Advanced programming using C# · Visual Studio.NET IDE •Integrated development environment...

MSc PROGRAMMING Dr Rupak Kharel

E343

[email protected]

Assessment

• 3 Courseworks

• Course work 1 35% - Deadline 25/10/2013*

• Course work 2 35% - Deadline 10/01/2014

• Viva Exam 30% - Will decide after CW2

• Formative lab works

* Planning to change to add two more weeks

MSc Programming - Dr R. Kharel 2

Software

• Microsoft Visual Studio 2012/2010

• Student version can be obtained from www.dreamspark.com

• Or Visual C# Express edition can also be obtained from Microsoft

website

Moodle – all notes on here

http://moodle.mmu.ac.uk


http://www.dreamspark.com/

Bibliography

• Deitel & Deitel C# How to Program 3rd / 4th edition

Prentice Hall

• Professional C# 3rd Edition Wrox Press

• Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 6th

Edition Pressman et al.

Any standard C# book will be good enough. There are also

loads of materials available online. Just google.


C, C++, .NET and Java (V)

• Java

• Sun Microsystems corporate research project (1991)

• Code-named Green

• Based on C and C++

• Intended for intelligent consumer-electronic devices

• Lack of popularity almost causes cancellation

• Sudden popularity of WWW provides new potential

• Java capable of dynamic content

• Animated and interactive content

• Grabbed attention of business community

• Now very widely used

• Enhance functionality of WWW servers

• Provide applications for consumer devices


C#

• C#

• Developed at Microsoft

• Event driven, object oriented, visual programming language

• Based from C, C++ and Java

• Incorporated into .NET platform

• Web based applications can be distributed

• Devices and desktop computers

• Programs that can be accessed by anyone through any device

• Allows communicating with different computer languages

• Integrated Design Environment (IDE)

• Makes programming and debugging fast and easy

• Rapid Application Development (RAD)


Structured Programming

• Early Software Development

• Complex and costly for businesses (1960s)

• Costs exceeded budgets

• Final products unreliable

• Research led to structured programming

• Disciplined approach to programming

• Programs clear and easy to modify

• Several languages resulted from research

• C, Pascal, Ada


Structured Programming (II)

• Structured Languages

• Pascal

• Designed for teaching structured programming

• Lacked features for commercial use

• C

• Had features Pascal didn’t

• Quickly adopted by programmers

• Ada

• Developed by U.S. Department of Defense (late 1970s)

• Based on Pascal

• DOD wanted one language for all its needs

• Supported multitasking

• Many activities occur in parallel


The Object Oriented Paradigm

• What is the Object Oriented Paradigm?

• A scheme for encapsulating properties and actions within a unit.

• The Units are called objects

• Any noun can be represented as an object

• Date object, time object, car object

• Have properties

• Size, color, weight

• Perform actions

• Moving, sleeping, drawing

• Defined in classes

• Specify general format

• Provide specific attributes and behaviors


Object Oriented Technology (II)

• Object-Oriented programming

• Based on nouns

• This is the way we tend to think

• Advantages over structured programming

• More natural process

• Results in better productivity

• Classes (and hence objects) make more self contained code and hence

enhance reusability

• Code easier to maintain

• Programs more understandable

• Focus on behaviors and interactions

• Less attention to details (abstraction)


An introduction to Microsoft .NET

• .NET initiative

• Introduced by Microsoft (June 2000)

• Vision for embracing the Internet in software development

• Independence from specific language or platform

• Applications developed in any .NET compatible language

• Visual Basic .NET, Visual C++ .NET, C# and more

• Programmers can contribute to applications using the language in which

they are most competent

• Architecture capable of existing on multiple platforms

• New program development process

• Provides increased productivity


An introduction to Microsoft .NET (II)

• Key components of .NET

• Web services

• Applications used over the Internet

• Software reusability

• Web services provide solutions for wide variety of companies

• Cheaper than developing one-time solutions that can’t be reused

• Single applications perform all operations for a company via various Web

services

• Manage taxes, bills, investments and more

• Pre-packaged components

• Make application development quicker and easier

• Developers no longer need to be concerned with details of components

(abstraction)


An introduction to Microsoft .NET (IV)

• Other concepts

• Universal data access

• Eliminates need to synchronize files

• Updating multiple copies of same file to the most recent

• Data resides at one central location

• Accessible by anyone with connection and proper authorization

• Data formatted appropriately for display on various devices

• Same document seen on PC, PDA, cell phone and other devices

• Additional information available at Microsoft Web site www.microsoft.com/net


http://www.microsoft.com/net

The .NET Framework and the Common

Language Runtime • .NET Framework

• Heart of .NET strategy

• Manages and executes applications and Web services

• Provides security, memory management and other programming

capabilities

• Includes Framework class library (FCL)

• Pre-packaged classes ready for reuse

• Used by any .NET language

• Details contained in Common Language Specification (CLS)

• Submitted to European Computer Manufacturers Association to make

the framework easily converted to other platforms

• Executes programs by Common Language Runtime (CLR)


The .NET Framework and the Common

Language Runtime (II)

• Common Language Runtime (CLR)

• Central part of framework

• Executes .NET programs

• Compilation process

• Two compilations take place

• Programs compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language

(MSIL)

• Defines instructions for CLR

• MSIL code translated into machine code

• Machine code for a particular platform


.NET Framework and the Common

Language Runtime (III) • Why two compilations?

• Platform independence

• .NET Framework can be installed on different platforms

• Execute .NET programs without any modifications to code

• Language independence

• .NET programs not tied to particular language

• Programs may consist of several .NET-compliant languages

• Old and new components can be integrated

• Other advantages of CLR

• Execution-management features

• Manages memory, security and other features

• Relieves programmer of many responsibilities

• More concentration on program logic


CLR

• Framework layer that resides above the OS and handle

the execution of all the .NET applications.

• Program don’t directly communication with the OS but

does it via CLR


.NET Framework

• Combination of layers


Visual Studio.NET IDE

• Integrated development environment

• Makes the process of developing .NET application easier

• We will be using VS 2012 (or 2010) for developing C#

applications

• This provides various development tools such as

• Keyword and syntax highlighting

• Intellisense (autocomplete)

• Compiling and building applications

• Program execution

• Depolyment

• Etc…


Project and Solutions in VS.NET

• A project is a combination of executable and library that

make an application or modules

• Starts with extension .csproj where ‘cs’ is for C-sharp

• There are different types of projects such as

ConsoleApplication, WindowsFormApplication, ASP.NET

WebApplication, etc

• A solution is a placeholder for different logically related

project that make some application

• E.g. a solution might contain ASP.NET web application and a

windows form application

• .sln is the extension and can be managed by VS solution

explorer


VS.NET 2012

• Give here a quick tour of VS.NET 2012


First C# Application – Hello World (I)

• In VS, create one Console Application from File > New > Project > Visual C# > Windows > Console Application

• Give name HelloWorldProgram for the project

• You will see something like this


1.using System;

2.using System.Collections.Generic;

3.using System.Linq;

4.using System.Text;

5.

6.namespace HelloWorldProgram

7.{

8. class Program

9. {

10. static void Main(string[] args)

11. {

12. }

13. }

14.}

First C# Application – Hello World (II)

• Add one line of code in line number 12

• Save and hit CTRL+F5 or select Debug > Start without debugging


1.using System;

2.using System.Collections.Generic;

3.using System.Linq;

4.using System.Text;

5.

6.namespace HelloWorldProgram

7.{

8. class Program

9. {


11. {

12. //This is my first program

13. Console.WriteLine("Hello World!!! \nThis is our first C#

program.\n");

14. }

15. }

16.}


Understanding the Hello World Application

Namespaces

• Groups related C# features into a categories

• Allows the easy reuse of code

• Prevents name conflicts

• Must be referenced in order to be used

• Does not require physical mapping as opposed to Java

• Can be omitted when writing simple programs


namespace HelloWorldProgram

{

………

}

Understanding the Hello World Application (II)

Using Keyword

• The first line of the program was

using System;

• This allows us to use all the classes in the System

namespace – concept of libraries

• This is found in virtually every C# program

Class Keyword

• All C# program contains at least one class

• This is a combination of data and methods. More on this

in near future

• One of the classes contains Main() method


Understanding the Hello World Application (III)

The Main() method

Costatic void Main(string[] args)

• This is the entry point to the program, like a door to a building

• C# starts the program at the first line of the Main() method and terminates at the last line

• The method is static because an object is not initialized for class Program and directly called by CLR – static method will be better understood when we talk about classes, objects and methods in future

• The method is void() since it does not return anything – remember a method always returns something, if it does not then it returns void.

• string args[] is the list of arguments that can be supplied to the program during execution from command line – only important when writing console program, this can be omitted


Understanding the Hello World Application (IV)

Printing on the Console

• This is the line that prints the output

Console.WriteLine("Hello World!!!

\nThis is our first C# program.\n");

• We used a static method Writeline() of the Console class defined in the System namespace

Comments

• These are used as the programmer’s text to explain the code and are ignored by the compiler

C# is case sensitive, so beware while using Main() not main() or void() not Void()


Some escape sequences


Escape sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the next line.

\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.

\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the current line; do not advance to the next line. Any characters output after the carriage return overwrite the previous characters output on that line.

\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.

\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote (") character.

Some common escape sequences

Another simple program – Adding two

integers • Primitive data types

• Data types that are built into C#

• String, Int, Double, Char, Long

• 15 primitive data types

• Each data type name is a C# keyword

• Same type variables can be declared on separate lines or on one

line

• Console.ReadLine()

• Used to get a value from the user input

• Int32.Parse()

• Used to convert a string argument to an integer

• Allows math to be preformed once the string is converted



1.using System;

2.

3.namespace AdditionProgram

4.{

5. class Program

6. {


8. {

9. string firstNumber, // first string entered by user

10. secondNumber; // second string entered by user

11.

12. int number1, // first number to add

13. number2, // second number to add

14. sum; // sum of number1 and number2

15.

16. // prompt for and read first number from user as string

17. Console.Write( "Please enter the first integer: " );

18. firstNumber = Console.ReadLine();

19.

20. // read second number from user as string

21. Console.Write( "\nPlease enter the second integer: " );

22. secondNumber = Console.ReadLine();

23.

24. // convert numbers from type string to type int

25. number1 = Int32.Parse( firstNumber );

26. number2 = Int32.Parse( secondNumber );


27.

28. // add numbers

29. sum = number1 + number2;

30. // display results

31. Console.WriteLine( "\nThe sum of {0} and {1} is {2}.\n", number1,number2,sum

);

32.

33. } // end method Main

34.

35. } // end class Addition

36.} //end of namespace

Arithmetic Operators


C# operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression C# expression

Addition + f + 7 f + 7

Subtraction – p – c p - c

Multiplication * bm b * m

Division / x / y x / y

Modulus % r mod s r % s

Arithmetic operators

Operator Precedence


Operator(s) Operation Order of evaluation (precedence)

( ) Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.

*, / or % Multiplication Division Modulus

Evaluated second. If there are several such operators, they are evaluated left to right.

+ or - Addition Subtraction

Evaluated last. If there are several such operators, they are evaluated left to right.

Precedence of arithmetic operators

If in doubt, always use ( )

Equality and Relational Operators


Standard algebraic equality operator or relational operator

C# equality or relational operator

Example of C# condition

Meaning of C# condition

Equality operators

= == x == y x is equal to y

!= x != y x is not equal to y

Relational operators

> > x > y x is greater than y

< < x < y x is less than y

>= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

<= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality and relational operators.

Conditional Operators

Conditional And - &&

Conditional OR - | |

Conditional Statement and Iteration

• If-else statement

• Switch-case

• For loop

• While loop

• Do-while loop


If-else selection structure


If (Boolean Expression)

statement or block of statements

else


Nesting can also be done

If (door is closed)

if(have card)

swipe_the_card

Exit the building

else //do not have card

wait_for_somebody_to_come_with_card

if(some body came)

Exit the building

else //no body came

call_security

Exit the building

else //this means door is open

Exit the building

If-else Example


Console.Write("Enter a character: ");

char c = (char)Console.Read();

if (Char.IsLetter(c))

{

if (Char.IsLower(c))

{

Console.WriteLine("The character is lowercase.");

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("The character is uppercase.");

}

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("Not an alphabetic character.");

}

Input:

2

Sample Output

Enter a character: 2

The character is not an alphabetic character

.

Additional sample might look as follows:

Run #2:

Enter a character: A

The character is uppercase.

Run #3:

Enter a character: h

The character is lowercase.

If-else Example Console.Write("Enter a character: ");

char c = (char)Console.Read();

if (Char.IsUpper(c))

{

Console.WriteLine("Character is uppercase.");

}

else if (Char.IsLower(c))

{

Console.WriteLine("Character is lowercase.");

}

else if (Char.IsDigit(c))

{

Console.WriteLine("Character is a number.");

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("Character is not alphanumeric.");

}


Enter a character: E The character is uppercase. Run #2 Enter a character: e The character is lowercase. Run #3: Enter a character: 4 The character is a number. Run #4: Enter a character: $ The character is not alphanumeric.

switch-case statement

• Performs a series of specific checks

switch(integral or string expression)

{

case constant-expression:

breaking or jump statement

//some other case blocks

…

default:

statements

breaking or jump statement

}


Switch Case Example

Console.WriteLine("Coffee sizes: 1=Small 2=Medium 3=Large");

Console.Write("Please enter your selection: ");

string str = Console.ReadLine();

int switchExp = int.Parse(str);

int cost = 0;

switch (switchExp)

{

case 1:

cost = 25;

break;

case 2:

cost = 50;

break;

case 3:

cost = 75;

break;

default:

Console.WriteLine("Invalid selection. Please select 1, 2, or 3.");

break;

}


if (cost != 0)

{

Console.WriteLine("Please insert {0} cents.", cost);

}

Console.WriteLine("Thank you for your business.");

Sample Output:

Coffee sizes: 1=Small 2=Medium 3=Large

Please enter your selection: 2

Please insert 50 cents.

Thank you for your business.


for loop

• Loops are used for iteration purpose, to do a task multiple times until some condition is met.

for(assignment; condition; increment/decrement)

{

statements of block of statements

}

e.g.

for(int i=1; i<=5; i++)

{

Console.WriteLine(“Printing Line {0}\n”,i);

}


while loop

• Checks the condition before entering the first iteration.

while(Boolean expression)

{

statements or block of statements

}

e.g.

int i=1;

while(i<=5)

{


i++;

}


do-while loop

• Performs the conditional check after executing the statements once, therefore the statements are executed at least once even if the condition is not true.

do{


} while(boolean expression);

e.g.

int i = 1;

do{


i++;

} while(i<=5);


Arrays

• Collection of values of a similar data type.

• Each array in C# is an object and is inherited from the System.Array class.

• Arrays are declared as:

<data type> [] <identifier> = new <data type> [size of array]

e.g.

int [] integers = new int[10];

int sizeOfArray = 10; int [] integers = new int[sizeOfArray];

int [] integers = {1,3,4,5,6,7}; //creates size 6 array

Note: Size of array is fixed and must be defined before using it.


Arrays (II)

Accessing values in an array

int [] marks = {54,67,43,69,81}; //declares size 5 array

with respective values

int secondMark = marks[1]; //puts 67 in secondMark

Note: array index starts at 0

for (int i=0;i<marks.Length;++i){

Console.WriteLine(“Marks of student {0}:{1}”,i+1,marks[i]);

}


foreach iteration

foreach(<type of elements in collection> <identifier> in

<array or collection>)

{

statements or block of statements

}

e.g.

foreach(int i in integers)

{

Console.WriteLine(“Marks of student {0}”,i);

}


Methods

• These are code blocks that does specific task.

• For e.g. to calculate sum of two numbers you can define

method Sum() that takes two arguments a and b, add

them together and returns the results, i.e.

int Sum(int a, int b)

{

int result;

result = a + b;

return result;

}


Next Lesson

• Object Oriented Programming approach using C#

• Discuss about class, objects, etc


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