Advanced SQL Programming (ITD310)

7/30/2019 Advanced SQL Programming (ITD310)

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Universal Knowledge Solutions s.a.l.

1

SSSQQQLLL

SQL

:

.

:SQL

.

::

SQL


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SQL

1970:

SQL 99.

::!!!

SQL

..

.

sql mainFrame 1974

SQL oracle

ISOANSI SQLSQL89

SQL -92

1979

1991

1999 SQL -99 SQL3

1970

1987


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:

.:ooooo

userAddressuserEmailpassworduserName [email protected]@srf.comahmadpahmad

......


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!!

.SQL serverOracleMS-Access.

:


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SQL

SQL.

SQL::Select, insert, delete, update:create table, drop table, alter table, create index:grant, revoke

SQL.

SQL:

:Select:.Insert:.

Delete:.Update:.

:

Create table:drop table:alter table:

create index:

:grant

revoke


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:.

:SQL:

..SELECT,INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE.

::

SELECTINSERTDELETEUPDATE


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Select.

*(star)).(

Distinct.Order by:ASC

DESC.AS.

SELECT2

WHERE:

WhereSelect.

where:

Select * from users where condition;

)(

)= , < > , > , < , =(

.

Likebetween

Like.(%).


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Between

whereANDORNOT.

:

am)(Select:

Select * from users where userName like %am%;

1525Select:

Select * from users where userAge between 15 and 25;

am)(1525:

Select * from users where userName like %am%AnduserAge between 15 and 25;

WHERE:

WhereSelect

.

)(

)= , < > , > , < , =(.


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Likebetween

Like.(%)

.Between

whereANDORNOT.

DELETE

Delete.

Delete:

Delete from [table_name]

:

usersDelete:

Delete from Users

Users.Where.

'Ahmed':

Delete from Users where username='Ahmed';


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DeleteDelete.

INSERT

Insert.

Insert:

insert into table_name values ( value1,value2,value3,);

value1,..value n.

:

Insert into table_name (field1,field2.)values (value1,value2,..);

Insert)Sub queries(.

:

users:

insert into Users values('adel','adelPassword',33,'[email protected]');

:

insert into Users (username,password)

values ('adel','adelPassword');


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otherUserTableusers

:

Insert into users select * from OtherUserTable

Insert

Insert)Sub queries(.

Update

Update.

Update:

Update table_name Set

Field1=new_field_value1 ,Field2=new_field_value 2;

whereUpdate:

Update table_name SetField1=new_field_value1 ,Field2=new_field_value 2Where condition ;


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:

Update Users set username='sami' , password='sami pass'

where:

Update Users set password='sami pass' where username='sami'

Update.ewherUpdate.

SQL);(.

SQLSQL.:

Select * from users; -- this is the comment

)(.)oracleAcessSQL server(:

Select [user name] from users ;

SQL);(.SQLSQL.

)(.)oracleAcessSQL server.(


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SQL

:.

:SQL:.

.

::


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SQL

.

)()(.

SQL

SQLSQL-99:

-::f(x,y,z)=x+y+z

-::f(x) = |x|

.)()(.

SQL

SQLSQL-99:

-:.

- .

SQL)SQL-99(


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SQL

SQL:

)expression(AVG)expression(COUNT)expression(MIN)expression(MAX)expression(SUM

SQL:AVERAGE.

COUNT .MIN.MAX.SUM.

.

AVG

AVG.

:select avg([ALL | DISTINCT]column_name) from table_name

All.DistinctAll.

Distinct.


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:

gradesstudentNamestudentGradestudentClass.

:

select avg(studentGrade) from grades

"":

select avg(distinct studentGrade) form grades where studentName =

'adel'

:

AllDistinctMS Access.AVG

.

AVG.

All.DistinctAll.

Distinct.

COUNT

COUNT.

:select count([* | ALL | DISTINCT]column_name) from table_name


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AllNull.DistinctAll.

DistinctNull.

*Null.

:grades

studentNamestudentGradestudentClass

. :

select count(*) from grades

Null.

Null)(:

select count(all studentName) from grades

:

select count(distinct studentName) from grades

:

AllDistinctMS Access.

COUNT.

AllNull.DistinctAll.


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DistinctNull.

*Null.

MINMAX

MIN.

:

select min(column_name) from table_name

MAX.

:

select max(column_name) from table_name

AllDistinctMINMAX.)Null.(

:

gradesstudentNamestudentGradestudentClass:

select min(studentGrade) from grades


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:

select max(studentGrade) from grades

MINMAX.

AllDistinctMINMAX.

)Null.(

SUM

SUM.

:

select sum([ALL | Distinct]column_name) from table_name

All.DistinctAll.

Distinct.

:

gradesstudentNamestudentGradestudentClass:

select sum(studentGrade) from grades

:SUM

SUM.


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SUM:All.

DistinctAll.Distinct.

1

:

(Products)(unitCost)

SUM:Select sum(unitCost) from products where supplier ID= 1;

Select sum(unitCost) from products where supplier ID= 2;

Select sum(unitCost) from products where supplier ID= 3;

SQL.

:

SUM

SQL.


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2

SQLGroup by:

Select columnA, aggFunc (aggFuncSpec) from tablewhere whereSpecGroup by columnA

:

SalesProductNameQuantity

.Select productName, sum (quantity) from saleswhere saleDate > 'May 2,2002'Group by productName

SQLGroup by.

Having

where.Select field_name from table_name where condition

.

Having

.Having:

Select columnA, aggFunc (aggFuncSpec) from tablewhere whereSpecGroup by columnAHaving filterCondition

:Havingwhere


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:StudentsGrade(StudentNumber)(grade)

)70()50(:

Select studentNumber, Avg(grade) as averageMark from studentGradesWhere avg(grade)>70 or avg(grade)70 or avg(grade)


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:

StudentsGrade(StudentName)(StudentMark)

).(

subjectstudentMarkstudentNamemath15ahmadmath22adel

history26ahmad

:

Select top 5 studentName, avg(studentMark)From studentsGradesGroup by studentNameorder by avg(studentMark) DESC

(Top N).N

.

Top N

(Top N).

Mysql: Select field1, field2 from table_nameLimit 0,N

limit)0N(Select.


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DB2:

Select field1, field2 from table_name

Fetch first N rows only

Nfetch first N rows only.

OraclerowNumOracleSelect.

:

Select field1, field2 where rowNum


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:

.tasks:

taskHandlertaskIncomtaskDatetaskIDadel1000027/1/20031

taskIDtaskDate

taskIncom taskHandler

:.2004.

.

:

.

:

Select taskHandler, count(taskID), sum(taskIncom), max(taskIncom)

From tasksGroup by taskHandlerWhere taskDate between 01/01/2004 and 31/12/2004Order by max(taskIncom) DESC


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.taskstaskID

taskDatetaskIncomtaskHandler.

:.2004.

.

:

.


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:

:.

:SQL

.

::


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SQL

SQL..SQL99.:

.

: .

SQL

SQL.

SQL-99.

:

:::.:.


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:

( )Floor

( )Ceiling

( )Round

( )Abs.

,( )Tan,( )Cos,( )Sin

,( )Atan.

( )SQRT

( )RAND01

.

:Floor: .Ceiling: .Round:

.Abs:.,Atan,Tan,Cos,Sin:.SQRT: .RAND:01.


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-

:

Floor:Floor.

Select floor(studentMark) from marks:66.566.266.7:66

Ceiling:Ceiling

:Select ceiling(studentMark) from marks:66.566.266.7:67

Round:Round:

Select round(studentMark, 1) from marks.6666.0

66.55

66.5

:

AccessFloorceiling.INTFloor.

:Select Int(studentMark) from marks

CeilingRound.

:Select Round(studentMark+0.5,0) from marksOracleCeilCeiling

:

Floor.:66.566.266.7Floor:66


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Ceiling.:66.566.266.7Ceiling:67

Round.66Round66.066.55

66.5.

-

.

:

ABS:heightgeoTable

:

Select Max(abs(height)) from geoTable

absmax.

Sin, Cos, Tan...AngleAngles

:

Select sin(angle), cos(angle), tan(angle) from Angles

Rand: Rand01

seedNumbers:Select rand(seed) from numbers


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SQRT:SQRT3:

select sqrt(9)

:01MS-Accessrndrand.

.

heightgeoTableabsmax

.Sin, Cos, Tan

Rand01.SQRT.

:

()Left()Right()Substr()Length()Concat

() /Lower

()Upper

()Trim()Instr


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:

()Left()Right()Substr

()Length()Concat

() /Lower()Upper

()Trim

()Instr

-

:

LeftRight:LeftRight

LeftRight.50TitleNews:

Select left(title, 50) from News

Substr:Substr.

5Title10:

Select substr(title, 10, 5) from News


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Length:Length.Title:

Select length(title) from News

Concat:Concat.

TitleDetailsNews:

Select concat(title, details) from News

:OracleLeftRightSubstr.Ms-AccessSQL-ServerLenLength

.MysqlSQL-ServerSubstringSubstr

.

.LeftRightLeft

Right.Substr.Length.Concat

.

-

UpperLower:UpperLower)A-Z.(

Title:

Select upper(title) from News;


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Trim:Trim.Title

:

Select trim(title) from News;

Instr:Instr.0.

'Test'TitleNews:

Select Instr(title, 'Test') from News;

:Ms-AccessUcaseLcase

UpperLower.SQL-ServerCharindexDB2Posstr

Instr.

UpperLower)A-Z.(Trim .Instr0.

:

()DateDiff()GetDate

DATE_CURRENTTIME_CURRENT

TIMESTAMP_CURRENT


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:Days, Hours, Minutes, Seconds

DateDiff.

:

()DateDiff()GetDate

DATE_CURRENTTIME_CURRENT

TIMESTAMP_CURRENT

:

GetDate:.

:

getDate ()

:04:50:32.2806-12-2003

DateDiff:.

RegistrationDateRegistrationInfo:

Select dateDiff(dd, RegistrationDate, getDate()) fromregistrationInfo


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dd. dd.

:Ms-AccessDategetDate.Oracle.

GetDate.DateDiff.

-

CURRENT_DATE)

.(:Select CURRENT_DATE as myDate

CURRENT_TIME)

.(:Select CURRENT_TIME as myTime

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

)

(CURRENT_TIMESTAMPGetDate().RegistrationDate

RegistrationInfo:

Select dateDiff(dd, RegistrationDate, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) fromregistrationInfo


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CURRENT_DATE.

CURRENT_TIME.

CURRENT_TIMESTAMPCURRENT_TIMESTAMPGetDate().

:

()Str.()Number_To .()Cast()Convert

:

.

:

-Str.-To_Number .-Cast-Convert:


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-

:

STR:.:

STR (Float, Length, Precision)

53.45:

STR(53.45 , 5 , 2)

52.

:LengthSTR'*'

To_Number:

..

'$3,15.2':

To_Number('$3,15.2' , '$9,99.9')

'$9,99.9'.

:-SQL-ServerTo_NumberCast-DB2INT, Float, DECTo_Number-MySql0-Ms-AccessINTTo_Number


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STRTo_Number .

.

)(

Cast:.Cast:

Cast(Expression as Data_Type)

'4.123':

Cast('4.123' as Decimal(3,2))

4.12

Convert:.Convert:

Convert(Expression, Data_Type)

'5.2':

Convert('5.2', integer)

:-SQL Server, Oracle, DB2, MySqlCast-MySqlSQL-ServerConvert

CastConvert


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:.

:.

.

::


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.

:-.

-.-MySQLJoin.

.

:

1-2-


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1-:.

.

:CustomersOrders.

(customerName):

Select customerName,(select count(*) from Orderswhere Orders.customerID=Customers.customerID) from Customers;

)(.

2-: .

:Students(studentName)(studentID).

Grades(grade)(studentID).:

Select studentName from Students where Students.studentID in (selectGrades.studentID from Grades where Grades.grade>=50);

)50.()(

Students.

:-

.-

Table_Name.Field_Name.


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1-:.

.

2-: .

:

Select columnA, (subquery) as columnB from Table_Name;

Subquery..

.

:AccountsaccountID

accountBalance.ClientsclientNameaccountID.:

Select Accounts.accountID, (select clientName from Clients where

Clients.accountID = Accounts.accountID)as myClientName,Accounts.accountBalancefrom Accounts;

)(Accounts.accountID.


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:'.'

.

.

.

Where

:

Select columnA, columnB from Table_Name where columnB=(Subquery);

Subquery.

Where.

:TicketsOwners

carNumberownerName.ownerName1234:

Select ownerName, Owners.carNumber from Ownerswhere Owners.carNumber=(select Tickets.carNumber from ticketswhere ticketNumber=1234);

Where.


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.

:

Select columnA, columnB from Table_Name where columnC IN(Subquery);

IN.

)Subquery(:

Select column1 from Table1;

::

Select ownerName from Ownerswhere Owners.carNumber IN(select Distinct Tickets.carNumber from Tickets);

Distinct.

Where.

ININ)(.


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ExistsAllAny

Exists:

Exists.TrueFalse.

Exists:

Select columnA, columnB from Table_Name where Exists (Subquery);

:OrdersorderIDorderType

clientID.ClientsclientID."":

Select Clients.clientName from Clients where Exists

( select * from Orders

where Orders.clientID = Clients.clientIDand

orderType=' ');

ExistsAllAny

All:

AllWhere.


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All:Select columnA from TableAwhere columnA> All from (select columnB from TableB);

AcolumnA columnBTableB.

:TimeName

currentRecordsoldRecordsoldTime.

:Select Name from currentRecordswhere time < All (select oldTime from oldRecords);

ExistsAllAny

ANY:

ANYWhere.

Any:

Select columnA from TableA

where columnA > ANY from (select columnB from TableB);

AcolumnAcolumnBTableB.


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:TimeName

currentRecordsbestRecordsbestTime.

:

Select Name from currentRecordswhere time < ANY (select bestTime from bestRecords);

UnionIntersectExcept

UnionIntersectExcept(Minus).

.:

select columnA,columnB from tableA

OperatorSelect columnC,columnD from tableB;

Operator.

:

ColumnA ColumnB

....... ............... .......

....... .......

....... .......

....... .......

N1N2.

N1

N2


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:1-.2-.

.

Union ,Intersect ,Except

UnionIntersectExcept(Minus)..

:1-.2-.

.


UNION:

Union :

select columnA,columnB from tableAUNIONSelect columnC,columnD from tableB;

.

Union AllUnion.


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:EmployeesemployeeNameemployeeGrade

.ManagersmanagerNamemanagerGrade

.50

60:

Select employeeName, employeeGrade from Employeeswhere employeeGrade >50UnionSelect managerName, managerGrade from Managerswhere managerGrade>60;

Union ,Intersect , Except

UNION:Union.

.

Union AllUnion.


Intersect: Intersect.

Intersect:select columnA,columnB from tableAIntersectSelect columnC,columnD from tableB;


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Intersect

:DB2OracleIntersect.

:TheoreticalNameMark-

PracticalNameMark-.:

Select Theoretical.Name from Theoretical where Theoretical.Mark>50IntersectSelect Practical.Name from Practical where Practical.Mark>50;


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Except:

Except.

Except:

select columnA,columnB from tableAExceptSelect columnC,columnD from tableB;

:ExceptOracleMinus.Except(Minus)DB2Oracle.

:MoviesmovieName

movueTypemovieNumber.rentMovies.

Action:

Select movies.movieName, Movies.movieNumber from Movieswhere movieType=ActionMinusSelect rentMovies.movieName, rentMovies.movieNumber from rentMovies;


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:.

:

.

::


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...

SQL.

.

:

----

.

:Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column2 from Table1, Table2;

Names, Classes:

Select class, Name from Classes, Names;

.


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.{A, B, C}

{D, E, F}9:{(A,D), (A,E), (A,F), (B,D), (B,E), (B,F), (C,D), (C,E), (C,F)}

10010000

.

.:

Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column2 from Table1 Cross Join Table2;

:.

(productName)Products(materialName)ChemicalEffects.

:Select productName, materialName from Products, ChemicalEffects;

Select productName, materialName from Products Cross JoinChemicalEffects;

:DB2Cross Join

.

.{A, B, C}{D, E, F}9:

{(A,D), (A,E), (A,F), (B,D), (B,E), (B,F), (C,D), (C,E), (C,F)}


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10010000.

.

. :

Select Table1.Column1, Table1.Column2, Table2.Column3From Table1, Table2 where Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

Table1.Column1Table2.Column2

: Table1.Column1, Table1.Column2, Table2.Column3

:

Select Table1.Column1, Table1.Column2, Table2.Column3From Table1Join Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

:Names(name)(INumber)

Addresses(address)(INumber):

Select Names.name, Addresses.address from Names, AddressesWhere Names.INumber = Addresses.INumber;


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Select Names.name, Addresses.addressFrom NamesJoin AddressesON Names.INumber = Addresses.INumber;

.

:Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column2, Table3.Column4From Table1 Join Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2Join Table3ON Table1.Column3 = Table3.Column4;

ON.Table1Table2Column1Table1Column2Table2Table3Table1Column3Table1

Column4Table3.

:CustomerscustomerIDcustomerNameCreditCards

cardNumbercustomerIDAddressescountry.

:Select Customers.customerID, Customers.customerName,CreditCards.cardNumber, Addresses.countryFrom CustomersJoin CreditCardsON Customers.customerID = CreditCards.customerIDJoin AddressesON Customers.customerID = Addresses.customerID;


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)(

MS Access:

Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column2, Table3.Column4From Table2Inner Join(Table3 Inner Join Table1 ON Table3.Column4 = Table1.Column1)ON Table2.Column2 = Table1.Column1;

MS Access.Table3Table1

Column4Table3Column1Table1Table2Column2Table2Column1

Table1.

::Sectors)--.(..

sectorID

sectorName

.Seasons

)20042003(...seasonIDseasonInfo.ProductsproductIDproductDescriptionproductPrice

seasonIDsectorID..

:Select productDescription, productPrice, seasonName, sectorNameFrom SectorsInner Join(Seasons Inner Join Products ON Seasons.seasonID = Products.seasonID)ON Sectors.sectorID = Products.sectorID;

MS Access.MS Access

.


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Where)(:

Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column2From Table1, Table2Where Table1.Column1 < Table2.Column2;

:

StoresstoreNamestoreIDOccupationstroreIDquantity

Type.

:

Select Stores.storeID, Stores.storeName from Stores, OccupationWhere Stores.storeID Occupation.storeID

Inner Join.

Inner JoinON.Outer Join

.

:Left, Right, Full.


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Table1Table2Column1Table1Column2Table2:

Select * from Table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

2TableTable1Column1Table1Column2Table2:

Select * from Table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN Table2

ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

2TableTable1Column1Table1Column2Table2

:

Select * from Table1 FULL OUTER JOIN Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

NULL.

Inner Join.

Inner JoinON.Outer Join

.

:LeftRightFull.


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NULL.

Left Join

Column1Table1Column2Table2:

Select * from Table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN Table2

ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;:

Null

..

::

Select * from Table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

Table1Column1{1, 5, 8, 3}Table2Column2{6, 5, 7, 9}:

Column2Column1Null1

55Null8Null3

NullColumn2Column2

Column1.


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Column1Table1.

:Null

..

Right Join

Column1Table1Column2

Table2:

Select * from Table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

:

Null.

.

::

Select * from Table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN Table2ON Table1.Column1 = Table2.Column2;

Table1Column1{1, 5, 8, 3}Table2

Column2{6, 5, 7, 9}:Column2Column1

6Null557Null9Null


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NullColumn2Column2Column1.

Column2Table2.

:Null

..

Full Join

Column1Table1Column2Table2:


:Null

.Null

.

:

:



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Table1Column1{1, 5, 8, 3}Table2Column2{6, 5, 7, 9}:

Column2Column1Null1

55Null8Null3

6Null7Null9Null

NullColumn1Column1

Column2NullColumn2Column1Column2.

Full Join

:Null

.Null

.

Natural Join

Natural Join. :

Select Table1.Column1, Table2.Column1 from Table1 Natural JoinTable2;

ONNatural Join.


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:Pictures(pictureID)

(pictureDescription).Names(clientName)(pictureID).:

Select clientName, pictureDescription from Names Natural JoinPictures;

pictureID.

Natural Join

Natural Join.ON

Natural Join.

Using

Using.

Using:

Select Table1.Column2, Table2.Column3From Table1 Join Table2 Using (Column1)

Column1Column1.

:UsingNatural JoinOracle9I

Using.


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:

CustomersOrdersCoutries.Customers(customerInfo)(countryID)

.Orders(customerID)(orderDescription)

.Orders(countryID)(countryName)(countryInfo).

.

:

Select orderDescription, customerName, countryNameFrom Countries Inner Join (customers RIGHT OUTER JOIN OrdersON Customers.customerID = Orders.customerID

ON Countries.countryID = Customers.countryID;

CustomersOrdersCountriesCustomers.

:

CustomersOrdersCoutries.Customers(customerInfo)(countryID)

.Orders(customerID)(orderDescription)

.Orders(countryID)(countryName)(countryInfo).


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.

:CustomersOrdersCountries

Customers.


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:.

:.

:

:


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.:..

:---

- --

..*:

OracleSQL ServerMySQLDB2:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

*:

:DROP DATABASE database_name;

(DROP DATABASE)SQL ServerMy SQLDB2Oracle(CREATE DATABASE)Oracle

Database Assistant.


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:(CREATE DATABASE)Oracle

..

SQL ServerEnterprise ManagerDB2Control Center.

MS AccessNewFileAccess.Access

(.mdb).

..

OracleSQL ServerMySQLDB2(CREATE DATABASE)

(DROP DATABASE)

(DROP DATABASE)SQL ServerMy SQLDB2Oracle(CREATE DATABASE)Oracle

Database Assistant.

:

CREATE TABLE table_name(column1_name column1_data_type column1_constraints,column2_name column2_data_type column2_constraints,);


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:

DROP TABLE table_name;

:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

:

StoreCustomersProducts.Customers(ID)(name)(phone).Products

(ID)(description).:

CREATE DATABASE Store;CREATE TABLE Customers(ID Int, name varchar(50), phone varchar(15);

CREATE TABLE Products(ID Int, description varchar(75));

:

Insert into products (ID,description) values (1,HPComputer);

Intvarchar.

:.:

-MySQLSQLServerOracleDB2.

-SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL:

DELETE from table_name


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(CREATE TABLE)(DROP TABLE)(TRUNCATE TABLE).

.

:

CREATE TABLE table_name_copy AS Select* from table_name;

SQL Server:

Select * Into table_name_copy from table_name;

MySQL:

CREATE TABLE table_name_copy Select* from table_name;

table_nametable_name_copy

table_name.

WhereFalse:

CREATE TABLE table_name_copy AS Select* from table_name

Where 1 = 0;

1=01=0.

DB2DEFINITION ONLY:

CREATE TABLE table_name_copy AS (Select* from table_name) DEFINITIONONLY;


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:LogsOldLogs:

CREATE TABLE OldLogs AS Select * from Logs;

(CREATE TABLE)OracleMySQLSQLServer.

WhereFalse1=0.

DB2DEFINITION ONLY

.

:

ALTER TABLE table_name [ADD | DROP COLUMN] (column_name [data_type] );

ADDDROP.

:MembersIDName.

Type.:

ALTER TABLE Members ADD (Type varchar(15) );

IDMembers.:

ALTER TABLE Members DROP COLUMN ID;


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:ALTER TABLE.

(ALTER TABLE).

:

CREATE TABLE table_name(column1_name column1_data_type column1_constraints,

column2_name column2_data_type column2_constraints,);

column_constraints..

:

-Not Null -Default-Primary key-Unique-Check-Identity-Auto_increment

:.

column_ constraints

..


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:-Not Null-Default-Primary key-Unique -Check-Identity-Auto_increment

NOT NULL

Null.NOTNULL.

:Null

:

CREATE TABLE Employees (name varchar(40)NOT NULL ,

Job varchar(50)NOT NULL);

:

Insert into Employees(name) values(Adel)

Job

JobNull.

NOT NULL

Null.NOTNULL.


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DEFAULT

.

.

DEFAULT:

CREATE TABLE MyTable(Column1 varchar(50) DEFAULT Unknown ,

Column2 varchar(10) );

Unknown

Column1

Column1.

:(Description)(Days).

.:

CREATE TABLE Shipments(Description varchar(75) Not Null , Days INT DEFAULT 2 Not Null);

Shipments:

-DescriptionNull.-Days2.

Days:

INSERT INTO Shipments (Description) Values (Computer);

:Computer | 2Days2.


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DEFAULT

DEFAULT.

.

PRIMARY KEY

Codd

.

.PRIMARY KEY.

:

CREATE TABLE MyTable(Column1 data_type Not Null , Column2 data_type ,

Constraint myPrimaryKey PRIMARY KEY (Column1));

MyPrimaryKeyColumn1.

:

CREATE TABLE MyTable(Column1 data_type Not Null , Column2 data_type ,

PRIMARY KEY (Column1));

:

CREATE TABLE MyTable(Column1 data_type PRIMARY KEY Not Null , Column2 data_type ,

PRIMARY KEY (Column1));


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:CreditCardscardNumbercardHolder.

:

CREATE TABLE CreditCards(cardNumber varchar(20) PRIMARY KEY Not Null ,

cardHolder varchar(50) Not Null);

Primary Key

Codd.

.PRIMARY KEY.

UNIQUE UNIQUE

.

:

CREATE TABLE MYTable(Column1 data_type UNIQUE , Column2 data_type);

:

PhoneBookNamePhone:


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CREATE TABLE PhoneBook(Name varchar(50) UNIQUE , Phone Primary Key Not Null);

UNIQUE UNIQUE

.

Check

Check.

CheckWhere.Check:

CREATE TABLE MyTable(Column1 data_type ,Column2 data_type ,

Constraint Cname CHECK(Condition));

CnameConditionCheck.

:AgesNameAge12.

:

CREATE TABLE Ages(Name varchar(50) Not Null ,

Age INT ,Constraint CheckAge CHECK(Age between 1 And 12));


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CheckAge.

CREATE TABLE Ages

(Name varchar(50) Not Null ,Age INT CHECK(Age between 1 And 12));

CheckAndOr

11215:


Age INT CHECK(Age = 15 OR Age between 1 And 12));

Check1123:


Age INT,Constraint CheckAge1 CHECK(Age between 1 And 12),

Constraint CheckAge2 CHECK(Age 3));

:Check)Null.(

Check

Check

.

-Check

Where

.

-CheckAndOr.

-Check.


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IDENTITYAUTO_INCREMENT

.PRIMARY KEY.

:-SQL ServerIDENTITY-MySQLAUTO_INCREMENT-DB2GENRATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY-AccessAUTOINCREMENT-OracleCreate Sequence

::

-SQL Server:1001:

CREATE TABLE Students(Name varchar(50) ,

ID INT IDENTITY (100,1) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL);

)100()1()1.(

-MySQL:


ID INTAUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL);

-Access:


ID INTAUTOINCREMENT (100,1) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL);


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-DB2:

CREATE TABLE Students

(Name varchar(50) ,ID INT GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY);

ALWAYS.BY DEFAULTALWAYS.

IDENTITY , AUTO_INCREMENT

.PRIMARY KEY.

:-SQL ServerIDENTITY-MySQLAUTO_INCREMENT-DB2GENRATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY-AccessAUTOINCREMENT-OracleCreate Sequence

IDENTITYAUTO_INCREMENT

OracleIDENTITYAUTO_INCREMENT.OracleCREATE SEQUENCE.

:

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_nameINCREMENT increment_step

START WITH start_seed;

-SQL.-sequence_name.NextVal


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Insert:

INSERT INTO mytable

(Column1, Column2, Column3)Values (sequence_name.NextVal, Value2, Value3);

Column1NextVal.

:ProductsOracleproductID

ProductDescription.productID

. :

CREATE TABLE Products(productID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ,

productDescription varchar(75));

Counter:

CREATE SEQUENCE Counter;

1.

productID:

INSERT INTO Products

(productID , productDescription)Values (Counter.NextVal , any Porduct description);

OracleIDENTITYAUTO_INCREMENT.

OracleCREATE SEQUENCE.

SQL.sequence_name.NextVal


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:

.

:.

::


88/209


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1

..

::

.

:.

:.


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2

:)(

.

.

3

)

FK222

3

PK2

53

8

PK

ABCD

PK1

234 A3

B3A2

PK


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.(.

..

:.

.

.

Customers)(Orders).(

4

SQL

orderDescriptioncustomerID?

?

?

customerInfocustomerID


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.

:

CREATE TABLE myTable(Column1 Column1Type PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Column2 Column2Type ,Column3 Column3Type ,CONSTAINT foreign_key_name FOREIGN KEY (Column3)REFERENCES other_table (other_table_primary_key));

myTableColumn1Column2

Column3FOREIGN KEYother_table

other_table_primary_key.

:BrandsModels

BrandsModelsBrandsModelsBrands:

CREATE TABLE Brands (brandID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ,

brandName varchar (50));

Models:

CREATE TABLE Models (modelID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ,modelName varchar (50) ,

modelBrand INT ,CONSTRAINT myFK FOREIGN KEY (modelBrand)

REFERENCES Brands (brandID));

SQL Server, Oracle, DB2Access.

:

CREATE TABLE Models (modelID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL ,modelName varchar (50) ,


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modelBrand INT ,FOREIGN KEY (modelBrand)

REFERENCES Brands (brandID));

MySQL

MySQL:

MySQLInnoDB:

CREATE TABLE myTable(Column1 Column1Type PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Column2 Column2Type ,Column3 Column3Type ,FOREIGN KEY (Column3)REFERENCES other_table (other_table_primary_key)INDEX myIndex (Column3))Type = InnoDB;


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:.

:.

::


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SQL

SQL..SQL.

.

..

..

.

:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS query;

view_namequery.

:Inner Join

:CREATE VIEWMySimpleView Projects.projectName ,count (Tasks.taskID)AS TasksNumberFrom Tasks Inner Join ProjectsON Tasks.projectID = Projects.projectIDGroup by projectName;


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MySimpleViewprojectNametasksNumber.

:

Select projectName from MySimpleView;

Update, InsertDelete

:

-Group By.-TopDistinct.-.

:

ALTER VIEW viewName AS newQuery;

SQL ServerOracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW viewName AS newQuery

:-ALTER VIEWOracleDB2SQL Server.-DB2.-MySQL5.0.1

SQL Server.


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:StudiostudioName, studioNumber

programNumber.ActorsActorName

programName.ActorsStudiosSQL ServerMySQL:

ALTER VIEW ActorsStudiosASSelect actorName , studioName from Actors Inner Join StudiosON Studios.studioNumber = Actors.studioNumber;

Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ActorsStudiosASSelect actorName , studioName from Actors Inner Join StudiosON Studios.studioNumber = Actors.studioNumber;

DROP VIEW..

DROP VIEW:

DROP VIEW viewName;

:MyView:CREATE VIEW MyView ASSelect * from MyTable;

MyView:DROP VIEW MyView;


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MyView:Select* from MyView;

MyTableMyView.

DROP VIEW..

.

SQL Server:

SQL Server:

CREATE TABLE # tmp_Table (Field1Name Field1Type , Field2NameField2Type;

CREATE TABLE#

.)SQL Server(#


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98

.##.SQL Servertempdb.

.

:StudentsstudentNamestudentIDstudentMark.

:

CREATE TABLE #tmp (studentName varchar(50) , average INT);

:Insert Into #tmp select Students.studentName AS studentName ,

AVG (studentMark) AS average from Students;

50:Select studentName , average from #temp where average


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:

myTempproductNameproductPrice

Products:

CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE myTemp ASselect productName , productPrice from Products;

:

Insert Into myTemp select productName , productPrice from Products;

DB2:

DB2DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE:SQL ServerSelect

Oracle.DB2

.userTemporary.

userTemporarysystem.

userTemporary.

DB2:1-:

CREATE USER TEMPORARY SPACE table_space MANAGED BY SYSTEM USING(path);

2-:


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DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPPORARY TABLE temp_table(Field1 Field1Type , Field2 Field2Type) IN table_space;

3-Insert Into

::

CREATE USER TEMPORARY SPACE tempSpace MANAGED BY SYSTEM USING(c:\temp_space);

:

DECLARE GLOBAL TEMPPORARY TABLE tempCallers(Name varchar(50) , Number varchar (15)) IN tempSpace;

:

Insert Into tempCallersSelect Distinct callerName AS Name , callerNumber AS Number fromCallers where Destination = 62918763;

mySQL:

mySQLCREATE TEMPORARY TABLECREATETABLE.

mySQLmySQL:

CREATE TEMPPORARY TABLE temp_table(Field1 Field1Type , Field2 Field2Type;


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:myTemp100

:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE myTemp (Name varchar(50));

:

Insert Into myTemp select Name , sum (Quantity) from SalesGroup By NameHaving sum (Quantity) > 100;

.

.

SelectUpdate, DeleteInsert

.

.

.

.


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:

.

.

:.

WhereOrder ByON

Join..

:-.-.

UNIQUE

UNIQUE.:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON tableName (FieldName);:

CREATE INDEX index_name ON tableName (FieldName);

:


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PhonebookNameNumberCategory:...Number

Category.

:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX myIndex ON Phonebook (Number);

:

Select * from Phonebook where Number = 5437268;

:

)(:

Select * from tableName where strColumn like %substr;

strColumn.

SQLDROP INDEX.SQL Server

:DROP INDEX myTable.myIndex;

OracleDB2:DROP INDEX myIndex;

MySQL:DROP INDEX myIndex ON myTable;


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:numberIndexPhonebookSQL Server:

DROP INDEX Phonebook.numberIndex;

OracleDB2:DROP INDEX numberIndex;

My SQL:DROP INDEX numberIndex ON Phonebook;


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:

.

:

.

::


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-.-.-

..-.-.

(ACID).

3

(ACID):

1-:...

2-:...

3-:.

.4-:

.


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4

.

:SQL99START TRANSACTION

DB2OracleSQL ServerMySQL.

SQL Server:BEGIN TRANSACTION transaction_name;

MySQL:

BEGIN;

Oracle.DB2 .

Access.

:CheckingSQL Server:

BEGIN TRANSACTION Checking;

MySQL:

BEGIN;


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5

:

..

SQL99SAVEPOINT:

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

DB2OracleSQL Server:

SAVE TRANSACTION savepoint_name;

MySQL.

:BeforeChange

DB2Oracle

:SAVEPOINT BeforeChange;

SQL Server:

SAVE TRANSACTION BeforeChange;


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6

:

.SQL99:

ROLLBACK [WORK] [TO SAVEPOINT savepoint_name];

OracleDB2TO SAVEPOINTMySQL

MySQL

.SQL Server:

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION [|];

::

BEGIN TRANSACTION myTransaction;Update Accounts SET myBalance = myBalance-100;SAVE TRANSACTION mySavePoint;Update Products SET Quantity = Quantity-1;

SQL ServerBEGIN TRANSACTIONSAVETRANSACTION.

mySavePoint:

ROLLBACK TRANSACTION myTransaction;

OracleDB2:

Update Accounts SET myBalance = myBalance-100;SAVEPOINT mySavePoint;

Update Products SET Quantity = Quantity-1;ROLLBACK TO mySavePoint;


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mySQL:

BEGIN;Update Accounts SET myBalance = myBalance-100;

Update Products SET Quantity = Quantity-1;ROLLBACK;

7

:

SQLCOMMIT.ROLLBACK.

SQL99:

COMMIT [WORK];

mySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, DB2.

SQL ServerCOMMIT TRANSACTION:

COMMIT TRANSACTION transaction_name;

:

:

BEGIN TRANSACTIONSAVE TRANSACTION beforeChangeUPDATE creditAccount setcreditBalance=creditBalance - 200 where creditNumber=345276778543;


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ROLLBACK TRANSACTION beforeChangeUPDATE SiteAccount setSiteBalance=SiteBalance + 200 where accountNumber=345231;COMMIT TRANSACTION

8

:

SQL ServermySQL.

.

::

Update myTable SET ID = 10;Update Customers SET customerName = Adel;

.

:BEGIN WORKUpdate myTable SET ID = 10;Update Customers SET customerName = Adel;COMMIT WORK;

Oracle:


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113

SET AUTOCOMMIT ON|OFF;

SQL Server:

SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS ON|OFF;

DB2Command Center >Options

9

:

..

.

::

BEGIN TRANSACTION myTransactionInsert Into Graduated (ID, Name) Values (20, Samer)IF @@ERROR 0 ROLLBACK TRANSACTION myTransactionUpdate Students SET Status = Graduated where ID = 20;COMMIT TRANSACTION myTransaction

:-myTransaction-Samer20-

oROLLBACKoSamer

-COMMIT TRANSACTION.


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.

.

..

..

SQL99:-READ UNCOMMITED-READ COMMITED-REPEATABLE READ-SERIALIZABLE

:.

:

SET [LOCAL] TRANSACTION (( READ ONLY | READ WRITE )ISOLATION LEVEL( READ COMMITED | READ UNCOMMITED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE )| DIAGNOSTIC SIZE INT );

:

SET TRANSACTION [ READ ONLY | READ WRITE ];

:

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL isolation_level_name;


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:SQL Server, DB2, mySQL, OracleREAD COMMITED.

READ UNCOMMITED:

.:

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITED;

.

COMMIT..

:

..

READ COMMITED:

.


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..

:

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITED;

.

.

READ COMMITED.REPEATABLE READ.

REPEATABLE READ:

READ COMMITED.

.

.

.

:


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SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPATABLE READ;

..

:where.

.

.

.

SERIALIZABLE:where

..

:

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALISABLE;

SQL server:SQLserver.

SLQ ServerREAD COMMITED.


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118

:

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL{ READ COMMITED| READ UNCOMMITED| REPEATABLE READ| SERIALIZABLE}

Oracle:OracleREAD UNCOMMITED

REPEATABLE READ.OracleREAD COMMITED.SET TRANSACTIONOracle.

:

SET TRANSACTION{ {READ ONLY | READ WRITE}

| ISOLATION LEVEL{ READ COMMITED| SERIALIZABLE}};

ALTER SESSION:

ALTER SESSION SET ISOLATION_LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;

MySQL:MySQLInnoDB:

SET [GLOBAL | SESSION ] TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL{ READ COMMITED| READ UNCOMMITED| REPEATABLE READ| SERIALIZABLE};


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SET TRANSACTION.SESSIONGLOBAL

.

DB2:

DB2WITH.

:

Any query WITH isolation_level;

isolation_level:-RR:REPEATABLE READ-RS:REPEATABLE READ-CS:READ COMMITED-UR:READ UNCOMMITED

:

Update myTable SET myColumn = 10 Where otherColumn = 5WITH RR;


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:

.

:SQL.

.

::

)(


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1

.

.

.

SQL.

SQL.

.

2

CALLOracleDB2EXECUTEEXECSQL ServerAccess.

OracleEXECUTE.

:UpdateRec3OracleDB2

:

CALL UpdateRec (3);

SQLAccess:

EXECUTE UpdateRec 3;


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122

SQL ServerAccess..

CREATE PROCEDURE:

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_name (parameter_list)

AS sp_body;

sp_nameParameter_listsp_body.

Oracle, DB2, SQL ServerAccess.

.

:Products

ID:

CREATE PROCEDURE deleteProduct (@ProductID INT)ASBEGINDelete from Products where ID = @ProductID;

END;

END, BEGINProductID.

@SQL Server.


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123

ID

8:

EXECUTE deleteProduct (8);

Oracle:

OracleSQL ServerANSI:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE sp_name (parameter_list)ASBEGIN

Sp_body;

END;

OR REPLACE.

@./

SQL Server.

:Oracle

OR REPLACE.

:StatusStudents:


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CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE updateStatus(minMark IN INT, myStatus IN varchar)ASBEGINUpdate Students SET Status = myStatus where Mark < minMark;END;

mySQL:

mySQL5.0.3mySQL.

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_name (parameter_list)BEGIN

query_body;END;

:myTablemyCount

:CREATE PROCEDURE getCount (OUT myCount INT)BEGIN

SELECT Count (*) Into myCount form myTable;END;


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DB2:

DB2SQLMicrosoft Visual C++.

DB2.

:

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_name (parameter_list)block_name: BEGINsp_body;END block_name;

:

Students:

CREATE PROCEDUREinsertStudent (mystudentID INT, mystudentName varchar(50))Label1: BEGINInsert Into Students (studentID, studentName)Values(myStudentID, mystudentName)END Label1;

Ms Access:AccessCREATE PROCEDURE.

).(


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getProducts:

Select productName from getProducts;

:

EXECUTE getProducts;

Access.

SQL.

:AccessQuantity

:

CREATE PROCEDURE deleteQuantity (@myQuantity INT)ASDelete from Products where Quanity


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ALTER PROCEDURECREATE PROCEDURE.

:myStoredProceduremyTable

:

ALTER PROCEDURE myStoredProcedure (myRecordID INT)ASDelete from myTable where ID = myRecordID;

CREATE PROCEDURE.

:/.

.

SQL.

SQL:SQL

.

:

DECLARE var_name var_type (length);


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.:

DECLARE var1_name, var2_name, var3_name var_type (length);

:

varchar:

DECLARE var1 INT;DECLARE var2, var3, var4 varchar(50);

DB2BEGIN END.Oracle

BEGIN END

.

..

SQL Server:SET @var_name = value;

SELECT @var_name = value;mySQLDB2SET@:=

mySQLOracle:

var_name:= value;

OracleDB2SELECT:

SELECT field_name from tableName Into variable_namewhere field_name = 1;


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129

.

.

SQL ServerDefaultOracle.

:Contacts

Unknown.:

CREATE PROCEDURE Insert Contacts(@myName varchar(50), @myAddress varchar(50) = Unknown)AS Insert Into Contacts (contactName, contactAddress)Values (@myName, @myAddress);

Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Insert Contacts(myName IN varchar(50), myAddress IN varchar(50) DEFAULT Unknown)ASBEGINInsert Into Contacts (contactName, contactAddress)Values (myName, myAddress);END;

DB2.


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.

SQL Server:SQL ServerOUTPUT

:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name(@output_parameter_name INT OUTPUT);

:theName

:

CREATE PROCEDURE getName(@theNumber varchar(15) , @theName varchar(50) OUTPUT)AS

BEGINSET @theName = (SELECT Name from Phonebook where Number = @theNumber)END;

SETtheName.

:

DECLARE @theName varchar(50);EXECUTE getName 4445467 , @theName OUTPUT;PRINT @theName;

:-theName-theName-.


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Oracle:

Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getName(theNumber IN varchar(15) , theName OUT varchar(50))ASBEGINSELECT Name INTO theName from Phonebookwhere Number = theNumber;

END; SELECT INTONametheName.

:

SET SERVER ONDECLARE theName varchar(50);BEGINgetName (4465873 , theName);dbms_output.put_line(theName);END;

:

-SET SERVER ONSQL* plusSQL* plus

-theName-theName-.


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:

.

:

.:

:


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:SQL

..

:

..

.

:

-IF..ELSE:

IF conditionconditionTrueBody;

ELSEconditionFalseBody;

conditionconditionTrueBody

conditionFalseBody.

-CASE.WHEN:

CASE expression

WHEN value1 THEN result1WHEN value2 THEN result2

..WHEN valueN THEN resultN

ELSE resultElseEND;


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expressionValue1..ValueNresultresultElse.

.

IFELSECASEWHENSQL Server .

IF..ELSE:IF.ELSESQL Server:

IF conditionBEGIN

trueStatmentsENDELSEBEGIN

falseStatmentsEND

BEGINENDBEGIN END.ELSE.

:

:

CREATE PROCEDURE getSalesAndComment(@myProductID INT, @mySales INT OUTPUT,@myComment VARCHAR(40) OUTPUT)ASBEGIN


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SET @mySales= (Select sum(Quantity) from saleswhere productID=@myProductID);

IF @mySlales=0SET @myComment=STOP THIS PRODUCT;

ELSE SET @myComment=KEEP THIS PRODUCT;Update products set ProductComment=@myCommentWhere productID=@myProductID ;END

BEGIN ENDIFELSE

:DECLARE @theComment VARCHAR(40);DECLARE @theSales INT

EXECUTE getSalesAndComment(3, @theSales OUTPUT, @theComment OUTPUT);PRINT @theSales;PRINT @theComment;

.

CASE.WHEN:

CASEWHENSQL Server:

SET @aVariable= CASE expression

WHEN value1 THEN result1WHEN value2 THEN result2

..WHEN valueN THEN resultN

ELSE resultElseEND;

CASEWHENSQL ServerSELECTYskh].


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CASEvalue1valueN.

:

:

CREATE PROCEDURE getStudentLevel(@myStudentName VARCHAR(50), @myStudentLevel VARCHAR(40) OUTPUT)ASBEGINDECLARE studentGrade INT;SET @studentGrade= (Select studentGrade from students

where studentName=@myStudentName);SET @myStudentLevel= CASEWHEN @studentGrade>80 THEN VERY GOODWHEN @studentGrade>70 THEN GOODWHEN @studentGrade>60 THEN NOT BADWHEN @studentGrade>50 THEN PASSWHEN @studentGrade


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138

SELECTSQL Server.-CASEWHENEND CASEEND

SQL Server.

-:=OracleSET.

:

ReservationsOracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Reservations

(myRoomType IN varchar(10), myDays IN INT)ASBEGINIF myRoomType= Single THENInsert Into Reservations (roomType, Fee)Values(myRoomType,20*myDays);ELSEIF myRoomType=Double THENInsert Into Reservations (roomType, Fee)Values(myRoomType,35*myDays);ELSEIF myRoomType=Sweet THENInsert Into Reservations (roomType, Fee)

Values(myRoomType,45*myDays);END IF;END;

:

CALL Reservations (Single,5);

.SQL ServerWHILEBEGINEND:

WHILE Condition


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BEGINloopBodyEND;

OracleLOOPEND LOOP:

WHILE ConditionLOOPloopBodyEND LOOP;

DB2DOEND WHILE:

WHILE ConditionDOloopBodyEND WHILE;

mySQLWHILEEND WHILE:

WHILE ConditionloopBody

END WHILE;

:

1100NumbersSQL Server:

CREATE PROCEDURE tenRandoms()ASBEGINDECLARE @myNumber INT;WHILE @myNumber


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Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE tenRandoms()ASBEGINDECLARE myNumber INT;myNumber:=1;WHILE myNumber


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END WHILE;END;

SQL.

.

::

DECLARE cursorName CURSOR FOR cursorSpecification;

cursorSpecification .

OracleISFOR.FOR UPDATE:

DECLARE cursorName CURSOR IS cursorSpecification FOR UPDATE;

.OF columnListcolumnList

. FOR READ ONLYFOR UPDATE.

DB2WITH HOLDWITH RETURN.WITH HOLD.

WITH RETURNTO CALLERTO CLIENT


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.

:

OPEN cursorName;

.

FETCH:

FETCH cursorName INTO var1,var2,var3,,varN;

var1,var2,var3,,varN.

.

DB2.SQL Server:FETCH NEXT from cursorName INTO @var1,@var2,@var3,,@varN;

FETCH FIRSTFETCH PRIORFETCH LASTFETCH NEXT.

FETCH ABSOLUTE NFETCH RELATIVE N

.

:

CLOSE cursorName;

:


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SQL Server.

OracleDB2.FOR.

Oracle:

FOR cursorName IN (cursorSpecification)

LOOPloopBodyEND LOOP;

DB2:

FOR cursorName AS (cursorSpecification)DOloopBodyEND FOR;

.

:

myColumnmyTable:

SET SERVEROUT ONFOR myCursor IN (select myColumn from myTable)LOOPDbms_output.put_line(myCursor.myColumn)END LOOP;

myCursormyColumn..


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SQL Server:

.

DECLARE @myNumber varchar(15);DECLARE @myName varchar(50);

DECLARE myCursor CURSOR FORSelect contactNumber, contactName from Contacts;OPEN myCursor;WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0FETCH NEXT from myCursor INTO @myNumber, @myName;PRINT @myName, @myNumber;END;

myCursorFETCH NEXT.

@@FETCH_STATUS-10 .

Oracle:

Oracle:

SET SERVEROUT ON

DECLARE myNumber varchar(15);DECLARE myName varchar(50);DECLARE myCursor CURSOR ISSelect contactNumber, contactName from Contacts;OPEN myCursor;WHILE myCursor%FOUNDLOOPFETCH NEXT from myCursor INTO myNumber, myName;dbms_output.put_line(myName, myNumber);END LOOP;


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SET SERVEROUT.myCursor%FOUND.%FOUNDTRUE

.%ISOPEN%ROWCOUNT

.

.SQL ServerAccess:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedureName AS query;

EXECEXECUTE:

EXEC procedureName;

:myProcedure:

CREATE PROCEDURE myProcedureAS select productName from Products;

DB2:

CREATE PROCEDURE procedureName()RESULT SETS 1LANGUAGE SQLP1:BEGINDECLARE cursorName CURSOR WITH RETURN FORqueryopen cursorName


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.

:myPackagemyCursormyProcedure

theCursorCURSOR.

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE myPackageASType myCursor IS REF CURSOR;PROCEDURE myProcedure (theCursor OUT myCursor);END myPackage;

:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY myPackageASPROCEDURE myProcedure (theCursor OUT myCursor);ISBEGINOPEN theCursor FORSelect myColumn from myTable;END myProcedure;

END myPackage;


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:.

:.

:

:


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SQL Server@@.ERROR.

0.IF:

IF (@@ERROR 0)errorHandler;

errorHandler.

.

RAISERROR:

RAISERROR {msg_id | msg_str}, severity, state [,argument];

msg_id130002147483647.msg_str.

severity02520 .state1127.

..%.%d

%u%s.


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SQL Server

:

Customers:

CREATE PROCEDURE safeInsert(@myCustomerID INT, @myCustomerName varchar(50))ASBEGIN

DECLARE @theError INT;

Insert Into Customers Values (@myCustomerID, @myCustomerName);SET @theError = @@ERROR;IF @theError 0

BEGINRAISERROR

(cannot insert the customer with ID %d,10, 1, @customerID);

RETURN @theError;END;ELSE

RETURN 0;END;

:

-safeInsert-theError@@ERROR

Customers.-theError

o0.

otheError.%d.

:

EXEC safeInsert 20, Adel;


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Oracle

OracleEXCEPTIONEND.

:

BEGIN--SQL CodeEXCEPTIONWHEN Exception1 THEN--handelException1

WHEN EXCEPTION2 THEN--handelException2END;

.

:*CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN:.*DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX:.*INVALID_NUMBER:

.*NO_DATA_FOUND:SELECT INTO

.*TO_MANY_ROWS:SELECT INTO

.*OTHERS:.

EXCEPTION.


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Oracle

:

StudentsSamiStudents.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insertSudent( myStudentName INvarchar(50),myStudentID IN INT)ASmyCustomException EXCEPTION;BEGIN

IF myStudentName =samiTHENRAISE myCustomException ;

END IF;Insert into students values (myStudentID,myStudentName);

EXCEPTIONWHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THENDbms_output.put_line(we have this ID ion our table);WHEN myCustomException THENDbms_output.put_line(this student is not allowed to register);END;

Students:DUP_VAL_ON_INDEXmyCustomException.

EXCEPTION.

:

CALL insertStudent (Adel, 10);

DB2

DB2.:SQLSTATE:.SQLCODE:.

.


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154

:

DECLARE SQLCODE INT DEFAULT 0;

SQLSTATE:

DECLARE SQLSTATE CHAR(5) DEFAULT 00000;

..

DECLAREHANDLER:DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR error_type

BEGIN--handler_code

END;handler_type:

-CONTINUE:.

-EXIT:BEGINENDBEGINEND

.

error_type.:

-SQLEXCEPTION:SQL.

-SQLWARNING:SQL. -NOT FOUND:WHERE.


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155

DB2

:

SQL23405

:

DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE 23505--code to handle the error;

.SIGNAL:

SIGNAL SQLSTATE SQLStateCodeSET MESSAGE_TEXT = errorDescription;

SQLSTATE.

:79TZ

.


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156

DB2

:

SQLSTATE:

CREATE searchFor (myName varchar(50), OUT myMessage varchar(50))P1: BEGINDECLARE SQLSTATE char(5) DEFAULT 00000;DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR NOT FOUNDmyMessage = did not find name;

IF myName = sami THENSIGNAL SQLSTATE 87000SET MESSAGE_TEXT = can not search for that name;myMessage = can not search for that name;END IF;Select name from Names where name = myName;END p1;

SQLSTATEEXITNOT FOUND

87000.

:

CALL searchFor (samer ,?);

MySQL

MySQLDB2.

:DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR condition_value [,...] sp_statement;


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:CONTINUE:EXIT:BEGIN-END

condition_valueMYSQL:SQLWARNING01NOT FOUND02SQLEXCEPTION.mysql_error_code:.

NOT FOUND.Condition_name

:. Sp_statement:.SET.

MySQLDB2.

:CONTINUE:EXIT:BEGIN-END

condition_valueMYSQL:SQLWARNING01NOT FOUND02SQLEXCEPTION.mysql_error_code:.

NOT FOUND.Condition_name:.Sp_statement:.SET

.


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158

MySQL

1:emps:

CREATE PROCEDURE handlerproc(OUT p_end VARCHAR(10))BEGINdeclare continue handler for 1062 SET @b = '- With Error 1062';declare continue handler for 1048 SET @b = '- With Error 1048';

insert into emps VALUES (NULL,'Dave',1,10) ;

set p_end:= concat('The End ',@b);

END;

:1062ER_DUP_ENTRY1048ER_BAD_NULL_ERRORNULL

.bContinue

.

2:SQLSTATE23000

SQLSTATE

create procedure conditionproc(OUT p_end VARCHAR(10))begin

declare not_null condition for SQLSTATE '23000';declare continue handler for not_null SET @b = '- With not_nullError';

insert into emps VALUES (NULL,'Dave',1,10) ;

set p_end:= concat('The End ',@b);

end;


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159

.

:1-

.2-

.3-.


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160

SQL

:.

:.SQL

.

::

SQL99ACCESSSQL SERVERORACLE)(


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161

SQL

.

.SQL.

:1-:.

).(2-:

. ..

:.

:1-:

..2-.

.

. .

.

.


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162

:

.SQL. .

.

.MySQLAccess

.sysAdminSQL Serversa.

:.

.

SQL

SQL99

.

SQL99:GRANTREVOKE.

SQL99CREATE ROLESET ROLEDROPROLE.


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GRANT:GRANT.:

1-:CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE,

CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE VIEW.:

GRANT prevelage_type TO user_name

2-:INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT

.EXECUTE.

.:

GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name

.SQL ServerOracleDB2GRANT

.

SQL

REVOKE:

REVOKEGRANT.

REVOKEGRANT:


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-:REVOKE prevelage_type FROM user_name

-:REVOKE prevelage_type ON resource FROM user_name

.SQL99REVOKEGRANT:

REVOKEGRANT

REVOKE [GRANT OPTION FOR]

{ALL PRIVILEGES}| SELECT| INSERT| DELETE| UPDATE

| REFERENCES| USAGE }[,n]

ON { [TABLE] table_name| DOMAIN domain_name

| COLLATION collation_name| CHARACTER SET charset_name

| TRANSLATIONtranslation_nameFROM (grantee_name | PUBLIC}

[,n]{CASCAD | RESTRICT}

GRANT {ALL PRIVILEGES}

|SELECT|INSERT [(column_name [,n]

|DELETE|UPDATE [(column_name [,n]|REFERENCES [(column_name

[,n]|USAGE } [,n]

ON {[TABLE] table_name|DOMAIN domain_name

|COLLATION collation_name

.

SQL

MS Access:

AccessSQL ServerDB2Oracle.


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165

.

Access 2002GRANTREVOKE.AccessToolsSecurity.

Access.ToolsSecurityset database password.

Encrypt/Decrypt DatabaseToolsSecurity

.AccessUser and

Group AccountsToolsSecurity.

User and Group Permissions.


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166

SQL

SQL Server:

SQL Server.

sp_addlogin.:

EXEC sp_addlogin userName, userpassword

sp_password

.: .sp_password:

EXEC sp_password oldpass, newpass, userName

sp_droplogin.:

EXEC sp_droplogin userName:

Adelthepass:

EXEC sp_addlogin Adel, thepass

:

EXEC sp_droplogin Adel

SQL

SQL Server:


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167

SQL Server.

sp_addlogin

sp_password.:.

sp_droplogin.

WindowsSQL Server:SQL Server

WindowsWindows.

Windows.

domain\userName

mymachine\userName. SQL ServerWindows

SQL Server.

SQL

.sp_grantdbaccess.

.:EXEC sp_grantdbaccess userName

:myDatabasemyTableAdel

:


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CREATE DATABASE myDatabaseGOuseMyDatabaseGOCREATE TABLE myTable (myColumn varchar(10));GOEXEC sp_grantdbaccess Adel

sp_grantdbaccessuseMyDatabasemyDatabase.

sp_revokedbaccess

:

EXEC sp_revokedbaccess userName

.

SQL

:

SQL ServerSQL99)GRANT, REVOKE(.

:myTestmyDBSamiSELECT

UPDATE:

CREATE DATABASE myDBGOUSE myDBGO


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CREATE TABLE myTest (call1 INT);GOEXEC sp_grantdbaccess SamiGO

GRANT SELECT , UPDATE ON myTest TO Sami

SamiGRANTWITHGRANT OPTION:

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON myTest TO Sami WITH GRANT OPTION

SQL ServerGRANTDENY.

REVOKESQL ServerGRANTDENY.REVOKE ALL.

SELECTmyTest:REVOKE SELECT ON myTest FROM Sami

WITH GRANT OPTIONCASCADE:

REVOKE SELECT ON myTest FROM Sami

SQL

MySQL:

SQL Server.

sp_addrole.

GRANT.SELECTmyTablemyRole:

GRANT SELECT ON myTable TO myRole;


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171

Oracle

ORACLEoracle.

:OracleSYSSYSTEM.

oracleSYSTEM.

-OracleCREATE USER

Oraclesimplepassword. CREATE USER:

CREATE USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY user_password;

-ALTER USER:

ALTER USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY new_password;

:

ALTER USER user_name ACCOUNT LOCK;

ALTER USER user_name ACCOUNT UNLOCK;

-DROP USER:

DROP USER user_name

:

testOraclesss:

CREATE USER test;ALTER USER test IDENTIFIED BY sss;DROP USER test;


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172

Oracle

ORACLEALTER USER:

ALTER USER user_name PASSWORD EXPIRE;

Oracle8PROFILE.ALTER USER:

ALTER USER user_name PROFILE my_profile;

Profile:

CREATE PROFILE my_profile LIMIT what_to_limit

what_to_limit:

FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS

PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME.PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME

PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX

PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME

PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME

PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION

PROFILE:

DROP PROFILE my_profile;

:

Profile30Sara:CREATE PROFILE my_profile LIMIT

PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30;ALTER USER sara PROFILE my_profile;


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173

SQL)(

:

.

:SQL.

.

::

DB2MySQLORACLE)(


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174

ORACLE

OracleOracle.

Oracle:OracleGRANTREVOKE.

.Oracle:

-CONNECT.

-RESOURCE. -DBA.

myUser:

GRANT CONNECT,RESOURCE TO myUser;

REVOKE.RESOURCE

myUser: REVOKE RESOURCE FROM myUser;

myUser.

:-RESOURCECONNECT

RESOURCE -RESOURCE.


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175

ORACLE

:

:

GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name;

Oracle:

-ALTER:ALTER TABLE.-DELETEINSERTSELECTUPDATE:.-INDEX:.-REFRENCES:)(

.-EXECUTE: .

:CONNECT:

CONNECT myUser/myPassword;

SELECTtest.

.

SELECT * FROM otherUser.test

myUsertestotherUser.otherUser:

CONNECT otherUser/otherPass

:

GRANT SELECT ,INSERT ON test TO myUser;


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176

myUser.Oracle:

-ALTER:ALTER TABLE.

-DELETEINSERTSELECTUPDATE:.-INDEX:.-REFRENCES:)(

.-EXECUTE: .

ORACLE

:Oracle

.

CREATE ROLEOracle:CREATE ROLE role_name;

DROP ROLE:

DROP ROLE role_name;

SYSTEM.

.GRANT:

GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO role_name

:


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177

GRANT my_role TO unser_name;

:customerProducts

RamirpassCustomer:

CREATE ROLE customer ;GRANT SELECT ON Products TO customer;CREATE USER Ram IDENTFIED BY rpass;GRANT customer TO Rami;

ORACLE

Oracle:OracleGRANTREVOKE.

:GRANT privilege_type TO user_name;

REVOKE privilege_type FROM user_name;

GRANTREVOKE:

CREATE DATABASECREATE TABLEALTER TABLEDROP TABLE

GRANTWITH GRANT OPTION.

RESOURCE.RESOURCE.


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178

:test

.: CREATE USER test;GRANT CREATE TABLE,CREAT DATABASE TO test;REFOKE DROP TABLE FROM test;

DB2

DB2:DB2

...

DB2:

DB2GRANTREVOKE:

GRANT privilege_type ON resource TO user_name;

REVOKE privilege_type ON resource FROM user_name

:ALTER, DELETE, SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, INDEX, REFRENCE,EXECUTE.

CONTROL)CONTRTOL(.


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180

.

REVOKE.SELECT:

REVOKE SELECT ON Customer FROM Special;

:

REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON resource from userName;

DB2

:DB2

....DB2:

GRANT privilege_type ON DATABESE TO user_name;

:Farid:

GRANT CREATE TAB ON DATABASE TO Farid;

DBADM:


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181

GRANT DBADM ON DATABASE TO Farid;

MySQL

MySQL.

GRANT TABLES

MySQL.GRANT TABLES:usertables_privcolumn_privdbfunchost

.

user:

USE mysqlInsert Into user values(localhost, userName, PASSWORD(simplepass) ,Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y,Y, Y, Y, Y,);FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

[email protected].

FLUSH PRIVILEGES

. MySQL.

GRANT.GRANT.


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183

.

.

SQL Server, OracleDB2 .

CREATE TABLECREATE VIEWGRANT.

.

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION:

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schemaName-- create tables-- create view-- grant permissions;

: mySchemaCustomersNamesSami

SELECTNames:

CREATE SCHEM AUTHORIZATION mySchemaCREATE TABLE Customers

(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Name varchar(50))CREATE VIEW Names AS SELECT Name FROM CustomersGRANT SELECT ON Names TO Sami;

..


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184

:.

:.

SQL ServerOracle.

::

SQL ServerOracle


185/209


185

..

SQL.

.

..

.

.

.

.

SQL server,

DB2,Oracle,mySQL.


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186

:

:-:INSERTDELETE

UPDATE..

-:UPDATEDELETEINSERT.UPDATE

.

.

..

.

:CREATE TRIGGER.

SQL-99:

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name{ BEFORE | AFTER }{[DELETE] | [INSERT] | [UPDATE]{OF column [,n]} ON table_name

[REFERNCING {OLD [ROW][AS] old_name | NEW[ROW] [AS] new_nameOLD TABLE [AS] old_name | NEW TABLE [AS] new_name}][FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT }\[WHEN (condition)]--sql code block


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187

:

:

1-).(

.2-.

3-. 4-CHECK.5-

.

SQL Server:

SQL Server.

.

SQL ServerBEFORE.SQL Server 2000INSTEAD.

SQL Server

:

CREATE TRIGGER:


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189

SQL Server

:

ALTER TRIGGER:

ALTER TRIGGER triggerName ON tableName FOR [|INSTEAD] action AS-- procedureBody;

:

myTrigger:

ALTER TRIGGER myTrigger ON TestFOR INSERT, DELETEASIF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted)BEGININSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Inserted.Value FROM InsertedENDELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted)BEGININSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Deleted.Value FROM DeletedEND;

Test)(Audit

DeletedInsertedAudit.

:DROP TRIGGER:

DROP TRIGGER triggerName;

:

myTrigger:

DROP TRIGGER myTrigger;


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190

SQL Server

UPDATE:SQL ServerUpdatedDeleted

Inserted.

UPDATEInsertedDeleted.

:

ALTER TRIGGER myTrigger ON Test FOR INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE ASIF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted) AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted)BEGININSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT D.Value FROM Deleted D JOINInserted I on D.Value = I.ValueENDELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Inserted)BEGININSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Inserted.Value FROM InsertedENDELSE IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Deleted)

BEGININSERT INTO Audit (newValue) SELECT Deleted.Value FROM DeletedEND;

InsertedDeleted

JOIN.:

.

ALTER TABLE:

ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE TRIGGER trigger_name;

:


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191

ALTER TABLE table_name ENABLE TRIGGER trigger_name;

ALL.:

ALTER TABLE table_name [ENABLE | DISABLE] TRIGGER ALL;

Oracle

Oracle

.

Oracle.

.)

.(

DELETE:OLDINSERT:NEWInsertedDeletedSQL Server.

Oracle.

CREATE TABLEALTER TABLEDROP TABLE.


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192

Oracle

Oracle:OracleCREATE TRIGGER:

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name[AFTER | BEFORE INSTEAD] [INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE]ON table_name-- trigger_body;

:myTable

ID

Comment

.CREATE TABLE myTable(ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL , Comment varchar(50))

myTriggermyTable

Audit:

CREATE TRIGGER myTrigger

AFTER INSERT ON myTableFOR EACH ROWBEGININSERT INTO Audit (ID , operationType) Values (:NEW.ID , INSERT)END;

FOR EACH ROWmyTable

.

:NEW.IDID.


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193

Oracle

Oracle:OracleCREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name

[AFTER | BEFORE|INSTEAD] [INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE]ON table_name-- trigger_body;

::

CREATEOR REPLACE TRIGGER myTriggerAFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON myTableFOR EACH ROWBEGINIF INSERTING THEN

INSERT INTO Audit(ID , operationType) Values (:NEW.ID , INSERT);ELSIF DELETING THEN

INSERT INTO Audit(ID , operationType) Values (:OLD.ID , DELETE);

ELSIF UPDATEING THEN

INSERT INTO Audit(ID , operationType) Values (:OLD.ID , UPDATE);

END IF;

END;

INSERTDELETEUPDATEOracleSQLTrueINSERTINGDELETINGUPDATING.

Update:NEW.:OLD.:OLD.:NEW..

:


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194

DROP TRIGGERSQLserver:

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;

Oracle

Oracle:

OracleWHENCREATE TRIGGER.

:AccountsDepositions

sami:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTriggerAFTER INSERT ON DepositionsFOR EACH ROWWHEN (NEW.name!=sami)BEGININSERT INTO Accounts (AccountName) Values (:NEW.name);END;

:SQL

ServerDB2MySQLAccess.

:

CREATE SEQUENCE mySequence;

..


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:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER myTrigger

BEFORE INSERT ON myTableFOR EACH ROWBEGINSELECT mySequence.NEXTVAL INTO:NEW.myTable FROM DUALEND;


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196

:.

:.

DB2MySQL.

::

DB2MySQL


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197

DB2

DB2.

:DB2Oracle.:

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name [AFTER |NOCASCADBEFORE | INSTEADOF] ONtable_name REFERENCING [OLD AS | NEW AS] refnameFOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQLtrigger_body;

DB2AFTER.DB2NOCASCADBEFOREINSTEADOF

.

NOCASCADBEFORE.

OracleDB2.

REFERENCING.

OLD AS old_nameNEW AS new_name.

:Table2Table1:

CREATE TRIGGER myTriggerAFTER INSERT ON Table1 REFERENCING NEW AS NFOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQLBEGIN ATOMICINSERT INTO Table2 (operation , ID) Values (INSERT, N.ID)END;


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Date post:	04-Apr-2018
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Advanced SQL Programming (ITD310)

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