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��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
GlossaryAdvanced Real English 2
IntRoductIon
above /L'VJd/� enriba de, sobre
apple /'DUo/� mazá
architect /'EYBWCYW/� arquitecto/a
artist /'EWBgW/� artista
athlete /'DeoAW/� deportista; atleta
behind /VB'kOmX/� detrás de
between /VB'WrAm/� entre (dúas cousas)
big /VBZ/� gran, grande
boots /VIWg/� botas
bread /VpCX/� pan
butter /'VJWL/� manteiga
cake /YMY/� torta, pastel
calm /YEl/� tranquilo/a
cat /YDW/� gato
chicken /'aBYBm/� polo
chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/� chimpancé
clever /'YoCdL/� listo/a, intelixente
coat /YNW/� abrigo
computer programmer /YLlUqIWL�'UpLHZpDlL/� programador/a informático/a
corn /YGm/� millo
cow /YP/� vaca
curly /'YKoi/� crecho/a
dark /XEY/� escuro/a; mouro/a
dentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentista
doctor /'XFYWL/� doutor/a, médico/a
dress /XpCg/� vestido
eagle /'AZo/� aguia
eggs /CZh/� ovos
electrician /BoCY'WpBim/� electricista
elephant /'CoBcLmW/� elefante
evil /'Ado/� malvado/a, ruín
fair /cCL/� claro/a; loiro/a
fat /cæW/� gordo/a
firefighter /'cOLcOWL/� bombeiro/a
fish /cBi/� peixe / peixes
fox /cFYg/� raposo, golpe
friendly /'cpCmXoi/� simpático/a
frog /cpFZ/� ra
fruit /cpIW/� froita
fruit salad /cpIW�'gDoLX/� macedonia
funny /'cJmi/� gracioso/a, divertido/a
good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/� guapo/a, curro/a, atractivo/a
hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/� traballador/a
hat /kDW/� sombreiro, chapeu
horse /kGg/� cabalo
in /Bm/� en, dentro de
in front of /Bm�'cpJmW�Ld/� diante de
jeans /bAmh/� pantalóns vaqueiros
kind /YOmX/� amábel, atento/a
lazy /'oCBhi/� preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana
long /oFn/� longo/a, largo/a
meat /lAW/� carne
milk /lBoY/� leite
mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/� mosquito
mouse /lPg/� rato
narrow /'mDpN/� estreito/a
nervous /'mKdLg/� nervioso/a
next to /'mCYgW�WL/� ao lado de, a carón de, á beira de
old /NoX/� vello/a
on /Fm/� sobre, en
onion /'JmqLm/� cebola
pancakes /'UDmYMYg/� tortas pequenas, pancakes
pig /UBZ/� porco, cocho
plumber /'UoJlL/� fontaneiro/a
potato /UL'WMWN/� pataca
rabbit /'pDVBW/� coello, coenllo
rice /pOg/� arroz
sailor /'gMoL/� mariñeiro/a
sandals /'gDmXoh/� sandalias
sausages /'gFgBbBh/� salchichas
serious /'gBLpiLg/� serio/a, formal
shark /iEY/� quenlla
shirt /iKW/� camisa
short /iGW/� baixo/a; curto/a
shorts /iGWg/� pantalóns curtos
skirt /gYKW/� saia
small /glGo/� pequeno/a
snake /gmMY/� serpe, cóbrega
socks /gFYg/� calcetíns, peúgos
steak /gWMY/� filete, bisté
straight /gWpMW/� liso/a
strawberry /'gWpGVLpi/� amorodo
strong /gWpFn/� forte
��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossarysweater /'grCWL/� xersei
swimsuit /'grBlgIW/� traxe de baño
tall /WGo/� alto/a
thin /eBm/� delgado/a, fraco/a
tiger /'WOZL/� tigre
trainers /'WpMmLh/� zapatillas de deporte
trousers /'WpPhLh/� pantalóns
ugly /'JZoi/� feo/a
under /'JmXL/� baixo, abaixo de
unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/� antipático/a
vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/� verdura/s
waiter /'rMWL/� camareiro
weak /rAY/� débil, feble
wide /rOX/� amplo/a, ancho/a
wolf /rHoc/� lobo
young /qJn/� mozo/a, novo/a, xove
unIt 1
aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/� avión
all the way /Go�fL�'rM/� toda a viaxe / todo o percorrido
another /L'mJfL/� outro/a
backpack /'VDYUDY/� mochila
by any means /VO�'Cmi lAmh/� de calquera xeito, sexa como for
camera /'YælLpL/� cámara
canoe /YL'mI/� canoa, piragua
cockroach /'YFYpNWi/� cascuda
establish /B'gWDVoBi/� establecer, fundar
family name /'cDlLoi mMl/� apelido
ferry /'cCpi/� transbordador, ferry
fill with /'cBo�rBf/� encherse de
first name /'cKgW�mMl/� nome
fish /cBi/� pescar
heavily /'kCdBoi/� moito
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/� helicóptero
highlights /'kOoOWg/� o máis salientábel
Home Secretary /kNl�'gCYpLWLpi/� Ministro do Interior
including /Bm'YoIXBn/� mesmo/a, incluído/a
incredible /Bm'YpCXLVo/� incríbel
island /'OoLmX/� illa
jeep /bAU/� todoterreo
journey /'bKmi/� viaxe; traxecto
limousine /'oBlLhAm/� limusina
look around /oHY�L'pPmX/� botar unha ollada
lose your way /oIh�qG�'rM/� perderse, extraviarse
luckily /'oJYBoi/� afortunadamente, por sorte
maiden name /'lCBXm�mMl/� apelido de solteira
map /lDU/� mapa
middle name /'lBXo�mMl/� segundo nome
mistake /lB'gWMY/� erro
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/� motocicleta, moto
motorboat /'lNWLVNW/� lancha motora
name �/mMl/� nome
nearby /mBL'VO/� preto
no way /mN�'rM/� de ningún xeito, de ningunha maneira; nin falar
on the way /Fm�fL�'rM/��polo camiño
once /rJmg/� unha vez
passport /'UEgUGW/� pasaporte
population /UFUqI'oMim/� poboación
programme /'UpNZpDl/� programa
ride /pOX/� paseo, volta
safe /gMc/� seguro/a, fóra de perigo
scooter /'gYIWL/� vespa, scooter
ship /iBU/� barco
side /gOX/ costado
sink /gBnY/� afundirse
sleeping bag /'goAUBn�VDZ/� saco de durmir
soon /gIm/� axiña, pronto
souvenirs /gIdL'mBLh/� souvenirs, recordos
squirrel /'gYrBpLo/� esquío
stop working /gWFU�'rKYBn/� deixar de funcionar
suddenly /'gJXLmoi/� de súpeto, de socato, de repente
suitcase /'gIWYMg/� maleta
sun cream /'gJm�YpAl/� crema (de protección) solar
surname /'gKmMl/� apelido
taxi /'WæYgi/� tax i
time /WOl/� vez, quenda
torch /WGa/� lanterna
train /WpMm/� tren
tram /WpDl/� tranvía
travel (n) /'Wpædo/� viaxe
travel (v) /'Wpædo/� viaxar
travel guide /'Wpædo�ZOX/� guía de viaxes
trip /WpBU/� viaxe, excursión
true /WpI/� verdadeiro/a, certo/a
truth /WpIe/� verdade
turtle /'WKWo�/� tartaruga
underground /'JmXLZpPmX/� metro
van /dDm/� furgoneta, camioneta
wallet /'rFoBW/� carteira
waterproof mat /rGWLUpIc�'læW/� esteira impermeábel
way /rM/� xeito, forma, maneira; camiño
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossaryways of life /rMh�Ld�'oOc/� estilos / xeitos de vida, maneiras
de vivir
while /rOo/� mentres (que)
yacht /qFW/� iate
your own way /qG�Nm�'rM/� ao teu (propio) xeito, á túa (propia) maneira
unIt 2
a rise in temperature /L�pOh�Bm�'WClUpLaL/� unha subida / un aumento da temperatura
ability /L'VBoLWi/� habilidade, habelencia, capacidade
advice /LX'dOg/� consello/s
affect /L'cCYW/� afectar a, influír en
aquatics /L'YrDWBYg/� deportes acuáticos
at the beginning /DW�fL�VB'ZBmBn/� ao comezo
behaviour /VB'kMdqL/� comportamento, conduta
believe /VB'oAd/� crer
break a record /VpMY�L�'pCYGX/� superar unha marca
carbohydrate /YEVN'kOXpMW/� carbohidrato, hidrato de carbono
celebrate /'gCoBVpMW/� celebrar
champion /'aDlUiLm/� campión/oa
championship /'aDlUiLmiBU/� campionato
cloudy /'YoPXi/� neboento/a, bretemoso/a
coach /YNWi/� adestrador/a
cold /YNoX/� frío/a
cool /YIo/� fresco/a
disappear /XBgL'UBL/� desaparecer
especially /B'gUCiLoi/� especialmente, nomeadamente, sobre todo
expect /BY'gUCYW/� agardar, esperar
finish line /'cBmBi�oOm/� liña de meta
fresh water�/cpCi�'rGWL/� auga doce
from the beginning /cpLl�fL�VB'ZBmBn/� desde / dende o comezo
get tired /ZCW�'WOLX/� cansar(se)
glacier /'ZoDgiL/� glaciar
global warming /ZoNVo�'rGlBn/� quecemento global
grow /ZpN/� cultivar
have a temperature /kLd�L�'WClUpLaL/� ter febre
high /kO/� alto/a, elevado/a
hot /kFW/� caloroso/a, quente, cálido/a (it´s ~: vai calor); moderno/a
in the middle /Bm�fL�'lBXo/� na metade
increase /'BmYpAg/� aumento
indoors /Bm'XGh/� nun espazo cuberto, dentro
intelligence /Bm'WCoBbLmg/� intelixencia
juice /bIg/� zume
kick /YBY/� dar unha patada / pancada
lightning /'oOWmBn/� raio/s, relampo/s
lose /oIh/� perder
match /læWi/� partido, combate
melt /lCoW/� derreterse, fundirse
mountain /'lPmWLm/� montaña
outdoors /PW'XGh/� ao aire / ar libre, fóra
owner /'NmL/� propietario/a
physical /'cBhBYo/� físico/a
quiz /YrBh/� proba, test
race /pMg/� carreira
rain /pMm/� chuvia, choiva
rainy /'pMmi/� chuvioso/a
referee /pCcL'pA/� árbitro/a
score goals /gYG�'ZNoh/� marcar goles
ski resort /'gYA�pBhGW/� estación de esquí
snow /gmN/� neve
snowboarding /'gmNVGXBn/� facer / practicar snowboard
snowy /'gmNi/� nevarento/a, de moita neve
stormy /'gWGli/� treboento/a (it’s ~: hai treboada)
sunny /'gJmi/� solleiro/a (it’s ~: vai sol)
sweat /grCW/� suar
sweet /grAW/� doce
take your temperature /WMY�qG�'WClUpLaL/� tomar / coller a temperatura
team /WAl/� equipo
temperature /'WClUpLaL/� temperatura; febre
thunder /'eJmXL/� trono/s
together /WL'ZCfL/� xuntos/as
towards the end /WLrGXh�fL�'CmX/� cara á fin / ao final
trouble /'WpJVo/� problema (in ~: nun aperto)
underwater /JmXL'rGWL/� debaixo da auga
wait for /rMW�cL/� agardar, esperar
warm /rGl/� temperado/a, quente, cálido/a
win /rBm/� gañar
wind /rBmX/� vento
windy /'rBmXi/� ventoso/a, de moito vento (it´s ~: vai vento)
unIt 3
art /EW/� arte; debuxo
ask for permission /EgY�cL�UL'lBim/� pedir permiso
atlas /'DWoLg/� atlas
biology /VO'FoLbi/� bioloxía
bookshop /'VHYiFU/� libraría
browse the web /VpPh�fL�'rCV/� navegar pola rede / web / Internet
business studies /'VBhmLg�gWJXBh/� ciencias empresariais
calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/� calculadora
��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossarychat with friends /aDW�rBf�'cpCmXh/� parolar / conversar
cos/as amigos/as
chemistry /'YClBgWpi/� química
computer game /YLl'UqIWL�ZMl/� xogo de ordenador
definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/� sen dúbida
dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/� dicionario
drama /'XpElL/� teatro
English /'BnZoBi/� inglés
enjoy /Bm'bQ/� gozar (de)
enterprise /'CmWLUpOh/� empresa
exam /BZ'hDl/� exame
fact /cæYW/� dato; feito
fail a test /cMo�L�'WCgW/� suspender un exame
fall /cGo/� baixar, descender
feel /cAo/� sentirse
French /cpCma/� francés
geography /bi'FZpLci/� xeografía
get permission /ZCW�UL'lBim/� obter permiso
give permission /ZBd�UL'lBim/� outorgar / dar permiso, permitir
go dancing /ZLH�'XEmgBn/� ir bailar
go ice skating /ZLH�'Og�gYMWBn/� ir patinar sobre xeo
go to parties /ZLH�WL�'UEWih/� ir a festas
have permission /kLd�UL'lBim/� ter permiso
history /'kBgWpi/� historia
home economics /kNl�AYL'mFlBYg/� economía doméstica / familiar
ICT /O�gA�'WA/� TIC, Tecnoloxías da Información e a Comunicación
improve /Bl'UpId/� mellorar
laptop computer /oDUWFU�YLl'UqIWL/� ordenador portátil
lesson /'oCgm/� clase
library /'oOVpLpi/� biblioteca
literature /'oBWpLWiL/� literatura
loud /oPX/� forte; escandaloso/a
mall (Am. Eng.) /lGo/� centro comercial
maths /lDeg/� mates (matemáticas)
middle /'lBXo/� metade, medio
music /'lqIhBY/� música
notebook /'mNWVHY/� caderno
notes /mNWg/� notas, apuntamentos
on a regular basis /Fm�L�'pCZqLoL�VMgBg/� de xeito / maneira habitual
paints /UCBmWg/� pinturas
pass a test /UEg�L�'WCgW/� aprobar un exame
PE /UA'A/� educación física
physics /'cBhBYg/� física
play the guitar /UoM�fL�ZB'WE/� tocar a guitarra
play volleyball /UoM�'dFoiVGo/� xogar ao voleibol
practise the piano /UpæYWBg�fL�Ui'DmN/� practicar piano
quiz /YrBh/� facer preguntas, preguntar
remember /pB'lLlVL/� lembrar, recordar, acordarse de
remind /pB'lOmX/� lembrar, recordar (a)
research /pB'gKa/� investigación, esculca
ride a bike /pOX�L�'VOY/� montar / ir en bici
send text messages /gCmX�'WCYgW�lCgBbg/� enviar mensaxes (de texto)
shopping centre /'iFUBn�gCmWL/� centro comercial
skill /gYBo/� habilidade, habelencia
skip /gYBU/�saltar, chimpar, choutar
spend /gUCmX/� gastar
study for a test /gWJXi cL�L�'WCgW/� estudar para un exame
subject /'gJVbBYW/� materia, disciplina
take a test /WMY�L�'WCgW/� facer un exame
tennis racket /'WCmBg�pDYBW/� raqueta de tenis
test /WCgW/� exame, proba, test
textbook /'WCsWVHY/� libro de texto
tip /WBU/� consello
tired /'WOLX/� cansado/a, canso/a
turn into /WKm�'BmWL/ converterse / transformarse en
unIt 4
ancient /'MmiLmW/� antigo/a
attractive /L'WpDYWBd/� atractivo/a, atraente, fermoso/a
branch /VpEma/� póla, rama
bright /VpOW/� brillante, escintilante; vivo/a (cor)
bush /VHi/� arbusto
busy /'VBhi/� ocupado/a; ateigado/a
carat /'YDpLW/� quilate
carob /'YDpLV/� alfarrobeira
character /'YæpLYWL/� personaxe
cheap /aAU/� barato/a
colourful /'YJoLco/� colorido/a, de cores vivas
conquer /'YFnYL/� conquerir, conquistar
crowded /'YpPXBX/� ateigado/a, acugulado/a, cheo/a (de xente)
death /XCe/� (da) morte
discovery /XB'gYJdLpi/� descubrimento, descuberta
dry /XpO/� seco/a, ermo/a
dull /XJo/� esluído/a; sen brillo, apagado/a
elaborate /B'oDVLpLW/� elaborado/a, recargado/a
expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/� caro/a
exploit /BY'gUoQW/� fazaña, xesta, heroicidade
fit /cBW/� encaixar, acaer
flower /'coPL/� flor
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossaryforever /cLp'CdL/� para sempre
gain control /ZMm�YLm'WpNo/� facerse co control
gold /ZLHoX/� ouro
gold rush /'ZLHoX�pJi/� febre de ouro
golden /'ZLHoXLm/� dourado/a, de ouro
hard /kEX/� duro/a
hardly /'kEXoi/� case, apenas
heavy /'kCdi/� pesado/a
in control /Bm�YLm'WpNo/� que manda / controla; sereno/a
jewellery /'bILopi/� xoaría, xoias / alfaias
land /oDmX/� terra (~ animal: animal terrestre)
last /oEgW/� durar
lawn /oGm/� (xardín con) céspede
leaf /oAc/� folla (planta)
light /oOW/� lene, lixeiro/a, livián/á
lively /'oOdoi/� animado/a, bulicioso/a
look for /'oHY�cG/� buscar, procurar
lose control /oIh�YLm'WpNo/� perder o control
low /oLH/� baixo/a
mining area /'lOmBn�CLpiL/� área / zona mineira
noisy /'mQhi/� barulleiro/a, ruidoso/a
ordinary /'GXmpi/� normal, corrente
out of control /PW�Ld�YLm'WpNo/� fóra de control, descontrolado/a
peaceful /'UAgco/� tranquilo/a
perhaps /UL'kDUg/� quizais, talvez, se cadra, se callar
plain /UoCBm/� sinxelo/a
pleasant /'UoChmW/� agradábel
reach /pAa/� conseguir, acadar, chegar a
real /'pALo/� auténtico/a, verdadeiro/a
reason /'pAhm/� razón, motivo
recycle /pA'gOYo/� reciclar
redwood /'pCXrHX/� sequoia vermella
right /pOW/� dereito
rocky /'pFYi/� rochoso/a
root /pIW/� raíz
sandy /'gDmXi/� areoso/a, areento/a, de area
search (n) /gKa/� busca, procura
search (v) /gKa/� buscar, procurar
seed /gAX/� semente
sequoia /gB'YrQL/� sequoia
shady /'iMXi/� sombreado/a, umbrío/a
soft /gFcW/� suave; mol, brando/a
state /gWMW/� estado
strong /gWpFn/� forte
take control /WMY�YLm'WpNo/� tomar / coller o control, coller as rendas
tear /WBL/� bágoa, lágrima
tree /WpA/� árbore
trunk /WpJnY/� tronco
unattractive /JmL'WpDYWBd/� pouco atraente / atractivo/a
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� inusual, pouco común / corrente
up to /'JU�WL/� até / ata, deica
valley /'dDoi/� val
valuable /'dæoqHLVo/� valioso/a
weak /rAY/� débil, feble
weight /rMW/� peso
unIt 5
adopt /L'XFUW/� adoptar
alone /L'oNm/� só/a
Arctic /'EYWBY/� Ártico/a
bath /VEe/� bañar
be alone /VA�L'oNm/� estar só/a
bounce /VPmg/� botar, rebotar
bring /VpBn/� traer (~ back to life: volver á vida)
by choice /VO�'aQg/� por escolla / elección propia
by yourself /VO�qG'gCoc/� só/a; sen axuda
catch /YDa/� coller, atrapar
choice /aQg/� elección, escolla; preferencia, alternativa
claim /YoMl/� afirmación
crash /YpDi/� chocar, estrelar(se)
dig /XBZ/� cavar, escavar
discover /XB'gYJdL/� descubrir
dive /XOd/� mergullar; somerxer(se)
diver /'XOdL/� mergullador/a; submarinista
DNA /XA�Cm�'M/� ADN
Earth /Ke/� a Terra
egg /CZ/� ovo; óvulo
explore /BY'gUoG/� explorar
extinct /BY'gWBnYW/� extinguido/a, desaparecido/a (become ~: extinguirse, desaparecer)
feed /cAX/� alimentar, dar de comer a
first choice /cKgW�'aQg/� primeira opción / alternativa
floor /coG/� piso, andar
focus /'cNYLg/� centro / foco de interese / atención
for long /cL�'oFn/� por moito tempo
goat /ZNW/� cabra
grapefruit /'ZpMUcpIW/� pomelo
ground /ZpPmX/� terra, chan
have no choice /kLd�mN�'aQg/� non ter alternativa / opción
hold /kNoX/� suxeitar, soster, termar de
hole /kNo/� burato, buraco; foxo
��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossaryland /oDmX/� aterrar, aluar; caer, ir parar
leave someone alone /oAd�gJlrJm�L'oNm/� deixar só/a / en paz a alguén
light /oOW/� luz
lonely /'oNmoi/� só/a; solitario/a, senlleiro/a
make a choice /lMY�L�'aQg/� elixir, escoller
meteor /'lAWiL/� meteorito
method /'lCeLX/� método
milk /lBoY/� munxir, munguir
mixed /lBYgW/ diverso/a, surtido/a
on your own /Fm�qG�'Nm/� só/a; sen axuda
parachute /'UDpLiIW/� lanzarse, guindarse / saltar en paracaídas
pool /UIo/� piscina; estanque
prehistoric /UpAkB'gWFpBY/� prehistórico/a
preserve /UpB'hKd/� preservar, conservar
pull /UHo/� tirar, turrar (de)
push /UHi/� empurrar
Pyrenean ibex /UipLmCLm�'OVCYg/� Cabra montesa pirenaica
recreate /pAYpi'MW/� recrear
row /pN/� remar (en)
sabre-toothed tiger /gMVLWIeW�'WOZL/� tigre dentes de sabre
save /gMd/� salvar
short-faced bear /'iGWcMgW�VS/� oso de fociño curto / de cara curta
solo /'gNoLH/� só/a, a soas
spectacled bear /'gUCYWLYoX�VS/� oso andino
succeed /gLY'gAX/� ter éxito, dar resultado, saír ben
survive /gL'dOd/� sobrevivir
swim /grBl/� nadar
touch /WJWi/� tocar
train /WpMm/� amestrar, adestrar
trek /WpCY/� facer sendeirismo, facer unha andaina
volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/� facer voluntariado, ser voluntario/a
whale /rMo/� balea
woolly mammoth /rHoi 'lDlLe/� mamut laúdo
woolly rhino /rHoi 'pOmN/� rinoceronte laúdo
unIt 6
air conditioner /'CL�YLmXBiLmL/� (aparello de) aire / ar acondicionado
alarm clock /L'oEl�YoFY/� espertador
ambulance siren /'DlVqLoLmg�gOpLm/� sirena de ambulancia
audience /'GXiLmg/�público, espectadores/as
awake /L'rCBY/� esperto/a
blender /'VoCmXL/� batedor
brain /VpMm/� cerebro
break a heart /VpMY�L�'kEW/� partir / romper un corazón
car horn /'YE�kGm/� bucina do coche, claxon
classical /'YoDgBYo/� (música) clásica
come out /YJl�'PW/� saír ao mercado
coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/� coordinación
costume /'YFgWqIl/� de disfraces
country /'YJmWpi/� (música) country
damage /'XDlBXj/� danar, prexudicar
danger signal /'XMmbL�gBZmLo/� sinal de perigo
decibel /'XCgBVCo/� decibelio
drill /XpBo/� trade
drums /XpJlh/� batería; tambores
electric shaver /BoCYWpBY�'iMdL/� máquina de afeitar / barbear eléctrica
environment /Bm'dOpLmlLmW/� ambiente, contorno/a
find a solution /cOmX�L�gL'oIim/� atopar unha solución
find it in yourself /cOmX�BW�Bm�qG'gCoc/� animarse a / atopar motivo para (facer algo)
find out /cOmX�'PW/� averiguar, esculcar; descubrir
find the time /cOmX�fL�'WOl/� atopar / tirar tempo
find your way /cOmX�qG�'rM/� saber chegar, orientarse
greater /'ZpCBWL/� maior, máis vello/a, meirande
guitar /ZB'WE/� guitarra
hairdryer /'kCLXpOL/� secador do pelo
hard rock /kEX�'pFY/� rock duro
heart /kEW/� corazón
heart attack /'kEW�LWDY/� ataque ao corazón, infarto
hip-hop /'kBUkFU/� hip-hop
illegally /B'oAZLoi/� ilegalmente
instrument /'BmgWpLlLmW/� instrumento
iron /'OLm/� ferro (de pasar)
jazz /bDh/� jazz
keyboard /'YAVGX/� teclado
Latin /'oDWBm/� (música) latina
lawnmower /'oGmlNL/ cortacéspede
learn by heart /oKm�VO�'kEW/� aprender de memoria
live /oBd/� en vivo / directo
machinery /lL'iAmLpi/� maquinaria
mark /lEY/� cualificación
measure /'lCjL/� medir
MP4 player /ClUA'cG�UoML/� MP4, reprodutor de MP4
musician /lqI'hBim/� músico/a
noise-meter /'mQhlAWL/� medidor de ruído
perform /UL'cGl/� actuar; interpretar
pop /UFU/� pop
public /'UJVoBY/� público
R&B /p�mX�'VA/� R & B (Rhythm and Blues)
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossaryrap /pDU/� rap
reggae /'pCZM/� reggae
rhythm /'pBfLl/� ritmo
rock /pFY/� rock
salsa /'gDogL/� salsa
saxophone /'gDYgLcNm/� saxofón
sound system /'gPmX�gBgWLl/� equipo de son
sudden /'gJXm/� súpeto/a, inesperado/a
the heart of the matter /fL�kEW�Ld�fL�'lDWL/� o esencial, o miolo, o cerne
UK /qI'YM/� Reino Unido
vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� aspirador/a
vinyl record /'dOmo�pCYGX/� disco de vinilo
violin /dOL'oBm/� violín
wake up /rMY�'JU/� espertar(se)
zoom /hIl/� ir / pasar a toda velocidade
unIt 7
according to /L'YGXBn�WL/� de acordo con, segundo, consonte a
after-world /'EcWLrKoX/� o alén, o máis alá
angry /'DnZpi/� enfadado/a
apply for a job /L'UoO�cL�L�bFV/� presentarse a / solicitar un traballo
bad luck /VDX�'oJY/� mala sorte
bless /VoCg/� bendicir
bored /VGX/� aborrecido/a
break /VpMY/� romper, crebar
bring /VpBn/� traer
carry /'YDpi/� levar, traer
cave /YMd/� cova
century /'gCmaLpi/� século
common /'YFlLm/� común, corrente, frecuente
confused /YLm'cqIhX/� confundido/a, confuso/a, desconcertado/a
connection /YL'mCYim/� conexión, relación
crack /YpDY/� fenda, greta
dark /XEY/� escuridade
dead /XCX/� morto/a
deadly /'XCXoi/� mortal; mortífero/a
death /XCe/� morte
die /XO/� morrer
die for /XO�'cL/� morrer por
die of /XO�'Ld/� morrer de
disappear /XBgL'UBL/� desaparecer
dream /XpAl/� soñar
drop /XpFU/� deixar caer; tirar
dying to /'XOn�WL/� que morre de ganas / devece por
early /'Koi/� primeiro/a
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� avergoñado/a, violento/a, incómodo/a
excited /BY'gOWBX/� emocionado/a, ilusionado/a
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� exhausto/a, esgotado/a
four-leafed clover /cGoAcW�'YoPdL/� trevo de catro follas
frightened /'cpOWmX/� asustado/a, amedrentado/a, con medo
get a job /ZCW�L�'bFV/� conseguir / acadar un traballo
goddess /'ZFXCg/� deusa
have a job /kLd�L�'bFV/� ter un traballo
hug /kJZ/� abrazar, apertar
immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/� inmediatamente, decontado
job /bFV/� traballo, emprego
jobless /'bFVoLg/� desempregado/a, sen traballo
kiss /YBg/� bicar, beixar
level /'oCdo/� nivel
lose a job /oIh�L�'bFV/� perder un traballo
lucky charm /oJYi 'aEl/� amuleto da sorte
manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/� fabricante
mercury /'lKYqLpi/� mercurio
Middle Ages /lBXo�'CBbBh/� Idade Media
monk /lJnY/� monxe
pick /UBY/� coller, recoller
prisoner /'UpBhmL/� prisioneiro/a
proud /UpPX/� orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a
put /UHW/� poñer, pór
refuse /pB'cqIh/� rexeitar, negarse
run away /pJm�L'rCB/� fuxir, escapar
sail /gMo/� navegar; zarpar, saír en barco
salary /'gDoLpi/� salario, soldo
scratch /gYpDa/� rañar(se)
scream /gYpAl/� berrar, berregar, gritar
sneeze /gmAh/� espirrar
sound /gPmX/� soar
spirit /'gUBpBW/� espírito, alma
statue /'gWDaI/� estatua
step /gWCU/� pisar
still /gWBo/� aínda
superstition /gIUL'gWBim/� superstición
surprised /gL'UpOhX/� sorprendido/a
sweep /grAU/� varrer
symbol /'gBlVo/� símbolo
take /WMY/� levar
thrilled /epBoX/� entusiasmado/a, afervoado/a, moi ledo/a
throw /epN/� lanzar, guindar; tirar
throw away /epN�'LrM/� tirar ao lixo
��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossaryturn into (stone) /WKm�BmWL�'gWNm/� converterse en (pedra)
unlucky /Jm'oJYi/� desafortunado/a, de mala sorte; que trae mala sorte
upset /JU'gCW/� desgustado/a, molesto/a, amolado/a
village /'dBoBb/� vila, aldea
visitor /'dBhBWL/� visitante
wish /rBi/� desexar
witch /rBa/� meiga, bruxa
worried /'rJpiX/� preocupado/a
unIt 8
age /CBb/� idade
alive /L'oOd/� vivo/a
aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/� acuario
balcony /'VDoYLmi/� balcón, terraza
blind /VoOmX/� cego/a
bowling alley /'VLHoBn�Doi/� boleira
buy tickets /VO�'WBYBWg/� mercar / comprar entradas
café /'YæcM/� cafetaría, café
car park /'YE�UEY/� aparcadoiro
ceiling /'gAoBn/� teito
chemist´s /'YClBgWg/� farmacia
Chinese /WiO'mAh/� chinés/a; chinés (idioma)
collect /YL'oCYW/� coller / recoller; coleccionar
curious /'YqHLpiLg/� curioso/a
customer /'YJgWLlL/� cliente/a
department store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� grandes almacéns
electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg�iFU/� tenda de electrónica
extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/� extraordinario/a; incríbel, insólito/a
floor /coG/� piso; chan
football field /'cHWVGo�cAoX/� campo de fútbol
frightening /'cpOWmBn/� arrepiante, espantoso/a
garage /'ZDpEj/� garaxe
get a haircut /ZCW�L�'kCLYJW/� cortar o pelo
glass /ZoEg/� cristal, vidro
go bowling /ZLH�'VLHoBn/� ir xogar aos birlos / bólos
go on rides /ZLH�Fm�'pOXh/� montar nas atraccións
hairdresser´s /'kCLXpCgLh/� salón de peiteado
hang out /kæn�'PW/� pasar o tempo / un anaco
have a look at /kLd�L�'oHY�LW/� botarlle unha ollada a
have fun /kDd�'cJm/� divertirse, pasalo ben
high up /kO�'JU/� arriba, enriba
hire /'kOL/� alugar; contratar
hotel /kN'WCo/� hotel
ice hockey /'Og�kFYi/� hóckey sobre xeo
ice rink /'Og�pBnY/� pista de xeo
ice-skate /'OggYMW/� patinar sobre xeo
ice skating /'Og�gYMWBn/� patinaxe sobre xeo
indoor /'BmXG/� cuberto/a, interior
Indian Ocean /BmXiLm�'Nim/� océano Índico
join /bQm/� unirse, xuntarse
kid /YBX/� neno/a
live /oBd/� en vivo / directo
Maldivian /lGo'XBdiLm/� maldivano/a; maldivano (idioma)
market /'lEYBW/� mercado
meeting /'lAWBn/� xuntanza, encontro
Middle East /lBXo�'AgW/� Oriente Medio
move around /lId�L'pPmX/� moverse / trasladarse dun lugar a outro
odd /FX/� estraño/a, raro/a
oil /Qo/� petróleo; petrolífero/a
Olympic-sized /L'oBlUBYgOhX/� de dimensións olímpicas
order a pizza /GXL�L�'UAWgL/� pedir unha pizza
outdoor /'PWXG/� descuberto/a, ao ar / aire libre, exterior
own /Nm/� propio/a
peculiar /UB'YqIoiL/� estraño/a, raro/a; peculiar
pub /UJV/� pub, bar
rent /pCmW/� alugar
reservation /pChL'dMim/� reserva
ride /pOX/� atracción
roof /pIc/� teito, tellado
sky /gYO/� ceo
sorbet /'gGVM/� sorbete
stay at home /gWM�LW�'kNl/� ficar / quedar na casa
step /gWCU/� chanzo, banzo
store /gWG/� gardar
strange /gWpMmb/� estraño/a, raro/a
take a nap /WMY�L�'mDU/� botar a / unha sesta
take photos /WMY�'cNWNh/� facer / tirar fotos
tank /WDnY/� acuario
theme park /'eAl�UEY/� parque temático
underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/� submarino/a, subacuático/a
underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/� embaixo / debaixo da auga
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� inusual, pouco común / corrente
video game /'dBXiLH�ZMl/� videoxogo
wait in a queue /rMW�Bm�L�'YqI/� agardar nunha / facer cola
walk through /rGY�'epI/� camiñar a través de, pasar por
wall /rGo/� parede
weird /rBLX/� estraño/a, raro/a
worker /'rKYL/� traballador/a
zoo /hI/� zoo, zoolóxico
�� ��Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Glossary
unIt 9
actually /'DYWiToi/� en realidade, realmente, de feito
ADHD /M�XA�Ma�'Xi/� TDAH (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividade)
alone /L'oNm/� só/a; unicamente, só (by women ~: só por mulleres)
armour /'ElL/� armadura
aunt /EmW/� tía
Amazon /'DlLhLm/� amazona
be born /VA�VGm/� nacer
become /VB'YJl/� chegar a ser, facerse; converterse en
boarding school /'VGXBn�gYIo/� internado
bow and arrow /VP�LmX�'DpN/� arcos e flechas
capture /'YæUWiL/� apoderarse, apropiarse de
changing /'aMmbBn/� cambiante
commit /YL'lBW/� cometer
cousin /'YJhm/� curmán/á
cry /YpO/� chorar; berrar
daughter /'XGWL/� filla
deal with /'XAo�rBf/ ocuparse / encargarse de
destroy /XB'gWpQ/� destruír
die /XO/� morrer
fact /cæYW/� feito
fall in love /cGo�Bm�'oJd/� namorarse
father-in-law /'cEfLBmoG/� sogro
female /'cAlMo/� muller, dona
fight /cOW/� loitar
get a job /ZCW�L�'bFV/� conseguir / acadar un traballo
get along /ZCW�L'oFn/� levarse ben
get divorced /ZCW�XB'dGgX/� divorciarse
get married /ZCW�'lDpiX/� casar(se)
god /ZFX/� deus
granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/� neta
grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/� avó
grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/� avoa
grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/� avós
grandson /'ZpDmgJm/� neto
have children /kDd�'WiBoXpLm/� ter fillos
howl /kPo/� dar ouveos, ouvear / bramar
human /'kqIlLm/� humano/a
humane /kqI'lCBm/� humano/a, humanitario/a
husband /'kJhVLmX/� marido, esposo, home
legend /'oCbLmX/� lenda
male /lCBo/� varón; home
meet /lAW/� encontrarse, atoparse; coñecerse
moan /lNm/� xemer; queixarse, laiarse
mother-in-law /'lJfLBmoG/� sogra
move /lId/� mudarse, trasladarse
murder /'lKXL/� asasinato
myth /lBe/� mito
nephew /'mCcqI/� sobriño
niece /mAg/� sobriña
notice /'mNWBg/� decatarse, darse de conta
only /'Nmoi/� só, soamente
punishment /'UJmBilLmW/� castigo
put down /UHW�'XPm/� deixar, soltar
put off /UHW�'Fc/� adiar, aprazar, pospoñer, pospor
put out /UHW�'PW/� sacar; apagar
put up /UHW�'JU/� subir; erguer (~ with: soportar, aguantar)
reader /'pAXL/� lector/a
(be) related to /(VA)�pB'oCBWBX�WI/� (estar) emparentado/a con, (ser) parente de
review /pB'dqI/� reseña, crítica
run /pJm/� dirixir, gobernar
scream /gYpAl/� berrar, bradar
set /gCW/� plató (be ~: desenvolverse, estar ambientado/a)
shout /iPW/� gritar, berrar
shriek /ipAY/� bradar
siblings /'gBVoBnh/� irmáns/ás
skeleton /'gYCoBWm/� esqueleto
son /gJm/� fillo
stepfather /'gWCUcEfL/� padrasto
stepmother /'gWCUlJfL/� madrasta
stepson /'gWCUgJm/� fillastro
study /'gWJXi/� estudar
Trojan War /WpNbLm�'rG/� guerra de Troia
tribe /WpOV/� tribo
trouble /'WpJVo/� problema/s, lea/s (get into ~: meterse en problemes)
turn around /WKm�L'pPmX/� dar a volta
turn into /WKm�'BmWL/� converter(se) en
turn out /WKm�'PW/� resultar
uncle /'JnYo/� tío
warrior /'rFpiL/� guerreiro/a
weep /rAU/� chorar
widow /'rBXN/� viúva (become a ~: enviuvar, ficar viúva)
widower /'rBXNL/� viúvo
wife /rOc/� muller, dona, esposa
yell /qCo/� berrar, bramar
1010Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
GrammarAppendix
IntroductIon
CONTRASTEpresent simple / present continuous• OPresent Simpleexpresahábitoserutinas,maisoPresent
Continuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrermentressefala.
They usually have lunch at home, but today they’re eating at a restaurant.(Poloxeralcomennacasa,maishoxeestánacomernunrestaurante.)
• Paraformara3ªpersoadosingulardoPresent Simpleosmáisdosverbosengaden-s:
like - likes walk - walksread - reads sit - sits
Nosseguintescasos,engádese -es nocantode-s:
-Seremataenss,sh,choux: pass - passes watch - watcheswash - washes mix - mixes
-Seremataeno: do - does go - goes
-Seremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseoyporuni: study - studies carry - carries
• ParaformaroPresent Continuouscómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir -ing aoverbo:
-Seremataene mudo,pérdeseoe: live - living
-Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante,dóbraseestaconsoante: run - running sit - sitting
-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaúltima,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: prefer - preferring begin - beginning
-Seremataenl,dóbraseadevanditaletra: travel - travelling
-Seremataenie,cámbiaseieporuny: lie - lying die - dying
• Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargostos,desexos,sentimentoseemocións,actividadesdamenteeopinións,percepciónepertenzaenonseadoitanempregarcoPresent Continuous.
lovelikehatewant
gostos,desexos,sentimentoseemocións
thinkrememberknowunderstandbelieve
actividadesdamenteeopinións
seehearsmelltastefeel
percepción
own pertenza
He wants a new computer.(Elquereunordenadornovo.)
Do you think he’s ill?(Cresqueestádoente?)
I don’t hear you.(Nonteoio.)
They own a house on the beach.(Elesteñenunhacasanapraia.)
O past simple
Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraída
Ishouted I did not shout I didn’t shout
Youshouted Youdid not shout You didn’t shout
Heshouted He did not shout He didn’t shout
Sheshouted She did not shout She didn’t shout
Itshouted It did not shout It didn’t shout
Weshouted We did not shout We didn’t shout
Youshouted You did not shout You didn’t shout
Theyshouted They did not shout They didn’t shout
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
Did Ishout ...? Yes,I did. No,I didn’t.
Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didn’t.
Did heshout ...? Yes,he did. No,he didn’t.
Did sheshout ...? Yes,she did. No,she didn’t.
Did itshout ...? Yes,it did. No,it didn’t.
Did weshout ...? Yes,we did. No,we didn’t.
Did youshout ...? Yes,you did. No,you didn’t.
Did theyshout ...? Yes,they did. No,they didn’t.
1010 1111
GrammarAppendix
Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
• Afirmativa:fórmaseengadindo-edaosverbosregulareseéigualentodasaspersoas.
I watched TV last night.(Vinatelevisiónestanoite.)
Nosseguintescasos,cómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir-ed:
-Seremataene mudo,sóseengade: dance - danced arrive - arrived
-Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante,dóbraseestaconsoante: stop - stopped plan - planned
-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaderradeira,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted
-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra: travel - travelled
-Seconclúeenconsoante + y,cámbiaseoyporuni: study - studied try - tried
Osverbosirregularesnonseguenregraningunhae,poriso,cómpreaprenderasúaformadepasadodememoria.Podesconsultaralistaxedaspáxinas23-24.
• Negativa:suxeito+did notoudidn’t+verbonaformabase.
She didn’t eat ice cream yesterday.(Elanoncomeuunxeadoonte.)
• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+unverbonaformabase.
Did your friend like his present?(Aoteuamigogustoulleoseuagasallo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+didoudidn’t.
Did you drink your tea? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.(Bebichesoté?Bebín.Si./Non.)
Os usos do past simpleExpresarmosacciónspasadas
He enjoyed the party.(Elgozoudafesta.)
Dicirmosquésefixonunmomentoconcreto
The teacher gave us an exam last Tuesday.(Oprofesorpúxonosunexameomartespasado.)
Contarmoshistoriasenpasado
I had breakfast. Then I went for a walk.(Almorcei.Logofundarunhavolta.)
Contarmoscomoeranascousasnoutrotempo
In the past, people didn’t use computers. (Nopasado,axentenonempregabaordenadores.)
• CoPast Simpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldeexpresión,last night / week / year(estanoite,asemanapasada,oanopasado),at+unhahora,on+undíaouunhadata,in+unano,in the past(nopasado),yesterday(onte),etc.
Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
He slept at Tom’s house on Saturday.(EldurmiunacasadeTomosábado.)
Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969.(NeilArmstrongpisoualúaen1969.)
O past continuousAfirmativa Negativa Forma contraída
Iwas doing Iwas not doing Iwasn’t doing
Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youweren’t doing
Hewas doing Hewas not doing Hewasn’t doing
Shewas doing Shewas not doing Shewasn’t doing
Itwas doing Itwas not doing Itwasn’t doing
Wewere doing Wewere not doing Weweren’t doing
Youwere doing Youwere not doing Youweren’t doing
Theywere doing Theywere not doing Theyweren’t doing
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
WasIdoing? Yes,Iwas. No,Iwasn’t.
Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,youweren’t.
Washedoing? Yes,he was. No,he wasn’t.
Wasshedoing? Yes,she was. No,she wasn’t.
Wasitdoing? Yes,itwas. No,itwasn’t.
Werewedoing? Yes,wewere. No,we weren’t.
Wereyoudoing? Yes,you were. No,you weren’t.
Weretheydoing? Yes,they were. No,they weren’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+was/were+unverborematadoen-ing.
I was cooking in the kitchen. (Estabaacociñarnacociña.)
Asregrasortográficasparaengadir-ing atópansenapáxina10.
• Negativa:suxeito+was/were +not ou n’t +unverborematadoen-ing.
It wasn’t raining this morning.(Nonestabaachoverestamañá.)
• Interrogativa:Was/Were+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.
Were they driving to work?(Estabanaconducircaraaotraballo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+was / weresencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Was he studying with his friend? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Estabaaestudarcoseuamigo?Estaba.Si./Non.)
1212Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
• CoPast Continuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,at +unhahora, yesterday morning / afternoon (ontepolamañá/tarde), last night (estanoite),etc. Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
We were playing football yesterday afternoon. (Estabamosaxogaraofútbolontepolatarde.)
You were doing your homework two hours ago. (Estabasafacerosdebereshaidúashoras.)
Os usos do past continuous
Expresarmosoqueestabaaocorrernopasado
They were taking pictures of animals at 3 o’clock. (Estabanatirarfotosdeanimaisás3enpunto.)
Describirmosdúasoumáisacciónsprolongadasesimultáneasnopasado,unidasporwhileouas
We were talking on the phone while / as you were reading a magazine. (Estabamosafalarporteléfonomentresestabasalerunharevista.)
unIt1
CONTRASTE past simple / past continuous• OPast Simpleindicaqueaacciónocorreuerematouno
temposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPast Continuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado.
Jack travelled to China in 1988. (JackviaxouaChinaen1988.)
I was riding a bike yesterday morning. (Estivenamontarenbiciontepolamañá.)
• CoPast Continuousadoitanempregarseasconxunciónswhileouasparafalarmosdeacciónssimultáneas.
While / As we were waiting for my mother, she was buying some fruit. (Mentresestabamosaesperarpolamiñanai,elaestabaamercaralgodefroita.)
• Emprégasewhile ouwhen parafalarmosdunhaacciónprolongadainterrompidaporoutranopasado.
While Jack was sleeping, the telephone rang. (MentresJackestabaadurmir,oteléfonosoou.)
I was cleaning the kitchen when he arrived. (Estabaalimparacociñacandoelchegou.)
CoPast SimpleadóitaseempregarwhenecoPast Continuouswhile.
unIt2
OS TEMPOS VERBAIS DE FUTUROO futuro con will
Afirmativa Forma contraídaIwill play I’ll play
Youwill play You’ll play
Hewill play He’ll play
Shewill play She’ll play
Itwill play It’ll play
Wewill play We’ll play
Youwill play You’ll play
Theywill play They’ll play
Negativa Forma contraída
Iwill not play Iwon’t play
Youwill not play Youwon’t play
Hewill not play Hewon’t play
Shewill not play Shewon’t play
Itwill not play Itwon’t play
Wewill not play Wewon’t play
Youwill not play Youwon’t play
They will not play Theywon’t play
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa NegativaWillIplay...? Yes,Iwill. No,Iwon’t.
Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwon’t.
Willheplay...? Yes,hewill. No,hewon’t.
Willsheplay...? Yes,shewill. No,shewon’t.
Willitplay...? Yes,itwill. No,itwon’t.
Willweplay...? Yes,wewill. No,wewon’t.
Willyouplay...? Yes,youwill. No,youwon’t.
Willtheyplay...? Yes,theywill. No,theywon’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+oauxiliarwill+verbonaformabase.Éigualentodasaspersoas.Naconversa,willcontraecosuxeito(’ll).
He will become a good doctor one day. (Chegaráaserunbodoutoralgúndía.)
• Negativa:suxeito+willnot ouwon’t+verbonaformabase.
They won’t score any goals. (Nonmarcarángolningún.)
• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Will you help me?(Axudarasme?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t.
Will it be sunny at the weekend? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.(Irásolafindesemana?Irá.Si./Non.)
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Os usos do futuro con willPredicirmosoquesecrequeocorrerá
I think they will travel to Ireland.(CoidoqueviaxaránaIrlanda.)
Expresarmosdecisiónssúpetas
It’s hot. I’ll wear my sandals.(Vaicalor.Poreiasmiñassandalias.)
Facermospromesasouofrecementos
I‘ll take you home. (Levareiteácasa.)
• Conwilladoitanempregarseexpresións temporais comolater(máistarde),soon(axiña,pronto),in an hour(nunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next week / month / year(asemana/omes/oanoquevén),etc.Taménseempreganoutrasquesinalanunfuturoafastado:in ten years(endezanos),in+unano,one day(algúndía),in the future(nofuturo),etc.Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
We will arrive in an hour.(Chegaremosnunhahora.)
O futuro con be going toAfirmativa Forma contraída
Iam going to travel I’m going to travel
Youare going to travel You’re going to travel
He is going to travel He’s going to travel
Sheis going to travel She’s going to travel
Itis going to travel It’s going to travel
Weare going to travel We’re going to travel
Youare going to travel You’re going to travel
Theyare going to travel They’re going to travel
Negativa e forma contraída
Iam not/I’m not going to travel
Youare not/Youaren’t/You’re not going to travel
Heis not/Heisn’t/ He’s not going to travel
Sheis not/Sheisn’t/She’s not going to travel
Itis not/Itisn’t/ It’s not going to travel
Weare not/Wearen’t/We’re not going to travel
Youare not/Youaren’t/You’re not going to travel
Theyare not/Theyaren’t/ They’re not going to travel
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
AmIgoing to travel? Yes,I am. No,I’m not.
Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Ishegoing to travel? Yes,he is. No,he isn’t.
Isshegoing to travel? Yes,she is. No,she isn’t.
Isitgoing to travel? Yes,it is. No,it isn’t.
Arewegoing to travel? Yes,we are. No,we aren’t.
Areyougoing to travel? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Aretheygoing to travel? Yes,they are. No,they aren’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+to beenpresente+ going to+verbonaformabase.
Jack is going to compete in the championship next summer.(Jackvaicompetirnocampionatoovindeiroverán.)
• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+ not ou n’t+going to+verbonaformabase.
They aren’t going to play tennis next Friday.(Nonvanxogaraotenisovindeirovenres.)
• Interrogativa:to beenpresente+suxeito+going to+verbonaformabase.
Is she going to join the team?(Elavaiunirseaoequipo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Are you going to watch the match on Saturday? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Vasveropartidoosábado?Vou.Si./Non.)
Os usos do futuro con be going to
Falarmosdeintencións,plansoudecisións
I’m going to meet them at the cinema.(Vouquedarconelesnocinema.)
Expresarmosoquevaiocorrerpoishaiindiciosdiso
Look at the score! They‘re going to win.(Miraomarcador!Vangañar.)
• Conbe going toadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde),soon(axiña),in an hour(nunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next week / month / year(asemana/omes/oanovindeiro),etc.
Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
I’m going to buy a new shirt next week.(Voumercarunhacamisanovaasemanavindeira.)
They are going to study for the exam later.(Vanestudarparaoexamemáistarde.)
O present continuous con valor de futuro• OPresent Continuousexpresaoqueestáaocorrerno
presente,maistaménseempregaparafalardeacciónsfixadasconantelaciónqueocorreránnunfuturovindeiro.Expresaalgoqueocorreráconseguridade,nonunhaintención.
We’re playing volleyball tomorrow.(Xogamos/Xogaremosaovoleibolmañá.)[xasedecidiu]
• OPresent Continuousconvalordefuturodebeiracompañadodunhaexpresióntemporalquesinalecandovaiocorreraacción:soon(axiña),later(máistarde),tomorrow(mañá),tonight(estanoite),next week/month/year(asemana/omes/oanovindeiro),etc.
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He is running a race next weekend.(Corre/Correráunhacarreiraasemanavindeira.)
We are flying to Paris this evening.(Voamos/VoaremosaParísestanoite.)
unIt3
O PRIMEIRO CONDICIONALEmprégaseparafalardunhaacción(ouresultado)queocorrerásesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+Present Simple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal),adoitairenfuturoconwill.
Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavírgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.
If he studies hard, he will get good marks. (Seelestudamoito,obteráboascualificacións.)
He will get good marks if he studies hard.(Elobteráboascualificaciónsseestudamoito.)
• Negativa:pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.
If she doesn’t go to the party, I will stay at home. (Seelanonvaiáfesta,quedareinacasa.)
If she goes to the party, I won’t stay at home.(Seelavaiáfesta,nonquedareinacasa.)
If she doesn’t go to the party, I won’t stay at home.(Seelanonvaiáfesta,nonquedareinacasa.)
• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.
Will they go to the beach if it rains?(Iránápraiasechove?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t.
Will you play the guitar if he sings? Yes, I will. /No, I won’t.(Tocarásaguitarraseelcanta?Tocarei.Si./Non.)
Pódeseempregarunlessouwhennacondición.
Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunciónunless,queequivaleaif not (“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”).
Unless you concentrate, you will fail the exam.(Senonteconcentras,suspenderásoexame.)
Con when falamossobrealgoqueocorreráconseguridade.
When I arrive home, I will call you.(Candochegueácasa,chamareite.)
O SEGUNDO CONDICIONALEmprégaseparafalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,istoé,queépoucoprobablequeocorran,eparadarconsello.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+Past Simple,eoresultadoconwould(ouacontracción’d)+overbonaformabase.
If I understood the problem, I’d solve it.(Seentendeseoproblema,resolveríao.)
Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adoitaempregarsewere entodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural.
If he were rich, he’d buy a new car. (Seelfoserico,mercaríauncochenovo.)
ParadarconsellosemprégaseafórmulaIf I were.
If I were you, I’d send him a text message. (Eudeti,enviaríalleunhamensaxedetexto.)
• Negativa:pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.
If I didn’t have money, I would work hard. (Seeunontivesecartos,traballaríamoito.)
If I had money, I wouldn’t work hard.(Seeutivesecartos,nontraballaríamoito.)
If I didn’t work hard, I wouldn’t have money.(Seeunontraballasemoito,nonteríacartos.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.
Would you ride a camel if you were in the desert?(Montaríasencameloseestivesesnodeserto?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.
Would you play the piano if you didn’t play the guitar? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t. (Tocaríasopianosenontocasesaguitarra?Tocaría.Si./Non.)
unIt4
O COMPARATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOSA forma comparativa
Paracompararmosdúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.
• Ocomparativodesuperioridade(máis...que/ca/doque)emprégaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:
1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,considérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detráspónselleapartículathan.
The silver necklace is cheaper than the gold one.(Ocolardeprataémáisbaratoqueodeouro.)
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Nosseguintescasos,oadxectivomudaaolleengadir-er:
-Seten1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante,dóbraseesaconsoante:
thin - thinner big - bigger
-Seten2sílabaseremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseoyporuni: heavy - heavier
easy - easier
-Seremataenl,duplícaseadevanditaletra: cruel - crueller
-Seconclúeenemudo,sóseengade-r: nice - nicer
2.Seoadxectivoten2sílabasoumáis,élongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than.
Paul is more attractive than Jim.(PaulémáisatractivoqueJim.)
• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/caoudoque).
Modern jewellery is less elaborate than ancient jewellery.
(Axoiaríamodernaémenoselaboradaqueaantiga.)
• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not)as+adxectivo+as((non)tan/tanto...como/a).
This picture is as colourful as that one.(Estecadroétancoloridocomaese.)
A forma superlativaEmprégaseparacompararmosmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.
• Ponsethediantedoadxectivoeoadverbiomostouaterminación-es.Taméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:
-Seécurto,emprégasethe +adxectivo+-est.
These are the lightest clothes in the shop. (Estaéaroupamáislixeiradatenda.)
Segueasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativocon-er.
big - biggest sad - saddest pretty - prettiest happy - happiest wide - widest large - largest cruel - cruellest
-Seélongo,emprégasethe most+adxectivo.
This beach is the most peaceful place in the world. (Estapraiaéolugarmáistranquilodomundo.)
• Parasinalarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.
This is the least lively market in the city.(Esteéomercadomenosanimadodacidade.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposiciónsin,ofeon.
He’s the most intelligent boy in the class. (Eléorapazmáisintelixentedaclase.)
Next Friday is the longest day of the year.(Ovindeirovenreséodíamáislongodoano.)
Which is the highest mountain on Earth?(CaléamontañamáisaltadaTerra?)
Os adxectivos irregularesNonseguenregraningunhae,poriso,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativogood(bo,bon/boa)
better than the best
bad(malo/a;mao/má)
worse than the worst
far(afastado/a)
farther / further than the farthest / furthest
little(pouco/a)
less than the least
too,(not) ... enough• Toovaidiantedoadxectivoesinalaqueacualidade
expresadaporesteéexcesiva.Significa“demáis”,“demasiado”.
This ring is too bright.(Esteanelébrillantedemáis.)
• Not+adxectivo+enoughsignifica“nonabondo”,“non(o)bastante”ou“non(o)suficientemente”.
That football player is good enough for our team.(Estexogadordefútboléabondo/suficientementeboparaonosoequipo.)
She is not old enough to drive. (Elanoné(o)abondo/suficientementemaiorparaguiar.)
1616Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O COMPARATIVO DOS ADVERBIOS• Osadverbiosdannosmáisinformaciónsobreosverbos.
Describenamaneiraenquefacemosunhaacción.
She walks slowly. (Elacamiñaamodo.)
• Pódensecomparardúasacciónsempregandoestaestrutura:more+adverbio+than.
She walks more slowly than her sister. (Elacamiñamáisamodoqueasúairmá.)
• Taménsepodencomparardúasacciónsempregando:less+adverbio+than.
I drive less carefully than my father. (Conduzoconmenoscoidadoqueomeupai.)
• Conas+adverbio+asindícasequedúasacciónsserealizandomesmoxeito.
She walks as slowly asher sister.(Elacamiñatanamodocomoasúairmá.)
Os adverbios irregularesNonseguenregraningunhae,poriso,cómpreaprenderestesadverbioseasúaformacompartivadememoria.
Adxectivo Adverbio Forma comparativa
fast (rápido/a)fast (áprésa,rapidamente)
faster than
hard (duro/a;difícil)
hard (duramente,moito)
harder than
high (alto/a)high (alto,agrandealtura)
higher than
far (lonxano) far (lonxe) farther / further than
good (bo/a) well (ben) better than
bad (malo,mao/mala,má)
badly (mal) worse than
unIt5
O present perFect simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaIhave washed I’ve washed
Youhave washed You’ve washed
Hehas washed He’s washed
Shehas washed She’s washed
Ithas washed It’s washed
Wehave washed We’ve washed
Youhave washed You’ve washed
Theyhave washed They’ve washed
Negativa Forma contraída
Ihave not washed Ihaven’t washed
Youhave not washed Youhaven’t washed
Hehas not washed Hehasn’t washed
Shehas not washed Shehasn’t washed
Ithas not washed Ithasn’t washed
Wehave not washed Wehaven’t washed
Youhave not washed Youhaven’t washed
They have not washed Theyhaven’t washed
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
HaveIwashed...? Yes,Ihave. No,Ihaven’t.
Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhaven’t.
Hashewashed...? Yes,hehas. No,hehasn’t.
Hasshewashed...? Yes,shehas. No,shehasn’t.
Hasitwashed...? Yes,ithas. No,ithasn’t.
Havewewashed...? Yes,wehave. No,wehaven’t.
Haveyouwashed...? Yes,youhave. No,youhaven’t.
Havetheywashed...? Yes,theyhave. No,theyhaven’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+has/have+unverboenparticipio.Osmáisdosverbosengade-edáformabasedoverboparaformarenoparticipio.
We have explored this area.(Exploramosestazona.)
Osverbosirregularesadoitarmudardeformanoparticipio.Nonseguenregraningunhae,poriso,cómpreaprendelosdememoria.Podesatoparunhalistaxenaspáxinas23-24.
I have eaten soup and sausages for dinner.(Comínsopaemaissalchichasparacear.)
• Negativa:suxeito+has/have +notoun’t+unverboenparticipio.
The plane hasn’t landed.(Oaviónnonaterrou.)
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• Interrogativa:Has/have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.
Have you studied this unit?(Estudachesnestaunidade?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / havesencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Have they received a letter? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.(Recibironunhacarta?Recibiron.Si./Non.)
• CoPresent Perfect Simpleadoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbios e expresións temporais:
ever
interrogativa:“algunhavez”
Have you ever trekked through the jungle?
negativa:“nunca”,“xamais”
I haven’t ever rowed a boat
neverafirmativa:“nunca”,“xamais”
She has never visited Paris.
always “sempre”They’ve always listened to their mother.
already afirmativa:“xa”We’ve already discovered the truth.
justafirmativa:“acabar/virde”
I have just cleaned my room.
yet
negativa:“aínda”
She hasn’t completed her homework yet.
interrogativa:“xa” Have you found your ring yet?
recently “recentemente”Have they travelled to London recently?
lately “ultimamente”He hasn’t watered the plants lately.
several times “variasveces”
They have dug for treasure several times.
so far “atéomomento” I’ve done five exercises so far.
Cómpreterencontaque:
-Just,already,always,evereneverpóñenseentreoauxiliarhaveeoparticipiodoverboprincipal.
-Yetcolócaseaofinaldafrase.
-Orestodeexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
for /sinceCoPresent Perfect Simple taménseempreganasexpresiónstemporaisquecomezancon:
- Apreposiciónforseguidadunperíododetempoquesinalaaduracióndaacción.Tradúcesecomo“durante”,“aolongode”ounonsetraduce.
Her mother has worked here for 15 years.(Asúanaitraballouaquíaolongode15anos.)
- Apreposiciónsince,quesinalaointreenquecomezouaacción.Tradúcesecomo“desde”,“dende”.
I haven’t watched a film since Sunday. (Nonvinunhapelículadesde/dendeodomingo.)
Os usos do present perfect simple
Acciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan(levaforousince etradúceseenpresente)
She has lived in Germany since 1998.(ElaviveenAlemañadesde1998.)
Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresenteouteñenconsecuenciasnomomentoactual
They have moved to a new house.(Elesmudáronseaunhacasanova.)
Acciónspasadassenespecificarcandoocorreron
She has survived the accident.(Elasobreviviuaoaccidente.)
Acciónsmoirecentes(levajustetradúcesepor“acabar/virde”+infinitivo)
He has just fallen on the ground.(Elacabadecaeraochan.)
CONTRASTE present perFect simple / past simple
OPresent Perfect Simplesinalaqueoqueocorreunopasadogardarelacióncopresente,aíndaquenonseespecificacandoocorreu.Encambio,oPast Simplefaladeacciónspasadasquexanonafectanaomomentoactualesinalacandoocorreron,conexpresiónsdetempotalescomoyesterday,last night,etc.
They have parachuted many times.(Elessaltaronenparacaídasmoitasveces.)
She parachuted yesterday.(Elasaltouenparacaídasonte.)
1818Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
unIt6
OS DETERMINANTES
a / an
Connomescontábeisensingular.Emprégansediantedunnomequenonécoñecidopolofalante.
un/ha a guitar, an ambulance
some
Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
uns/nhas,algúns/nhasalgode,unpoucode(ounonsetraduce)
There are some concerts this month. We’ve got some chocolate.
any
Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
ningún/nhanadade(ounonsetraduce)
We haven’t got any hip-hop CDs. He hasn’t got any butter.
algún/nhaalgúns/nhasalgode(ounonsetraduce)
Do you play any musical instruments? Have you got any time for me?
OS CUANTIFICADORES
a lot ofmoito/a/os/asunhachea/moreade
Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.
A lot of students play football. There is a lot of food.
many moitos/as
Connomescontábeisenplural.
Many people like pop music.
muchmoito/a
Connomesnoncontábeisenfrasesnegativaseinterrogativas.
I haven’t got much work.Was there much noise?
a fewunspoucos/asalgúns/nhas
Connomescontábeisenplural.
The plane landed a few hours late.
a littleunpoucode
Connomescontábeisenplural.
I have got a little money for you.
How many ...?Cantos/as...?
Connomescontábeisenplural.
How many MP4 players have you got?
How much ...?Canto/a...?
Connomesnoncontábeis.Candovaicoverboto be serveparapreguntaroprezodunhacousa.
How much time do you need? How much is the hairdryer?
Estasexpresiónsempréganseparafalarsobrecantidade.
unIt7
OS MODAIS
can / can’tAfirmativa Negativa Forma contraída
Ican sail Icannot sail Ican’t sail
Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcan’t sail
Hecan sail Hecannot sail Hecan’t sail
Shecan sail Shecannot sail Shecan’t sail
Itcan sail Itcannot sail Itcan’t sail
Wecan sail Wecannot sail Wecan’t sail
Youcan sail Youcannot sail Youcan’t sail
Theycan sail Theycannot sail Theycan’t sail
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
CanIsail? Yes,Ican. No,Ican’t.
Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,you can’t.
Canhesail? Yes,hecan. No,hecan’t.
Canshesail? Yes,shecan. No,shecan’t.
Canitsail? Yes,it can. No,it can’t.
Canwesail? Yes,we can. No,wecan’t.
Canyousail? Yes,youcan. No,youcan’t.
Cantheysail? Yes,theycan. No,theycan’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.
He can speak German very well.(Elsabefalaralemánmoiben.)
I can come to your party.(Podovirátúafesta.)
You can watch TV now.(Podesveratelevisiónagora.)
• Negativa:suxeito+cannotoucan’t+verbonaformabase.
They cannot do any magic tricks.(Elesnonsaben/podenfacertrucosdemaxia.)
• Interrogativa:Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Can they write good stories?(Saben/Podenescribirboashistorias?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+canoucan’t.
Can you pick a flower? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.(Podescollerunhaflor?Podo.Si./Non.)
GrammarAppendix
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GrammarAppendix
Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
Os usos de can / can’tHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo:“saber”
She can sing beautifully.(Elasabecantarmarabillosamente.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgo:“poder”
You can break the mirror. Be careful.(Podesromperoespello.Tencoidado.)
Pedirpermisoouunfavoraalguénconquensetenconfianza:“poder”
Can you put the eggs in the fridge? Yes, I can.(Podespoñerosovosnaneveira?Podo.Si.)
could / couldn’tAfirmativa Negativa Forma contraída
Icould ski Icould not ski Icouldn’t ski
Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldn’t ski
Hecould ski Hecould not ski Hecouldn’t ski
Shecould ski Shecould not ski Shecouldn’t ski
Itcould ski Itcould not ski Itcouldn’t ski
Wecould ski Wecould not ski Wecouldn’t ski
Youcould ski Youcould not ski Youcouldn’t ski
Theycould ski Theycould not ski Theycouldn’t ski
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
CouldIski? Yes,I could. No,I couldn’t.
Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,youcouldn’t.
Couldheski? Yes,hecould. No,hecouldn’t.
Couldsheski? Yes,she could. No,she couldn’t.
Coulditski? Yes,it could. No,itcouldn’t.
Couldweski? Yes,we could. No,we couldn’t.
Couldyouski? Yes,youcould. No,you couldn’t.
Couldtheyski? Yes,they could. No,they couldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+could+ verbonaformabase.
I could play basketball when I was seven.(Eusabíaxogaraobaloncestocandotiñaseteanos.)
In the past, mirrors could make people feel ill.(Nopasado,osespellospodíanfacerqueaxentesesentiseenferma.)
• Negativa:suxeito+could notoucouldn’t+verbonaformabase.
They couldn’t play outside because it was raining.(Nonpodíanxogarfórapoisestabaachover.)
• Interrogativa:Could +suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Could he sail on Friday?(Elpuidonavegarovenres?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+couldoucouldn’t.
Could you carry the bags? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.(Poderíaslevarasbolsas?Podería.Si./Non.)
Os usos de could / couldn’tHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgonopasado
Sam could speak at the age of two.(Samsabíafalaraosdousanos.)
Posibilidadedefaceralgonopasado
They couldn’t see the beach from the window.(Nonpuideronverapraiadesdeaventá.)
Permisosoupedimentos(demaneiramáiseducadaqueconcan)
Could I have a glass of water?(Poderíatomarunvasodeauga?)
must / mustn’tAfirmativa Negativa
Imust sweep Imustn’t sweep
Youmust sweep Youmustn’t sweep
Hemust sweep Hemustn’t sweep
Shemust sweep Shemustn’t sweep
Itmust sweep Itmustn’t sweep
Wemust sweep Wemustn’t sweep
Youmust sweep Youmustn’t sweep
Theymust sweep Theymustn’t sweep
• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+ verbonaformabase.
I must play the piano three times a week.(Debotocaropianotresvecesásemana.)
• Negativa:suxeito+must not oumustn’t+verbonaformabase.
People mustn’t feed animals in the zoo.(Axentenondebedardecomeraosanimaisnozoo.)
You mustn’t tell me his secret. (Nondebescontarmeoseusegredo.)
• Interrogativa:Must +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.
Must we speak to the doctor?(Debemosfalarcodoutor?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+mustoumustn’t.
Must I call the police? Yes, you must. / No, you mustn’t.(Debochamarápolicía?Debes.Si./Non.)
2020Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O uso de must
Obriga,necesidadeouconvenienciadefaceralgo:“deber”
I must work harder.(Debotraballarmoitomáis.)
O uso de mustn’t
Prohibicióndefaceralgoporquenonestápermitido,nonconvénounonécorrecto
You mustn’t eat in the classroom. (Nondebescomernaclase.)
should / shouldn’tAfirmativa Negativa
Ishould buy Ishouldn’t buy
Youshould buy Youshouldn’t buy
Heshould buy Heshouldn’t buy
Sheshould buy Sheshouldn’t buy
Itshould buy Itshouldn’t buy
Weshould buy Weshouldn’t buy
Youshould buy Youshouldn’t buy
Theyshould buy Theyshouldn’t buy
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa Negativa
ShouldIbuy? Yes,I should. No,I shouldn’t.
Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,youshouldn’t.
Shouldhebuy? Yes,heshould. No,heshouldn’t.
Shouldshebuy? Yes,sheshould. No,sheshouldn’t.
Shoulditbuy? Yes,it should. No,it shouldn’t.
Shouldwebuy? Yes,we should. No,weshouldn’t.
Shouldyoubuy? Yes,you should. No,you shouldn’t.
Shouldtheybuy? Yes,they should. No,theyshouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+ verbonaformabase.
You should go to the dentist tomorrow.(Deberíasiraodentistamañá.)
• Negativa:suxeito+should notoushouldn’t+verboenformabase.
She shouldn’t believe in superstitions.(Elanondeberíacrerensupersticións.)
• Interrogativa:Should +suxeito+verbonaformabase.
Should I be angry?(Deberíaestarenfadada?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+shouldoushouldn’t.
Should we take an umbrella with us? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t.(Deberiamoscollerunparaugas.Deberiamos.Si./Non.)
Os usos de should / shouldn’t
Darconsellos She should bring a coat. It’s cold.(Deberíatraerunabrigo.Vaifrío.)
Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer
You shouldn’t eat too many sweets. (Nondeberíascomerdemasiadoscaramelos.)
Have to / Don’t have toAfirmativa Negativa
Ihave to go Idon’thave to go
Youhave to go Youdon’t have to go
Hehas to go Hedoesn’t have to go
Shehas to go Shedoesn’t have to go
Ithas to go Itdoesn’t have to go
Wehave to go Wedon’t have to go
Youhave to go Youdon’t have to go
Theyhave to go Theydon’t have to go
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa NegativaDoIhave to go? Yes,I do. No,I don’t.
Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,youdon’t.
Doeshehave to go? Yes,hedoes. No,hedoesn’t.
Doesshehave to go? Yes,shedoes. No,shedoesn’t.
Doesithave to go? Yes,it does. No,it doesn’t.
Dowehave to go? Yes,we do. No,wedon’t.
Doyouhave to go? Yes,you do. No,you don’t.
Dotheyhave to go? Yes,they do. No,theydon’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have /has to+ verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”ecomomust,expresaaobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.AdiferenzaéquemustsósepodeempregarenPresent Simpleeporiso,norestodostempos,cómpreempregarhave to.
We have to put the chicken in the oven.(Nontesporqueaxudarme.Podofacelosó.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t /doesn’t + have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.
You don’t have to help me. I can do it alone.(Nontesporqueaxudarme.Podofacelosó.)
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+have to+ verbonaformabase.
Do they have to come with you?(Teñenquevircontigo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/doesoudon’t/doesn’t.
Does she have to study for the exam? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Elatenqueestudarparaoexame?Ten.Si./Non.)
GrammarAppendix
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GrammarAppendix
Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
O uso de have to
Obrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo
I have to bring my sister to the party. (Teñoquelevarámiñairmááfesta.)
O uso de don’t have to
Ausenciadeobrigaounecesidade
You don’t have to buy me anything. (Nontesquememercarningunhacousa.)
unIt8
OS PRONOMES RELATIVOS
• Introducenunhaoraciónsubordinada.
I don’t like salads which / that have got onions in them.(Nonmegustanasensaladasqueteñencebola.)
• Aoraciónsubordinadasubministrainformaciónsobreunantecedente.Ospronomesrelativossemprevandetrásdoantecedenteaoquefanreferenciaepodenfacerdesuxeitooudecomplemento,maliaquenesteúltimocasoéfrecuenteomitilosnaconversa.
• Ospronomesrelativossonwho,which,that,where, when ewhose:
-Whoemprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Pódesesubstituírporthat.
These are the girls who / that I met at the café.(Estassonasrapazasquemeatopeinacafetaría.)
-Whichemprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.Pódesesubstituírporthat.
I was wearing a new skirt which / that was quite long.(Levabaunhasaianovaqueerabenlonga.)
He has got a dog which / that eats vegetables. (Eltenuncanquecomeverduras.)
-Thatemprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.
The penguins that I saw at the zoo were swimming.(Ospingüínsquevinnozooestabananadar.)
The woman that was sitting at the desk was beautiful.(Amullerqueestaba(sentada)noescritorioerafermosa.)
-Whereemprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.
We went shopping at a market where you can find everything.(Fomosdecomprasaunmercadoondepodesatopardetodo.)
-Whenemprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódesesubstituírporthat.
He took this photo on the day when we went to the theme park.(Tirouestafotoodíaquefomosaoparquetemático.)
-Whoseemprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.
She’s got a friend whose father is Irish. (Elatenunamigocuxopaiéirlandés.)
unIt9
A VOZ PASIVA
A voz pasiva en presente
Afirmativa Negativa
Iam accepted I’m notaccepted
Youare accepted Youaren’t accepted
Heis accepted Heisn’t accepted
Sheis accepted Sheisn’t accepted
Itis accepted Itisn’t accepted
Weare accepted Wearen’t accepted
Youare accepted Youaren’t accepted
Theyare accepted Theyaren’t accepted
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa NegativaAmIaccepted? Yes,I am. No,I’m not.
Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,youaren’t.
Isheaccepted? Yes,heis. No,heisn’t.
Issheaccepted? Yes,sheis. No,sheisn’t.
Isitaccepted? Yes,it is. No,it isn’t.
Areweaccepted? Yes,we are. No,wearen’t.
Areyouaccepted? Yes,you are. No,you aren’t.
Aretheyaccepted? Yes,they are. No,theyaren’t.
2222Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
A voz pasiva en pasado
Afirmativa Negativa
Iwas accepted Iwasn’taccepted
Youwere accepted Youweren’t accepted
Hewas accepted Hewasn’t accepted
Shewas accepted Shewasn’t accepted
Itwas accepted Itwasn’t accepted
Wewere accepted Weweren’t accepted
Youwere accepted Youweren’t accepted
Theywere accepted Theyweren’t accepted
InterrogativaRespostas curtas
Afirmativa NegativaWasIaccepted? Yes,I was. No,Iwasn’t.
Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,youweren’t.
Washeaccepted? Yes,hewas. No,hewasn’t.
Wassheaccepted? Yes,shewas. No,shewasn’t.
Wasitaccepted? Yes,it was. No,it wasn’t.
Wereweaccepted? Yes,we were. No,weweren’t.
Wereyouaccepted? Yes,you were. No,you weren’t.
Weretheyaccepted? Yes,they were. No,theyweren’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.
Ben Stiller is known in many countries. (BenStillerécoñecidoenmoitospaíses.)
They were given new computers.(Déronsellesnovosordenadores.)
Nasoraciónsdepasiva,aacciónémáisimportantequeosuxeito.Sesequereamentarquenrealizaaacción,ponseaofinaldafraseprecedidodapreposiciónby.
The Lightning Thief was written by Rick Riordan.(O ladrón do raiofoiescritoporRickRiordan.)
• Negativa: suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+notoun’t+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.
They aren’t expected to fly to London next week. (NonseagardaquevoenaLondresasemanaquevén.)
This meal wasn’t prepared at home.(Estacomidanonsepreparounacasa.)
• Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+suxeito+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.
Are these biscuits sold in the supermarket?(Véndenseestasgalletasnosupermercado?)
Was the film based on the novel?(Apelículaestababaseadananovela?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.
Was he chosen for president? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Elfoiescollidopresidente?Foi.Si./Non.)
Os usos da voz pasiva
Salientarmosaacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza
Clothes are washed in a washing machine.(Aroupalávasenunhalavadora.)
Candoosuxeitoquerealizaaacciónéobvio,descoñecidoounonsequerenomear
The glass was broken.(Ovasorompeu.)
Como pasar unha oración activa a pasivaPonseto benomesmotempoquetiñaoverboprincipalenactiva,eesteverboenparticipio.Activa: They clean the building every morning.Pasiva: The building is cleaned every morning.
Ponsecomosuxeitooprimeirocomplementoquehaxadetrásdoverbonavozactiva,querodirectoqueroindirecto.Activa: My brothers share a bedroom. Pasiva: A bedroom is shared by my brothers.
Seocomplementoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolasúacorrespondenteformadesuxeito.Activa: My friends told me the secret.Pasiva: I was told the secret.
Pásaseosuxeitodaoraciónactivaaofinaldapasivaprecedidodapreposiciónby.Activa: My aunt bought a pair of jeans.Pasiva: A pair of jeans was bought by my aunt.
Seosuxeitoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolopronomeobxectocorrespondente.Activa: They care for my grandmother.Pasiva: My grandmother is cared for by them.
• Asexpresións temporaisqueseempregannavozpasivasonasmesmasquenaactiva.Seoverboestáenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+díadasemanaenplural,ouadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Seoverboestáenpasado:last night / week,at+unhahora,in+unano,on+undíaodata,in the past,yesterday,etc.
GrammarAppendix
2323Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
IrregularVerb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGObe /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, convertersebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romperbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, medrar; cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haberhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar; doerkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór; estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir
2424Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, irse, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; xuntarse / quedar conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonarrise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ tirar; guindar, lanzarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestirwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir
2525Advanced Real English 2 Galician © B Burlington Books
WritingGuide
•Reparaenquecomprendesotemasobreoquevasescribir.
•Faiunhalistaxedeideasrelacionadasconesetemaeanotatodasasquesecheocorransenpreocupartepolagramáticaninpolaortografía.
•Logoleesalistaxedeideaseescolleasimportantes.
History of Tennis
MajorWalterWingfieldinventedthegamein1873.
HegaveitthenameSpharistike.
Peopleplaytennisontenniscourts.
ThefirstworldtenniscompetitionatWimbledonwasin1877.
In1877,therewere22playersand200spectators.
Peopleweartennisshoeswhentheyplaytennis.
SpencerGorewonthefirstcompetition.
In1884,womenstartedcompetinginWimbledon.
Unparágrafodivídeseentrespartes:
•Olimiar,introduciónouprimeiraoración(opening sentence),quepresentaotema.
•Odesenvolvementooucorpo(body of the paragraph),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.
•Aconclusiónouderradeiraoración(closing sentence),queresumeotemaerepiteaideaprincipalconoutraspalabras.
AS MAIÚSCULAS (Capital letters)
Escríbenseconmaiúscula:
• osnomesetítulosdepersoas:
Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears
• osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificiosfamosos,museos,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum
• asnacionalidades:English, Chinese, Peruvian
• osdías: Saturday, Tuesday, Friday
• osmeses:January, July, October
• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:My sister is 13 years old.
• pronomepersoalI:I paint and I play the guitar.
• osidiomas:French, Thai, Arabic
• aspalabrasimportantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Avatar
California Dreamin’
Christmas
Tomb Raider II
A PUNTUACIÓN (Punctuation)
• Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.
Mary is 14 years old.
• �Avírgula(,)emprégaseparasepararmospalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantedeand.
� I had chicken, chips and an apple for lunch today.
• Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponsesóaofinaldaspreguntas.
Do you like sport?
• �Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponsóaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarmosunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapéenalgo.
I love football!
opening sentenceIlovemusic.
IusemyMP4playeronthewayto
school.Iusemypocketmoneyto
downloadsongsfromtheInternet
ontomyMP4playerandIlistentoit
allthetime.Ilikemanysingersand
bands:Beyoncé,Kesha,U2andthe
Beatles,too.
Whenthereisgoodmusic,I’mhappy.
body of paragraph
closing sentence
EscribEUN PARÁGRAFO>>Writing a paragraph
ANTES DE ESCRIBIRMOS>>Brainstorming REPASA O ESCRITO>>Checking your work
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A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO - VERBO (Word order: Subject – Verb)
Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.
David walks to school.
sv
David is riding a new bike.
sv
Maisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverboouentreoauxiliareoverboprincipal.
Where is my diary?vs
Does David walk to school? auxsv
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECTIVOS (Word order: Adjectives)
•Poloxeralvandiantedossubstantivos. warm sweater
adj n
Etaméndetrásdoverboto be. The sweater is warm. v adj
•Sehaidousadxectivosdiantedunnome,adoitanirnestaorde:tamañoecor.
He was wearing a long purple coat.
t c
A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADVERBIOS (Word order: Adverbs)
•Osadverbiosdeintensidadeedemodovandetrásdoverbo.Osdeintensidadevandiantedosdemodo.
Anna is sitting very quietly.
adverbofdegree adverbofmanner
•Osadverbiosdefrecuenciavandiantedoverbonasoraciónsafirmativas.
He usually takes the bus to school.
adv v
Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás.
She is never lazy.
v adv
OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA(Connectors of Sequence)
Aocontarmosunhaseriedefeitosempregamosestaspalabrasparaamosaraordeenqueocorreron:
•first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)
•then(logo,daquela,entón)
•next(acontinuación,deseguido)
•after that(logo,despoisdiso)
•finally(finalmente,pararematar)
I had a fun day on Saturday. First, I made pancakes for breakfast and my family loved them. Then, we watched some old video films of my family. They were very funny. Next, we went to the beach and had a picnic. After that, we visited my grandparents and played Monopoly together. Finally, in the evening I went to a party with my friends. Saturday was a great day.
AS CONXUNCIÓNS (Linking Words)
Sonpalabrasqueunendúasoumáisideas.Asconxunciónsmáiscomúnsson:
• and(e)unedúasoraciónsouideas.
I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.
• or(ou)unedúasideasdesemellantes.
We walk to school or we take a bus.
• but(mais,pero)unedúasideascontraditoriasentresi.
David likes travelling but he doesn’t like flying.
• because(porque)expresaarazónoucausadealgo.
Janice doesn’t go on a motorboat because she doesn’t like water.
AS PREPOSICIÓNS DE TEMPO (Prepositions of Time)
Emprégansedistintaspreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,asestacións,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadacaso.Préstalleatenciónaestesexemplos:
•at +horas: at two o’clock
+festividades: at Christmas
•on +díasdasemana: on Sunday
+datas: on 10th May
on Christmas Day
•in +meses: in June
+estacións: in winter
+anos: in 2010
+partesdodía: in the evening
Agás: at the weekend
at night
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AS CONXUNCIÓNS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVAS (Connectors of Cause and Effect)
•Asconxunciónscausaisempréganseparaexpresaracausapolaquealgoocorreu. Aconxunciónmáiscomúnébecause.
He can’t come because his sister is ill.
•Asconxunciónsconsecutivasempréganseparaexpresaroefectocausadoporalgunhacousa.Amáiscomúnséso.
The baby was hungry, so my mother gave him his food.
OS ADXECTIVOS POSESIVOS E OS PRONOMES(Referencing)
Servenparafacerreferenciaaosnomesamentadosconanterioridadeenonrepetilos.
My school is in this village. It is next to the supermarket.
I went to the party with my friends. I had fun with them.
Cindy’s CDs are on the table. Those are her CDs.
A ESCOLLA DAS PALABRAS(Word Choice)
Engadeadxectivosparamelloraratúaredacciónefacelamáisinteresante.
We went to see a frightening film at the new cinema.