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1June 16, 2009
Advanced LithiumAdvanced Lithium--IonIonBattery Applications &Battery Applications &Materials ConsiderationsMaterials Considerations
June 16, 2009June 16, 2009
William J. YalenWilliam J. Yalen
Program Manager / Lead Program EngineerProgram Manager / Lead Program Engineer
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
82 Mechanic St.82 Mechanic St.
Pawcatuck, CT 06379Pawcatuck, CT 06379
860860--599599--1100 x406 Mobile: 8601100 x406 Mobile: 860--961961--7317 7317
Email: [email protected] : [email protected]
www.yardney.comwww.yardney.comCertificate #: CERT-0026640
Issue Date: 3/28/2008
Expiry Date: 3/27/2011
YEARSYEARS
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2June 16, 2009
Presentation Outline/AgendaPresentation Outline/Agenda
10Q&A
59Total
10Research & Development
15Advanced Materials Issues & Developments
15Survey of Applications
5Yardney Overview & History
2Presenter Background
2Introduction & Outline/Agenda
Time (min.)Topic
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3June 16, 2009
Presenter BackgroundPresenter Background
� Education:– U.S. Naval Academy, B.S., Electrical Engineering
– Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) MS CIS
� Career Prior to Yardney:– U.S. Navy Submarine Officer
– Solar Power Systems Engineer
– U.S. Government, Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative
– Commercial Interactive Training & Information Systems Development Management
– Commercial spinoff: Entrepreneur, start up business
– Interactive systems development & Project Management
– Large-scale semi-automated production facility implementation
� Yardney:– High Performance Battery programs (for Aerospace, Defense, Electric Vehicles, etc.);
– Currently responsible for programs as Program Manager or Lead Program Engineer;
– Also served as Applications (Sales) Engineer, Business Development Specialist, & Public Relations Manager;
– Responsibilities: Program management, planning, scheduling, budgeting, team leadership & coordination, technical systems development/implementation, applications concepts development, market research, proposals preparation, press releases, trade shows, etc. – including Guest Speaker engagements;
Bill YalenProgram Manager / Lead Program Engineer
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
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4June 16, 2009
Product Applications SnapshotProduct Applications Snapshot
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5June 16, 2009
Ni-H2
Ni-Zn
1988
Acquired GTE Power Systems
(Lithium Thionyl Chloride)
Corporate HistoryCorporate History
1944
Founded in New York as
Yardney Electric Corporation
1969
Yardney acquired by
Whittaker Corporation1994
Acquired Alupower, Inc.
(Al-Air Technology)
1970
New York facility moved to
Pawcatuck, Connecticut
1990
YTP, Inc. buyout from
Whittaker Corp. by
Richard M. Scibelli
1995
Incorporated Lithion, Inc.
Rechargeable Li-ion Technology
1999
Acquired World Wide Rights to
Alupower from BTR
1997
Acquired Whittaker PSD
(Primary Ag-Zn Technology)
2001
Yardney, Alupower & Lithion,
become separate divisions of
Ener-Tek International, Inc.
2005
Reorganized
All divisions operate as
Yardney Technical Products, Inc.
1944 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1997 2008
Ag-Cd MgAgCl Ni/Zn/Ag
Oxides
Thionyl
Chloride
Al-Air Li-Ion Ag/Zn
(P)
Li-AirAg/Zn
(S)
Torpedoes Space Torpedoes EVs Space Missiles UAVs Satellites/Aerospace Apps/Marine
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6June 16, 2009
Overview Overview
Our Strategic Vision…
� Baseline 60+ Years of Experience From Silver Zinc into Latest Chemistries
� Focus on Leading Edge Designs for Critical Applications
� Leverage the Flagship Programs’ Wealth of Experience and Success
A Veteran-Owned Small Business
Gold Award - 2008
Gold Award - 2007
Gold Award – 2006
Silver Award - 2005
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7June 16, 2009
Mission:
Yardney is dedicated to be the leader in research, development, design and the
manufacture of high performance battery systems for demanding AIR, LAND,
SEA and SPACE applications utilizing our talented employees, integrity and
tradition of delivering on commitments.
Vision:
Further our quest for excellence through innovation, research, development and
acquisitions that will augment our mission.
Values:
People * Quality * Customer Satisfaction * Leadership * Integrity * Suppliers
MissionMission
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8June 16, 2009
Yardney Lithion Applications ProgressionYardney Lithion Applications Progression
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9June 16, 2009
Yardney FacilityYardney Facility
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10June 16, 2009
Battery BasicsBattery Basics
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11June 16, 2009
So, What IS a Battery?So, What IS a Battery?
A basic battery can
be as simple as a
grade-school
science project:
–Two dissimilar
metals (anode &
cathode) separated
within a common
electrolyte
Al anode ( – )
Cu cathode ( + )
Lemon
(electrolyte &
separator)
Making a real
battery that is
useful, reliable,
efficient, etc.
takes more
work…
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12June 16, 2009
Choosing the Right Battery ChemistryChoosing the Right Battery Chemistry
System V Cycle Life
@ 100% DOD Specific
Energy
Wh/kg
Energy
Density
Wh/l
Self-
Dchge
%/month
Pb-Acid 2.0 500 25 75 5
Ni-Cd 1.2 1000 53 145 20
Ni-MH 1.2 500 80 280 25
Zn/AgO 1.5 100 185 405 5
Li-Ion 3.6 3000 155 410 3-8
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13June 16, 2009
Some Typical Battery ChemistriesSome Typical Battery Chemistries
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
Graviemetric Energy Density (Wh/kg)
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
Lead Acid
NiCd
NiMHHP Li-Ion
HE Li-Ion
Cell Level Results
Typ. Military
Li-IonAg-Zn
Sacrifice Low temp and Charge
Rate
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14June 16, 2009
SilverSilver--Zinc Batteries & ApplicationsZinc Batteries & Applications
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15June 16, 2009
SilverSilver--Zinc Batteries (AgZinc Batteries (Ag--Zn)Zn)
Yardney SilvercelsYardney Silvercels®®
�� LR: Long Life, Low Rate LR: Long Life, Low Rate
�� HR: Medium Life, High RateHR: Medium Life, High Rate
�� PM: Limited Life, Optimum PM: Limited Life, Optimum PerformancePerformance
�� Lighter/More Compact than Lighter/More Compact than LeadLead--Acid and NiCdAcid and NiCd
�� High Discharge RatesHigh Discharge Rates
�� Wide Variety of Ampere Hours Wide Variety of Ampere Hours availableavailable
�� Mature technology Mature technology
–– Technology leader for over Technology leader for over 60 years60 years
Peacekeeper
Minuteman
Titan
Sparrow
HAWK
Atlas V
IUS
Iris
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16June 16, 2009
AgAg--Zn CellsZn Cells�� Zinc AnodeZinc Anode
�� ElectrodepositedElectrodeposited
�� ElectroformedElectroformed
�� MetallicMetallic
�� Silver Oxide CathodeSilver Oxide Cathode
�� Rolled Sintered, Rolled Sintered, electrochemically chargedelectrochemically charged
�� Prismatic Cell ConfigurationPrismatic Cell Configuration
�� SeparatorsSeparators
�� CellulosicsCellulosics
�� PolyolefinsPolyolefins
�� OthersOthers
SilverSilver--Zinc Cell DesignZinc Cell Design
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17June 16, 2009
Yardney AgYardney Ag--Zn CellZn Cell
• 0.1 to 20,000 Ampere
Hours
• Nominal Voltage
Under Load: 1.5 volts
High Discharge Rates
Negative TerminalNegative Terminal
Inner SeparatorInner Separator
Positive TerminalPositive Terminal
Vent TrapVent Trap
(Leakproof, Spillproof)(Leakproof, Spillproof)
Plastic CasePlastic Case
ElectrolyteElectrolyte
(Essentially absorbed into active materials (Essentially absorbed into active materials
–– no maintenance required)no maintenance required)Negative ElectrodesNegative Electrodes
(Zinc or Cadmium)(Zinc or Cadmium)
Vent ValveVent Valve
Positive ElectrodePositive Electrode
(Silver)(Silver)
Outer SeparatorOuter Separator
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SilverSilver--Zinc ApplicationsZinc Applications
�� Missiles (Atlas V/Delta II/IV)Missiles (Atlas V/Delta II/IV)
�� Target TorpedoesTarget Torpedoes
�� Unmanned VehiclesUnmanned Vehicles
�� Space Power Satellites, Life Space Power Satellites, Life
SupportSupport
�� DSRV, SDV, NRDSRV, SDV, NR--11
�� SonobuoysSonobuoys
�� Broadcast Industry (ENG)Broadcast Industry (ENG)
�� Pipeline InspectionPipeline Inspection
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19June 16, 2009
Minuteman III Minuteman III –– Land Based ICBM Land Based ICBM
�� ICBM Flight Computer BatteriesICBM Flight Computer Batteries
�� SESE--437A and SE437A and SE--437C Silver Zinc437C Silver Zinc
�� 28 Volt, 14.5 Ah 28 Volt, 14.5 Ah –– PrimariesPrimaries
�� Pre and Post Guidance Pre and Post Guidance Replacement ProgramReplacement Program
�� Stage 1 Rocket Motor Stage 1 Rocket Motor –– SESE--13G13G
�� Propulsion Replacement ProgramPropulsion Replacement Program
�� 28 Volt, 8 Ah Silver Zinc 28 Volt, 8 Ah Silver Zinc -- PrimaryPrimary
�� Battery powers the Stage I Thrust Battery powers the Stage I Thrust
Vector Control mechanismVector Control mechanism
�� NSWC, Crane Production NSWC, Crane Production
ContractsContracts
�� Hill AFB CustomerHill AFB Customer
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Atlas V/Delta II/IV EELV BatteriesAtlas V/Delta II/IV EELV Batteries
�� Common Core Booster Main Common Core Booster Main
–– 28V, 20/40 Ah 28V, 20/40 Ah –– 20xHR30DC20xHR30DC--11
–– Supplies primary power to Booster Supplies primary power to Booster
functionsfunctions
�� Flight Termination SystemFlight Termination System
–– 28V, 1.5 Ah 28V, 1.5 Ah –– 20xHR2.5DC20xHR2.5DC--33
–– Range SafetyRange Safety
�� PYROPYRO
–– 28V, 3 Ah 28V, 3 Ah –– 20xHR5DC20xHR5DC--1818
–– Fires stage separation sequencingFires stage separation sequencing
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NUWC MK30 Mod 1 Target TorpedoNUWC MK30 Mod 1 Target Torpedo
�� Model LR190DCModel LR190DC--1 Cell 1 Cell --
SecondarySecondary
�� 190Ah Rechargeable Silver Zinc190Ah Rechargeable Silver Zinc
–– 168 cells makeup full battery168 cells makeup full battery
�� Provides power for the electric Provides power for the electric
motor of this Torpedo Targetmotor of this Torpedo Target
�� MK30 MOD 1 Target Torpedo used MK30 MOD 1 Target Torpedo used
in training exercises as in training exercises as ““pseudopseudo--
subsub””
�� Simulates acoustic and magnetic Simulates acoustic and magnetic
signatures and dynamics of signatures and dynamics of
submarinessubmarines
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MK 8 MOD 1 SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV)MK 8 MOD 1 SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV)
�� Manned SubmersibleManned Submersible
�� Used to deliver Navy SEALS Used to deliver Navy SEALS
& equipment to mission & equipment to mission
areas.areas.
�� Vehicle powered by silverVehicle powered by silver--
zinc battery 300Ah, 180 Voltszinc battery 300Ah, 180 Volts
–– Yardney LR360DC CellsYardney LR360DC Cells
�� Decision For LithiumDecision For Lithium--Ion Ion
Transition Pending Future Transition Pending Future
Use of Vehicle ~ Use of Vehicle ~ ““SDV NextSDV Next””
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Survey of AdvancedSurvey of Advanced
LiLi--ion Applicationsion Applications
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�� SpacecraftSpacecraft
�� AircraftAircraft
�� TorpedoesTorpedoes
�� SubmarinesSubmarines
�� Unmanned Air VehiclesUnmanned Air Vehicles
�� Unmanned Underwater Unmanned Underwater
Vehicles Vehicles
�� DOD CommunicationsDOD Communications
�� Medical ApplicationsMedical Applications
LiLi--ion Battery Applicationsion Battery Applications
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25June 16, 2009
LithiumLithium--Ion Prismatic Cell DesignIon Prismatic Cell Design
LiLi--Ion Prismatic CellIon Prismatic Cell
�� Internal ComponentsInternal Components
�� Intercalation Anode and Intercalation Anode and Cathode, no metallic lithium Cathode, no metallic lithium
�� Active Material Active Material -- Mixed Metal Mixed Metal Oxide Oxide
�� Organic Solvent Based Organic Solvent Based Electrolyte Electrolyte
�� ConstructionConstruction
�� Hermetically Sealed SS Hermetically Sealed SS Case Case
�� Cell Stack Insulated from Cell Stack Insulated from CaseCase
�� GlassGlass--toto--Metal Seal Metal Seal TerminalsTerminals
�� Safety FeaturesSafety Features
�� Burst Disc in CoverBurst Disc in Cover
Fill Port
Terminal Assembly
Rupture Disc
Double Coated Electrodes
3.6
Volts
Two Primary Chemistries
Different Electrolyte Choices
Case “neutral”design
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26June 16, 2009
B2 Production Line LiB2 Production Line Li--Ion BatteryIon Battery
24 Volt, 50 Ah Lithium Ion Battery 24 Volt, 50 Ah Lithium Ion Battery �� DropDrop--In Replacement for 10 Ah NiCd SystemIn Replacement for 10 Ah NiCd System
–– Over 5 Times the NiCd Capacity Over 5 Times the NiCd Capacity
–– Same Size and Weight & FootprintSame Size and Weight & Footprint
–– Better LowBetter Low--Temperature PerformanceTemperature Performance
–– Uses Existing NiCd Battery ChargerUses Existing NiCd Battery Charger
–– Features Features ““PlugPlug--andand--PlayPlay”” System DesignSystem Design
–– Powers Critical Link 16 Comm Upgrade Powers Critical Link 16 Comm Upgrade
�� Uses First Generation 50 Ah Cell Design Uses First Generation 50 Ah Cell Design
�� Space Qualified variants availableSpace Qualified variants available
�� Viable source for larger capacity space Viable source for larger capacity space missionsmissions
�� Production Contract Awarded in July 2004Production Contract Awarded in July 2004
Extra Space Used For electronics
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US Navy Advanced SEAL Delivery US Navy Advanced SEAL Delivery
System (ASDS) System (ASDS) Two Parallel 350Ah-150V Strings
in 14 Battery Tubes per Boat
4 of These Per Tube
14 Tubes per Boat
�� Manned Submersible Power SourceManned Submersible Power Source
–– >85.7kWh Per Tube>85.7kWh Per Tube
–– Total Energy Storage > 1.2 MWhTotal Energy Storage > 1.2 MWh
–– Provides Power for Propulsion and Provides Power for Propulsion and
Shipboard ElectronicsShipboard Electronics
�� Safety Certification Received from Safety Certification Received from
NSWC/Crane NSWC/Crane –– TRL Level 9TRL Level 9
�� Complete Shipset Delivered to Sea Complete Shipset Delivered to Sea
Systems command (NAVSEA) in June Systems command (NAVSEA) in June
20052005
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28June 16, 2009
In Simpler TermsIn Simpler Terms……..
�� 88--ton Lithium Ion Batteryton Lithium Ion Battery
�� 1.2 MWh would power a typical house for the better 1.2 MWh would power a typical house for the better part of 2 monthspart of 2 months
�� Has the power of approximately 1,000 BHas the power of approximately 1,000 B--2 Batteries2 Batteries
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29June 16, 2009
NASA/JPL Mars Exploratory Rover NASA/JPL Mars Exploratory Rover
(MER) Mission(MER) Mission
2 x 28V, 10 Ah Lithium Ion Batteries
• Spirit and Opportunity Energy Storage
- Nighttime Power Source- Daytime Augmentation During Peak Loads
- Design to Test in Nine Months
• Program Extended Multiple Times
- Initial Three Month Run-Time Requirement- NASA has extended the mission several times
- Over 5 years and still collecting useful data!
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30June 16, 2009
NASA/Lockheed Orion CEVNASA/Lockheed Orion CEV
�� Implements U.S. Space Exploration Implements U.S. Space Exploration
PolicyPolicy
–– Orion is the next generation crewOrion is the next generation crew--piloted piloted
spacecraftspacecraft
–– MultiMulti--Mission Capable (LEO/ISS/Lunar Orbit)Mission Capable (LEO/ISS/Lunar Orbit)
–– Leverages B2/Global Hawk/Hubble HeritageLeverages B2/Global Hawk/Hubble Heritage
�� Customer: Lockheed Martin Space Customer: Lockheed Martin Space
Systems of Denver, COSystems of Denver, CO
�� Launch: via Ares I Launch VehicleLaunch: via Ares I Launch Vehicle
Multiple Large-scale Lithium-ion Batteries per Ship-Set
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31June 16, 2009
Orbital Express ProgramOrbital Express Program
30Ah, 28V Li30Ah, 28V Li--Ion Battery Ion Battery -- NEXTSat NEXTSat (BATC)(BATC)
43 Ah, 28V Li43 Ah, 28V Li--Ion Battery Ion Battery -- ASTRO ASTRO (Boeing)(Boeing)
•• DARPA Technology Demonstration DARPA Technology Demonstration
–– Apr 07 Apr 07 –– Robotic transfer of Lithion Robotic transfer of Lithion
battery from ASTRO to NexSatbattery from ASTRO to NexSat
–– 200 miles up200 miles up——17,000 mph each 17,000 mph each
Autonomous Robotic Refueling and Autonomous Robotic Refueling and
Reconfiguration Reconfiguration
–– First ever hardware transfer between First ever hardware transfer between
two unmanned spacecraft on orbittwo unmanned spacecraft on orbit
•• Launched Launched —— Mar 07; Completed Mar 07; Completed successful missionsuccessful mission
Boeing 43Ah ASTRO BATC 30 Ah NEXTSat
16 YTP batteries on the mission!!!
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NASA/JPL Phoenix ProgramNASA/JPL Phoenix Program
Dual 28 Volt, 30 Ah Lithium Ion Battery SystemDual 28 Volt, 30 Ah Lithium Ion Battery System
�� Program resurrected from 2001 Mars LanderProgram resurrected from 2001 Mars Lander
–– Martian Arctic Explorer Martian Arctic Explorer -- Fixed LanderFixed Lander
•• Determine whether Life ever arose on Mars Determine whether Life ever arose on Mars
•• Characterize the Climate of Mars Characterize the Climate of Mars
•• Characterize the Geology of Mars Characterize the Geology of Mars
•• Prepare for Human Exploration Prepare for Human Exploration
�� Identical Design as Heritage BatteryIdentical Design as Heritage Battery
�� Customer Customer -- Lockheed Martin Space SystemsLockheed Martin Space Systems
�� Launch Launch -- Aug 2007 Landed Aug 2007 Landed -- May 2008May 2008
�� Mission was completed successfully and batteries Mission was completed successfully and batteries exceeded their requirements by almost 100%exceeded their requirements by almost 100%
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33June 16, 2009
2 x 28V, 20Ah Lithium Ion Batteries
Science
• Did Martian site ever
have conditions
favorable to microbial
life?
Design
•Retain MER heritage• New Li-ion cell: Scaled up
version of MER cell
• 20 Ah Nameplate capacity
• 8S/2P Configuration.• Chemistry identical to MER
• No solar arrays – uses
Radioisotope Power Source
(proposed)
• Launch schedule: Fall 2011
NASA/JPL CURIOSITYNASA/JPL CURIOSITY
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Northrop Grumman ATDCNorthrop Grumman ATDC
Dual Lithium Ion Battery SystemDual Lithium Ion Battery System
�� 4 Flight Batteries 28 Volt, 50 Ah4 Flight Batteries 28 Volt, 50 Ah
–– BB--2 Battery with Simplified Electronics 2 Battery with Simplified Electronics
�� 1 270 Volt, 12Ah1 270 Volt, 12Ah
–– Lithion JSF heritageLithion JSF heritage
�� Plus Development UnitsPlus Development Units
User User –– Northrop Grumman Advanced Northrop Grumman Advanced Technology Development Center, Technology Development Center, Palmdale CAPalmdale CA
Application: Emergency Backup PowerApplication: Emergency Backup Power
�� Schedule: FY09 Schedule: FY09
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USAF/ACC Global HawkUSAF/ACC Global Hawk
24 Volt, 55 Ah Lithium Ion Battery System24 Volt, 55 Ah Lithium Ion Battery System
�� Replacement for 50Ah NiCd SystemReplacement for 50Ah NiCd System
–– BB--2 Battery with new NCP 552 Battery with new NCP 55--3 Cell3 Cell
�� Three Battery Shipset Three Battery Shipset
�� Colder Temp Performance Colder Temp Performance
�� 62lb savings 62lb savings per batteryper battery
�� EMD/Production MultiEMD/Production Multi--year Contractyear Contract
–– Customer: Northrop Grumman Customer: Northrop Grumman
–– Six month delivery for first unitsSix month delivery for first units
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NUWC Electric Torpedo BatteryNUWC Electric Torpedo Battery
Phase 1Phase 1
�� 75kW, nominal 360V Battery75kW, nominal 360V Battery
�� 5 modules, 20 cells each5 modules, 20 cells each
�� OnOn--board balancing, monitoring board balancing, monitoring electronicselectronics
�� Successfully DeployedSuccessfully Deployed
Phase 2Phase 2
�� 90kW, nominal 360V90kW, nominal 360V
�� Improved performanceImproved performance
�� Summer 09 deliverySummer 09 delivery
Model 9535 Module
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Medical CellsMedical Cells
�� The Otologics MET FullyThe Otologics MET Fully--Implantable Implantable
Ossicular Stimulator Ossicular Stimulator
–– The device allows sounds to be picked up by a The device allows sounds to be picked up by a
microphone, amplified, and converted into an microphone, amplified, and converted into an
electrical signal. The transducer translates the electrical signal. The transducer translates the
electrical signals into a mechanical motion that electrical signals into a mechanical motion that
directly stimulates the ossicles and enables the directly stimulates the ossicles and enables the
wearer to perceive sound.wearer to perceive sound.
� 50mAh Human
Implantable Cell
– 0.56” x 0.18” x 0.90”– > 1000 cycles demonstrated at 39°C (102°F) on 100mAh Design
Lithion Cell
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Electric Vehicles: From the 1960Electric Vehicles: From the 1960’’ss……Yardney represented in the Smithsonian:
http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/001034.ht
m
YARDNEY SILVERCEL
CD 2055018 E&MP1.034Automobiles,
Electric1967Rear view of the Yardney
Silvercel experimental electric automobile
showing two silver-zinc batteries, the 7.2
horsepower electric motor that drives the car
without any gears, and an ampere hour
meter that shows how much energy has been
used after the car is driven.
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Electric Vehicles: Breaking New GroundElectric Vehicles: Breaking New Ground
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Electric Vehicles: Breaking New GroundElectric Vehicles: Breaking New Ground
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Electric Vehicles: Breaking New GroundElectric Vehicles: Breaking New Ground
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Electric Vehicles: Breaking New GroundElectric Vehicles: Breaking New Ground
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LithiumLithium--Air CellsAir Cells
�� Objective: High Specific EnergyObjective: High Specific Energy
�� 10X the Specific Energy of Li10X the Specific Energy of Li--IonIon
�� Different cell sizes and designsDifferent cell sizes and designs
�� End Goal: 2000 Wh/kg per CellEnd Goal: 2000 Wh/kg per Cell
�� UAVs, Air Balloons, Reserve Power, UAVs, Air Balloons, Reserve Power,
Electronics, and RechargingElectronics, and Recharging
�� Attributes: Attributes:
�� Li Metal Anode Li Metal Anode ---- Highest Energy By WeightHighest Energy By Weight
�� Air Cathode Air Cathode ---- Oxygen Source Oxygen Source
�� OCV 3.3, Operating 2.5 VoltsOCV 3.3, Operating 2.5 Volts
�� Ongoing AF/Army SBIR AwardsOngoing AF/Army SBIR Awards
Large Cell
0
1
2
3
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (hours)
Potential (volts)
2.8V
100 hrs
Small Cell
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Battery Management System Battery Management System
(BMS) Electronics (BMS) Electronics
� BMS Elex are very important for Li-ion batteries
� General:� The Battery Management System (BMS) electronics monitor the battery and
perform cell balancing and equalization as needed when cell divergence is detected. BMS Electronics have been space qualified for missions such as the NEXTSat Orbital Express application and the XSS-11 satellite.
� Electronics Operation:� The Battery Management Electronics exhibit the following characteristics and
features:– The electronics derive power from the battery pack and operate over the full
operating voltage of the Battery, typically 24VDC to 32.8VDC for space applications.
– The cell voltage of each cell is monitored and can be reported, as a scaled value (0.30 times actual cell voltage) with a ±0.040 VDC tolerance.
– The electronics performs Cell Balancing on each of the cells by means of resistive bypass around the cell. When any cell voltage reaches 4.1 VDC a resistor is placed in parallel with the cell, bypassing about 100 mA. The bypassing terminates when the cell voltage drops below 4.05 VDC.
– A warning signal is triggered if any cell voltage exceeds 4.29VDC. This signal terminates when the cell voltage drops below 4.15 VDC.
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Useful GlossaryUseful Glossary�� Battery ChemistryBattery Chemistry
–– Primarily determines the Voltage, Power, Capacity and EnergyPrimarily determines the Voltage, Power, Capacity and Energy
–– Can be widely different systems: Lead Acid vs. Nickel CadmiumCan be widely different systems: Lead Acid vs. Nickel Cadmium
–– For LithiumFor Lithium--ion it can specify the materials used: Mixed Metal Oxide (LiCoOion it can specify the materials used: Mixed Metal Oxide (LiCoO22) vs. Olivine ) vs. Olivine
(LiFePO(LiFePO44))
�� Temperature, Energy, CapacityTemperature, Energy, Capacity
–– Temperature in Celsius (Temperature in Celsius (°°C)C)
–– Energy in WattEnergy in Watt--hours (Wh)hours (Wh)
–– Capacity in AmpCapacity in Amp--hours (Ah)hours (Ah)
�� Other TermsOther Terms
–– CC--rate: the rate that will fully discharge a battery in one hour rate: the rate that will fully discharge a battery in one hour
�� C/2 = two hours C/2 = two hours
�� 10C = 6 minutes (10C = 6 minutes (11//1010 hour)hour)
–– DOD: either Depth of Discharge or Department of DefenseDOD: either Depth of Discharge or Department of Defense
�� 40% DOD = removing 40% of the 40% DOD = removing 40% of the ““Rated CapacityRated Capacity””
–– Rated Capacity: defined by manufacturerRated Capacity: defined by manufacturer
�� BOL = Beginning of LifeBOL = Beginning of Life
�� EOL = End of LifeEOL = End of Life
�� Cell Size for your larger batteryCell Size for your larger battery
–– 18650, 26650, 6Ah, 7Ah, 10Ah 12Ah, 20Ah, 25Ah, 34Ah, 43Ah, 55Ah,18650, 26650, 6Ah, 7Ah, 10Ah 12Ah, 20Ah, 25Ah, 34Ah, 43Ah, 55Ah, 200Ah, 350Ah200Ah, 350Ah
–– Brings you up to 2184 combinationsBrings you up to 2184 combinations……..
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements� iMAPS:
– iMAPS for the Opportunity to Present
– Guixiang Yang
� Yardney:
– Stu Santee, Senior Research Engineer, Dr. Joe Gnanaraj, Dr. Rob
Gitzendanner, Dr. Malgorzata (Maggie) Gulbinska, Frank Puglia, & Boris
Ravdel; Coworkers at Lithion/Yardney
� Customers & Industry/Academia Partners & Supporters:
– DoD, DoE, NASA, NSF – Additional Funding
– Funding for some testing and development provided under a number of
programs, including:
� Air Force: F-33615-98-C-2898 & F33615-03-C-2323
� NAVY: N000164-03-D-6923, N68335-08-C-0198
– Marshall Smart - JPL
– Coda Automotive, Inc.
– University of Connecticut, Northeastern University, University of Rhode
Island
Thank Thank youyou for your attentionfor your attention
