted occupancy

sensor – 16% energy savings, based on California

Energy Commission Database for Energy Efficiency Resources

– $8.64 annual savings

– $70 parts and labor

– 8.1 year payback without rebate

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ADVANCED SENSOR ONLY• Advanced control system

–25% energy savings

–$13.50 annual saving

–$140 parts and labor

–10.4 year payback without rebate

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LIGHTING & BASIC SENSOR

• $43.92 annual savings

• $330 parts and labor

• 7.5 year payback without rebate

• (With 40W lighting, sensor provides $1.92 annual savings & 36 year payback)• That is really an infinite payback

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LIGHTING & ADVANCED CONTROLS

• $45 annual savings

• $400 parts and labor

• 8.9 year payback without rebate

• (With 40W lighting, advanced controls provide $3.00 annual savings & 47 year payback)• Again, really infinite

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LET’S COMPARE• Lighting only 6.2 year payback

• Basic sensor only 8.1 year payback

• Advanced controls only 10.4 year payback

• Lighting & basic sensor 7.5 year payback– Sensor with 40W lighting 36 year payback

• Lighting & advanced controls 8.9 year payback– Controls with 40W lighting 47 year payback

• Office workers would probably manually turn off lighting frequently or at least some of the time

• In rooms with more lighting fixtures that one occupancy sensor could control, payback with sensor would be better

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BE CAREFUL• Many dimming and controls manufacturers and

some contractors combine lighting and controls in their proposals– And some of them, especially controls and dimming

companies, try to show that the bulk of the savings come from them, when often most of the savings come from lighting

• I recommend that end-customers require vendors to accurately separate lighting and controls

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BE CAREFUL• I have seen several dimming and control

companies artificially keep the base wattage relatively high to show how good their dimming and/or controls are

• Another example of follow the money

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IS LIGHTING GOOD FOR AUTOMATIC DEMAND REDUCTION?• Let’s compare .5 WSF lighting with other measures,

based on 10% reduction

• An addressable 3KV EV charger sheds the demand equivalent of 3000/.05/.1 = 60,000 SF of lighting– Vehicle batteries could be used to feed into the grid when

necessary

• An addressable 5 ton HVAC unit at 1KW/ton sheds the demand equivalent of 5000/.05/.01 = 100,000 SF of lighting– 1 ton HVAC handles about 400 square feet

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IS LIGHTING GOOD FOR AUTOMATIC DEMAND REDUCTION?• Based on one light fixture per 80 SF, there would be

750 lighting fixtures in 60,000 SF and 1250 lighting fixtures in 100,000 SF– It will cost a lot more to connect dimming and demand

response controls to 750 or 1250 lighting fixtures than to one electric car charger or one HVAC unit

• Even if lighting is 1.0 WSF, which would be 375 or 625 fixtures, car chargers and HVAC would still be much more cost effective for automatic demand response

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CONTROLS CAN ACTUALLY INCREASE BURN TIME

• Sometimes they actually increase energy consumption– I have seen numerous private elementary grade classrooms

where a teacher stays in the classroom of the day and/or energy cop students and private offices

• Where lights were turned off religiously when people left

• But after occupancy sensors were installed, they allowed the 10 – 15 minute delay in the sensors to turn off the lights automatically

• 12.5 minutes / 60 minutes per hour x 5 times a day x 5 days a week x 50 weeks a year = 260 extra hours per year lights are left on

• 260 hours x 200W / 1000 x $.10/KWH = $5.20 extra annual electric cost per room

• $5.20 x 100 rooms = $520 extra annual electric cost per facility

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OWNED AND NON-OWNED SPACES• This may be one of the most important

messages

• Owned space include private offices and classrooms where one teacher spends most the day– Since they feel ownership, they are more prone to

turn lights off when they leave

– If they do not currently turn off lights when leave, often education and motivation will work and that can be more cost effective than buying and installing sensors

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OWNED AND NON-OWNED SPACES

• Non-owned spaces include open offices, conference rooms, break rooms, restrooms and classrooms that teachers come and go

• Since people usually do not feel ownership, they tend to leave lights on when they leave

• These spaces are usually more cost effective than owned spaced for sensors

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SAVINGS• Savings from a lighting retrofit are pretty

firm– Know before and after wattages, hours and KWH

rates

• Savings from occupancy sensors and dimming are harder to determine– Even is used data loggers in some rooms for one

or two weeks before installation, that may not apply to other rooms or even those rooms at different times of the year

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SAVINGS• Saving during peak load times can be

much more significant than savings during night

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WHAT TO DO FIRST?• Except in areas that the lights are on for a long

time when people are gone, usually more cost effective to consider lighting retrofit first and then see if controls are cost effective with the low watts from the lighting system

• Often for X amount of money it is better to do more lighting and less or no controls

ADVANCED CONTROLS MAY PROVIDE

SUBSTANTIAL OTHER COST EFFECTIVE

BENEFITS38

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ALSO REDUCE HVAC COSTS

• Some occupancy sensors, in addition to turning and and off lights, can also reduce air flow in complete rooms or in part of a large room, which can reduce HVAC costs

• There are wired and wireless versions

• This also requires motorized vent doors

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LOAD MONITORING & CONTROL

• Some end-users, especially energy gurus in large companies with single or numerous facilities, want to track exact KW and KWH usage

• They may also want to reduce peak load to reduce peak KW on lighting, HVAC, plug load, machinery, etc.

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ACCURATE BILLING• Often tenants in master metered buildings are

billed for electricity and maybe also natural gas based on the percentage of square feet in the building

• That is not good if some tenants work 9 – 5 Monday through Friday and other tenants work much longer hours, maybe including weekends

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PROVIDE CUMULATIVE HOURS OF LIGHTING PRODUCTS

• This can be for lamps and LED products to help schedule group relamping and retrofitting or replacing LED products

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NOTIFY THAT CERTAIN LIGHTING PRODUCTS ARE NOT WORKING

PROPERLY OR AT ALL• If LEDs or drivers are too hot, they can be

automatically dimmed to cool down and signal that they should be inspected

• Inform if certain lighting products are not working

• Inform if photocontrols or components are not working– When are photocontrols designed to fail?

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TURN ON THE NEXT HIBAY

• Sometimes forklift and truck drivers go so fast that occupancy sensors on each hibay do not turn lights on fast enough for sufficient safety

• Advanced control systems can turn on one or more hibays in front

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IMPROVE SECURITY• Occupancy sensors can signal

security guards that the lights went on in a room that nobody should be in at a certain time–Like 2 AM on Sunday morning in

room 913 in a typical office building

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INFORM SPACE USAGE• Inform management how and when

various rooms are being used

• That can help them plan for scheduling, future worker locations and remodels

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INTERIOR GPS• Following is one example

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MEASURE CARBON DIOXIDE & HUMIDITY

• Individual or combination sensors can be mounted in lighting fixtures or other places to measure carbon dioxide, humidity, etc. to automatically control ventilation

• Could also detect marijuana smoke in college dorms, etc.

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OPTIMIZE HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

• This is probably the most important thing that basic and advanced controls to do, which is manually or automatically adjusting light level and spectrum for different people at different times of the day for different tasks

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OPTIMIZE HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

• Human Centric Lighting, which can improve circadian rhythms, alertness, sleep, performance, mood, visual acuity, perception and general well being

• Human Centric Lighting makes lighting much more than a commodity with soft benefits that dwarf hard savings, which include energy saving, rebates and maintenance savings

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OPTIMIZE HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

• Human Centric Lighting is the next big step in lighting and may become more significant than Edison creating the light bulb

• Even if you have attended one of my earlier Human Centric Lighting classes here in the past, it would be quite beneficial to attend my next one

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INTERNET OF

THINGS

INTERNET OF

THINGS

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IoT• IoT will probably permeate lighting faster than most

people expect

• If you think that lighting and controls have been evolving quickly the last few years, the pace will get quicker as the Apples, Ciscos, Googles, Qualcomms, Huawei (the Cisco of China) and others get into it– Know how to handle big data

– Have very fast smart chips

– Billion war chests to buy or develop their own lighting companies

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IoT• Lighting industry may mimic the cell phone

industry, because without it and because LED products last so long, how will manufacturers stay in business?– No or low cost products

– Monthly service fees for data and controls, based on consumers consider worth paying for

– Fixed CCT or Kelvin products will really limit what the fast smart chips can do

• So even the most efficient fixed CCT or Kelvin LED products can already be considered obsolete

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IoT• How important is this?

– Johnson Controls is selling their Automotive Group, which is over 50% of their revenue; to fund and focus on controls in IoT

– GE is selling their GE Capital business to fund and focus on the Industrial Internet

MISCELLANEOUS

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POWER OVER ETHERNET• PoE

– Power and communication in same CAT cables

• Wireless communication may not be fast or accurate enough in many applications as IoT really takes off

• Wireless communication may not be secure enough in many applications

• Alec Maddessian presented a webcast for LEDs Magazine– https://event.webcasts.com/viewer/event.jsp?ei=1

058887

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LIFI• Instead of WIFI, lighting fixtures could pulsed

light for communication• This optical wireless communication can

– Carry much more information– Can be more secure, because does not go through

walls

• If we have time, we could watch Harald Haas’ ‘Wireless data from every light bulb’– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaoSp4NpkGg– Or google search ‘TED Talk LIFI’

6060

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PLUG LOAD• Since lighting, heating and cooling are getting

so efficient and there is constantly more electronics in offices plug load is overtaking lighting load

• Following diagram is from ‘Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load’– https://www.smud.org/en/business/save-

energy/documents/plug-in-load.pdf

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PLUG LOAD• Surge protector power strip with occupancy sensor is often quite cost

effective

• I have seen task lights on all night and even the entire time people are on vacation.

• Can also work with portable heaters, fans, computers, printers, etc.

• One good example is WattStopper’s Isole IDP-3050 with 6 outlets controlled by occupancy sensor and 2 not

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FEATURES & BENEFITS• Features are what something can do

– For example, Microsoft Excel can do a lot, and the marketing material will probably highlight that

• Benefits are what will be used– For example, I will probably only use one third of

what Excel can do

• So do not go with the bells and whistles if you do not realistically think you will use much of it

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SOFTWARE LICENSING FEE

• When you get pricing on various advanced control systems, make sure they include their software licensing fee early on– That can be substantial

– And they may not want to bring it up until late in the process

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DO WE NEED BIG BROTHERS?

• I think that energy codes, such as ASHRAE or California Title 24 are in no way beneficial for lighting retrofits– For example, controls are mandated when they are not effective and

may make the financial tools so bad that the end-customer does not approve retrofits

• I have heard that at least one lighting retrofit contractor has considered providing two proposals

– One meets all code requirements

– Another excludes controls that the contractor and end-customer agrees are not cost effective, but if an inspector finds no controls where controls should be there, the end-customers is willing to pay the contractor to come back and install those controls

• Also with knowledgeable lighting professionals and end-customers, who are much more educated now than a few years ago, and with LM79 reports, I do not see any benefit of DesignLights Consortium

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LOBBYISTS FOR BIG BROTHERS

• If you are not already aware– Dimming and control manufacturers, Big Labor and

some advocates are really pushing mandating controls to various organizations and states

– So you may need to respond

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INTELLIGENT HEADLIGHTS

• Not only may laser diodes replace LEDs for interior lighting in about 10 years

• But some car manufacturers have already started to use them in headlights

• BMW Audi have intelligent ones and hopefully we can watch this video– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WvK5WC4ns0

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THAT’S ALL FOLKSEXCEPT FOR APPENDIX

• Please do evaluations if applicable• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk

– 808-344-9685 in Hawaii – stan@lightingwizards.com– www.lightingwizards.com

• Thanks for attending

APPENDIXAPPENDIX

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MORE ON IoTMORE ON IoT

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IoTThis is the Wikipedia definitionThe Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.[1] The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid.[2]

Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,[3] automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue.[4] These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices.[5] Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize wifi for remote monitoring.

Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated at a very high velocity, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process such data.[6][7]

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IoTThis is from techtargetA thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network. So far, the Internet of Things has been most closely associated with machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in manufacturing and power, oil and gas utilities. Products built with M2M communication capabilities are often referred to as being smart. (See: smart label, smart meter, smart grid sensor)

IPv6’s huge increase in address space is an important factor in the development of the Internet of Things. According to Steve Leibson, who identifies himself as “occasional docent at the Computer History Museum,” the address space expansion means that we could “assign an IPV6 address to every atom on the surface of the earth, and still have enough addresses left to do another 100+ earths.” In other words, humans could easily assign an IP address to every "thing" on the planet. An increase in the number of smart nodes, as well as the amount of upstream data the nodes generate, is expected to raise new concerns about data privacy, data sovereignty and security.

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IoTContinued from techtargetAlthough the concept wasn't named until 1999, the Internet of Things has been in development for decades. The first Internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Melon University in the early 1980s. The programmers could connect to the machine over the Internet, check the status of the machine and determine whether or not there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip down to the machine.

Kevin Ashton, cofounder and executive director of the Auto-ID Center at MIT, first mentioned the Internet of Things in a presentation he made to Procter & Gamble. Here’s how Ashton explains the potential of the Internet of Things:

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IoTContinued from techtarget“Today computers -- and, therefore, the Internet -- are almost wholly dependent on human beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes (a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes) of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture or scanning a bar code.

The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy -- all of which means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things -- using data they gathered without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling and whether they were fresh or past their best.”

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IoT• Dr. John Barrett did a very good job in his

TED Talk, which we may watch– http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/The-Internet-of-

Things-Dr-John

– Or google search ‘TED Talk Dr. John Barrett’

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IoT• This may be the biggest rocket booster for lighting’s

fast evolution

• This will be powered by some of the existing lighting and controls companies

• More power will probably come from the Apples, Ciscos, Googles, Huaweis and Qualcomms of the world, which have– Very fast chips and modules

– Communication & database management expertise

– Billion dollar war chests, which can be used to buy or develop lighting companies

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IoT• The ‘internet’ should not be limited to just the

web, but all fast ways to share information back and forth, which include wired and wireless systems

• So these and others would qualify– EnOcean or Zigbee wireless systems

– Cables with Watt Stopper’s Digital Lighting Management (DLM) or power over ethernet(PoE)

– BACnet

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IoT• These smart chips’ and modules’ function will

really be limited with fixed CCT or Kelvin LED products.

• Some type of tunable LED product will be necessary for these smart chips and modules to really be beneficial in the big picture

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IoT• Smart controls will probably permeate lighting

sooner than most people think– Maybe as short as 1 year

– 5 years max

• Many of these controls will be able to learn, adapt and communicate with each other and with other devices– They will be able to think

• Pricing should become quite inexpensive

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IoT• Services can include

– Monthly wattage

– Peak KW

– How and when various spaces are being used

– People enter if they are morning dove or night owl, if and when drink caffeine, post lunch dip or not, and the system automatically provides appropriate light dosing

– If somebody has jetlag, they can override the system for so many days

– Wearable sensors can signal• What light dosing should be used

• Or automatically adjusts the lighting

• Provide tools to improve mood, cognition, etc.

IoT• You could watch at least some of 2014

HorizonWatching Trend Report ‘Internet of Things’ or you could do it on your own

• 24 slides

• If we do not do it together, following slide has one of those slides

• http://www.slideshare.net/HorizonWatching/internet-of-things-a

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IoT• You could watch at least some of Cisco Live

2014 – IoT Lighting, which I have a file of and you could too on the web

• http://www.ciscolive.com/global/

• It includes information on PoE

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IoT• Cisco’s 10 Insights for Internet of Everything

(IoE) is another useful document, which includes– IoE is poised to generate $4.6 trillion in Value at

Stake for the global public sector over the next 10 years (2013-2022)• That does not include the private sector

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GENERAL INFOGENERAL INFO

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DIMMING LED• LED is much better than fluorescent for

dimming, because fluorescent gets less efficient and LED maintains or gets more efficient

• Dimming LED drivers usually cost less than fluorescent dimming ballasts

• LED is a digital technology, which is good for controls

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L70• LED products’ rated life is based on L70, which

is at 70% of initial lumens

• 30% swing may be too much– Either sufficient light initially and too dim when get

old

– Or excess light initially for sufficient light when get old

• Maybe lumen maintenance control systems would be good for many applications

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WHAT ARE ADVANCED CONTROLS?

• Yes, advanced controls can be ones that have or are connected to smart chips or computers, and may even be able to learn and adapt

• But the most advanced control may be manual ones, like switches and dimmers, which can provide optimal lighting and durations– This can often be better than automatic controls

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PROTOCOLS• Various companies have either private or open

protocols

• With private or sole source protocols, the customer is basically tied to the manufacturer– The manufacturer can try to charge anything they want

down the road

– If the manufacturer goes out of business, the customer may have to start over from scratch

– An example is Lutron

• So I often prefer open protocol, so the customer can get help from various manufacturers– Examples are Daintree and EnOcean

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DATA LOGGERS• Devices to measure how much lighting is on

when nobody is in spaces

• Several utilitys’ tool lending libraries have them

• Manufacturers include– Watt Stopper

– Sensor Switch

• Another way is to see how many bright windows there are at night

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HOLY GRAIL• What many people consider the holy grail of

controls is one control system for the entire building or facility, including– Lighting

– HVAC

– Plug load

– Motors

– Etc.

• We are about there

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EXCLUSIONS• I am not dealing very much with:

–Energy codes, because I have doing that in some of my other recent classes• But Title 24 may require less dimming

and controls by this summer

–Design Lights Consortium (DLC)

–Rebates

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FOLLOWING GROUP OF SLIDES ARE FOR CONTROL BENEFITS OTHER THAN MAINLY SAVING

ENERGY ON LIGHTING

• These are advanced controls

• Including one or more of these benefits can often make controls quite cost effective

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VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES,

PROTOCALS PRODUCTS

VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES,

PROTOCALS PRODUCTS

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BLUETOOTH• Limited range of 160 feet

• Personal Area Network (PAN) pairs controller to a specific load receiver

• www.bluetooth.com

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TCP/IP• Transmission Control Protocol and Internet

Protocol

• WiFi protocol assigns addresses to individual controls and individual loads to be addressed by a gateway

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ART-NET• Wireless version of DMX-512A

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Z-WAVE ALLIANCE• Mainly residential

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VLC• Visible Light Communication

• Digital information into light up to 1.2 miles

• This is a Wide Personal Area Network (WPAN)

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IFTTT• If This Then That

• For example, if a smart phone is detected near an individual office, lights turn on, and if the phone moves away, lights turn off

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ZIGBEE• Wireless open protocol standard

• Requires batteries that can last years

• Mesh networks, so multiple pathways for each node

• ZigBee Alliance with about 400 members– http://www.zigbee.org/

• I know Daintree Networks the best (which does not make them necessarily the best)– http://www.daintree.net/

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ENOCEAN• Wireless open global standard

• Battery-free, but can be more expensive initially

• Multiple companies

• EnOcean– https://www.enocean.com/en/home/

• EnOcean Alliance– https://www.enocean-alliance.org/en/home/

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DALI• Digital addressable Lighting Interface

• Much more common in Europe

• Last time I really looked at this, not that efficient

• http://www.dali-ag.org/

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BACnet• Developed under auspices of ASHRAE

• http://www.bacnet.org/index.html

• Or google search ‘bacnet’

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LONWORKS• Local operating network

• Similar to BACNET

• http://www.lonmark.org/

• Myths of LonWorks and BACnet– http://www.bacnet.org/Bibliography/BOM-4-98.pdf

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POWERLINE CARRIER WAVE

• Communication signal integrated in sine wave

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MISCELLANEOUS• Interior (mainly)

– Watt Stopper Digital Lighting Management

– Sensor Switch nLight

– Lutron

– Encelium

– Enlighted

• Exterior– Philips Dynadimmer

– Acuity ROAM (remote operations asset management)

– LSI purchased Virticus, which has both power line carrier wave and wireless solutions

• Many others, including ESCOs, have interior and exterior systems

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IoT STANDARDS• Qualcomm and Intel have competing standards

– Qualcomm• Launched AllSeen Alliance, an open source group of nearly 60

companies, including Microsoft

• Working to develop common language based on Qualcomm’s AllJoyntechnology

– Intell, Broadcom, Samsung, Dell and others• Created a rival group called Open Interconnect Consortium

• Aim to develop a technology standard of IoT communications that is not rooted in Qualcomm’s AllJoyn software code

– http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/jul/10/qualcomm-intel-dell-samsung-broadcom/

– https://allseenalliance.org/

– http://openinterconnect.org/

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IoT STANDARDS• Apple may only want IoT built around iOS

• Google may only want it built around Android

• Then there is the giant Huawei in China

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IoT STANDARDS• The Thread Group

–May not really be strict IoT

–http://www.threadgroup.org/

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IoT Related

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IoT Related

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IoT Related• Zumtobel to focus more on software,

CEO says– (Reuters) Austrian lighting group Zumtobel will increasingly focus on

providing packages of services rather than just hardware, Chief Executive Ulrich Schumacher told magazine Trend.

– "We will develop increasingly in future into a software supplier, a kind of Google of the lighting industry," he was quoted as saying in an interview published on Monday.

– He cited as an example complementing ceiling lighting with movement sensors or cameras to make it into an alarm system, or adding wireless modules to create an internet network.

• http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/15/us-zumtobel-outlook-idUSKBN0JT0LA20141215

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IoT SECURITY• Safety and security are major concerns with

the internet that we use for emailing, websites, etc.

• Here is CBS 60 Minutes’ 13 minute ‘Darpa: Nobody’s Safe On The Internet’, which we may watch part of– http://www.cbsnews.com/news/darpa-dan-

kaufman-internet-security-60-minutes/

– Or you could google search ‘CBS 60 Minutes Darpa’

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IoT SECURITY• Although we will not watch this 60 Minutes’ ‘Is

SmartTV getting too smart?’, I recommend that you do– http://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-smarttv-getting-

too-smart/

– Or you could google search ‘60 Minutes Smart TV’

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SSL INDUSTRY WAITS FOR THE RIGHT IoT STANDARDS AND WIRELESS PROTOCOLS

• By Tanuj Mohan in 12/15 issue of LEDs Magazine

• “The problem with ZigBee is that it ties the application layer (i.e. how a light fixture should behave to a physical or data-link layer (i.e. how the lower layer wireless protocotolbehaves). This is like tying your smartphone and its applications to 2G mobile technology so that it is unable to leverage 3G and 4G networks as hardware and wireless technology evolve.”

• “The shortcomings of ZigBee make it unacceptable for advanced lighting controls or other enterprise IoT applications. The release of ZigBee 3.0 is unlikely to solve all of its issues”

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SSL INDUSTRY WAITS FOR THE RIGHT IoT STANDARDS AND WIRELESS PROTOCOLS

• By Tanuj Mohan in 12/15 issue of LEDs Magazine

• “ZigBee was also developed and is maintained by a consortium that requires paid membership. Yet history has shown that the best way to drive technology innovation is through standards developed by organizations committed to an open process.”

• “In the meantime, and regardless of the standard that eventually wins out, the discussion around interoperability should focus on open application programming interfaces (APIs). That way the data is delivered from sensors and devices is almost irrelevant – there will always be a need for some mediation. Deploying systems that have robust and open APIs will ensure that all of your systems can work together, which is ultimately is what is important.”

LIGHTING SYSTEMS

THAT THINK

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LIGHTING SYSTEMS THAT THINK• Following group of slides are from Dr. Robert

Karlicek’s part at our Human Centric Lighting workshop at the Strategies In Light in Las Vegas on February 24, 2015

• He is Director of Rensselaer’s Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center

• http://www.rpi.edu/about/inside/issue/v4n1/karlicek.html

• https://smartlighting.rpi.edu/

Lighting Systems that Think™

How embedded intelligence will drive research on Human Centric Lighting

Robert Karlicek, Jr., Ph. D.

Professor, Electrical, Computer and Systems EngineeringDirector, Smart Lighting Engineering Research Center

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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The FIXTURES are WATCHING

Ambient Light and PIR Motion Detection(relatively primitive technology)

February 2014

• Ambient light sensors (daylighting, energy savings) • Passive IR (motion detection, occupancy estimation)• Wireless communications between lights (coordination)

Smart Lighting: Embedded Intelligence!! • Powerful computers are inexpensive

• Embedded sensors will let lighting systems “see”

• Data Collection will become a primary role of lighting

New entrants in the lighting business!!!

ARM® Cortex®‐M0+ Freescale Kinetis KL03 1.6 x 2.0 mm 

< 30¢

Drivers:• Global interconnectedness• Advanced data processing platforms• Powerful, low cost distributed 

computing

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Lighting Control – Learn from Robotics

Self Driving Cars• Complex Sensor Networks• Computationally Intense• Improved transportation

• Less human stress• Safer

Self Commissioning Lighting• Complex Sensor Networks• Computationally Intense• Improved Illumination

• Maximized light quality• Minimized energy consumption

Embedded “Expert Driver”

Embedded “Lighting Designer”

Light systems that “see”The Plenoptic Function

• Sense the plenoptic light field(How does light flow)

• Sense the use conditions 

• Conserve privacy (as much as possible)

(How is the space used)

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Light transport analysis sensing 

z‐integral confidence map 3D confidence map

Q. Wang, X. Zhang, K. L. Boyer, “Occupancy distribution estimation for smart light delivery with perturbation‐modulated light sensing”, Journal of Solid State Lighting 2014 1:17, ISSN 2196‐1107, doi:10.1186/s40539‐014‐0017‐2. 

Add one person to above scene

Digitized lighting – additional sense capability

Color selective time of flight

• Illumination based “RADAR”

• Low Resolution location of everything

• Useful for Task Estimation

(Li and Radke, Smart Lighting ERC)

Coarse, real‐time 3D mapping helps the lighting system “see”

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A time‐of‐flight tracking example

Robot Raconteur*

Sensors

Fixtures

Computation nodes

*

robotraconteur.com 

Combine light transport and TOFDynamic Lighting Control• Intensity•Variable SPD

Light Transport Feature Vector

TOF Depth Feature Vector

ImplicitModel

LEARNING

• Sensors integrated with neural networks that “learn”

• Ergonomic Lighting Quality and Energy Savings(corrected for human factors considerations)

Biometrics

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Lighting and Human Performance

BIOLOGICAL/BEHAVIORALAcute EffectsMelatonin Secretion

Body Temperature

Cortisol Secretion

Heart rate

Alertness

Cognitive Performance

Psychomotor Performance

Brain Blood flow

EEG Responses

Clock Gene Expression

Longer Term EffectsCircadian Phase‐Shift

Circadian Entrainment

Sleep Physiology

Light Therapy (e.g.,  SAD)

VISUAL EFFECTSVISUAL REFLEXES

Light drives both the visual system AND biological/behavioral effects 

Circadian Rhythm as a Control SystemThe Vision• Personalized real‐time circadian estimation

• Optimized feedback lighting control

• Targeted application domain

• Integration with performance and health

Desired Rhythm

Control Algorithm

Circadian Estimation(Signal Processing, Sensor Fusion)

Disturbances

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Increasing commercial interestsState of the art

• Open loop entrainment• Average human phase Response Curve (PRC)• Questionnaire based circadian rhythm estimation

Philips

Withings

Re‐timer

CPAP

philips.com

circadian.com

withings.com

mybasis philips actigraph withing Smart Lighting ERC 

Light based biometrics integrationNew Analytical Circadian ModelAdvanced Sensor Data Analysis

Faster, More Accurate Circadian Phase 

Estimator

Analytical Model for Circadian Phase Shifting with Light

Wearable Sensors for Light Based 

Circadian Optimization?

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• Lightfeed – an undergraduate business startup (advised by the Smart Lighting ERC)

• Spectrally resolved light dose measurements

• 10 nm buckets• Wireless communications• Long battery life• “being worn” sensing

• Better research tool, allows crowd sourcing of light dose information for “large data analytics”

Better Light Dose MeasurementsGoogle Glass based unit shown at CES 2014

Current “low cost” Prototype

Human Centric LightingIllumination – Video Fusion

From The Sky Factory

• Simulated widow

• Light boxes on side match light expected based on display (sunny, cloudy, sunrise, sunset)

• Installed on ICU rooms without windows

• Dramatic effect on patient outcomes (to be published soon)

• Better than windows (change locations daily?) • Installed in 19 ICU’s

• Operating for 18 months• Dramatic impact on patient care 

Smart Lighting ERC – St. Peter’s Albany Collaboration

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New Lighting Dynamics

Context Sensitive Adaptive Color and Intensity  Control• Responds to human activity• Stimulates alertness• Therapeutic applications(?)• Improved cognition (?)• Other value added functions(?)

Creative use of metamers at fixed u’v’ based on sensor network input

Acknowledgements

• Funding from the NSF

• Colleagues at…

Rensselaer (lead)

Boston University

University of New Mexico

Thomas Jefferson University

• The Smart Lighting ERC Industrial Members(20 Companies across the world supporting the Smart Lighting Vision)

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LET’S STEP INTO THE FUTURE

• Ledmotive is a very good example with LED lighting product with integral spectrometer

• We are getting to a place that lighting and controls are joined in the hip

• Here is a good video– http://ledmotive.com/

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This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

www.seventhwave.org/education/events