Advanced Structured Materials

Volume 11

Series Editors

Andreas ÖchsnerLucas F. M. da SilvaHolm Altenbach

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/8611

P. M. Visakh • Sabu ThomasArup K. Chandra • Aji. P. MathewEditors

Advances in Elastomers I

Blends and Interpenetrating Networks

123

EditorsP. M. VisakhCentre for Nanoscience

and NanotechnologyMahatma Gandhi UniversityKottayam, KeralaIndia

Sabu ThomasKottayam, KeralaIndia

Arup K. ChandraApollo Tyres LtdGujaratIndia

Aji. P. MathewDepartment of Applied Physics

and Mechanical EngineeringLulea University of TechnologyLuleåSweden

ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)ISBN 978-3-642-20924-6 ISBN 978-3-642-20925-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20925-3Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013934535

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Preface

The book, ‘‘Advances in Elastomers-I: Their Blends and InterpenetratingNetworks’’ summarizes many of the recent technical accomplishments in the areaof elastomer-based blends and interpenetrating networks (IPNs). As the titleindicates, the book emphasizes the various aspects of preparation, structure,morphology, processing, properties, and applications of elastomer-based blendsand IPNs, in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Recent advances in thedevelopment and characterization of multicomponent polymer blends and IPNsbased on elastomers are discussed in detail. It is important to mention that till date,there are limited books published on the recent advances in the synthesis, mor-phology, structure, properties, and applications of elastomer-based blends andIPNs. The various chapters in the book discuss general purpose elastomers, specialpurpose elastomers, compounding, vulcanization, processing of elastomers, rub-ber/rubber blends: micro and nanostructured, rubber/thermoplastic blends: microand nanostructured, rubber/thermoset blends: micro and nanostructured, interphasemodification and compatibilization of rubber-based blends, elastomer-based IPNs,micro and nanofillers in rubber-based blends, magnetorheological elastomers andapplications: ionizing radiation processing of elastomers and electro-elastic con-tinuum models for electrostrictive elastomers.

In this sense, the content of the book is unique. It covers an up-to-date record onthe major findings and observations in the field of elastomer-based blends andIPNs. The book is intended to serve as a ‘‘one stop’’ reference resource forimportant research accomplishments in this area. The chapters in the book havebeen contributed by prominent researchers from the industry, academia, andgovernment/private research laboratories across the globe. This book will be avaluable reference source for university and college faculties, professionals, post-doctoral research fellows, senior graduate students, polymer technologists, andresearchers from R&D laboratories working in the area of elastomer-based blendsand IPNs. The first chapter, ‘‘Advances in Elastomers: Their Blends and Inter-penetrating Networks’’, gives an overview of the advances in elastomers on state-of-art new challenges and opportunities. This chapter is essential for beginners inthese fields as it provides a thorough basic understanding of the elastomer-basedblends and IPNs. The following chapter on general purpose elastomers discussesthe structure, chemistry, physics, and performance. The first part of this chapter

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gives an introduction to thermodynamics, kinetics, structure, and polymerization.Focus is made on specific elastomer structure, properties, and thermoplasticelastomers. Later in this chapter, several topics such as elastomer-filler composi-tions, elastomer blends, interpenetrating elastomer blends, formulation, com-pounding, and shape-memory polymers are presented. Finally, the future trends arediscussed. In the third chapter, special purpose-based elastomers are explainedwith different types of elastomers used as special purpose applications. Thischapter explains different elastomers such as butyl rubber nitrile rubber, siliconerubber, fluoro rubber, polyurethane rubber, polysulfide rubber, and phlorosulfo-nated polyethylene rubber. The synthesis, structure–property relationship, com-pounding, processing, and applications of each special purpose-based elastomersare discussed in detail.

A survey on compounding and vulcanization is done in the fourth chapter. Theauthors deal with compounding, different types of compounding equipments,processes, and compounding ingredients. Each of the topics, single-step processes,batch process compounding ingredients and their function, different types ofvulcanizing agents and vulcanizing systems, and double networking of elastomersis detailed. Finally, details are added on the advantages and disadvantages of thecompounding and vulcanization process. The fifth chapter is on processing ofelastomers and comprises different subtopics. The first section contains the dif-ferent processing methods used for the preparation of elastomer-based blends andcomposites such as latex blending, two-roll mixing, extrusion blending, and otherprocesses and the second section deals with the different types of compoundingequipment, processes such as single-step processes, batch process, and otherprocesses and advantages and disadvantages of each process. The last section ofthis chapter discusses the fabrication of products such as compression molding,dipping, coating, and other types of products.

The following chapter is on Rubber/Rubber Blends: Micro and Nanostructuredmainly focusing on different studies on rubber/rubber blends such as recentdevelopments, different manufacturing methods, and different characterizationmethods. This chapter explains various topics such as rubber/rubber-based microblends, rubber/rubber-based nano blends, recent studies on rubber/rubber-basedmicro blends, recent studies on rubber/rubber-based nano blends, different man-ufacturing methods of rubber/rubber-based micro blends, different manufacturingmethods of rubber/rubber-based nano blends, characterization methods of rubber/rubber based micro blends, and characterization methods of rubber/rubber-basednano blends. Finally, the application of these rubber/rubber blends is detailed. Thenext chapter discusses the Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: Micro and Nanostruc-tured. The authors discussed the different rubber blends of thermoplastic withmicro and nanoscale, and their recent studies, manufacturing methods, and char-acterization methods are discussed in detail. Finally, the application of theserubbers/thermoplastic blends is explained. The eighth chapter describes Rubber-Thermoset Blends: Micro and Nanostructured. The first part of this chapter givesan introduction, morphology, and various types of rubber-thermoset blends. Thesecond part discusses rubber-epoxy-based blends with the subtopics of epoxy

vi Preface

toughening by liquid rubber, chemistry, thermodynamic consideration, liquidrubbers other than CTBN, saturated liquid rubbers, toughening by preformedparticles and some miscellaneous studies with rubber-epoxy blends; the last part ofthis chapter discusses rubber toughening of cyanate esters.

The chapter on Interphase Modification and Compatibilization of Rubber-BasedBlends analyzes the different topics on interphase modification and compatibili-zation. The current trends in development of grafts/block copolymers, crosslinkingetc., are given. The other main topics discussed are compatibilizing agents, surfacemodifiers, plasticisers, properties of interphase modified/compatibilised elasto-meric blends, interphase characterisation, and finally the future prospects. The tenthchapter focuses on elastomer-based IPNs; this is an important chapter in the book,where the basics related to IPNs, such as introduction, recent studies, differentmanufacturing methods, characterization methods, phase morphology, properties,and finally applications of IPNs are discussed in detail. The chapter on Micro andNanofillers in Rubber-Based Blends discusses with an introduction to micro fillers,nano fillers and their recent studies, and finally compatiblization of rubber–rubberblends by the addition of fillers and application. The following chapter discusses theapplications of elastomers, mainly focussing on magnetorheological elastomers andapplications. Here, the topics discussed after the introduction are, fabrication ofisotropic and anistropic MR, rheological properties, sensing properties of MRelastomers, and other applications. The thirteenth chapter explains ionizing radia-tion processing of elastomers, with topics such as the basics of radiation chemistry,definitions, units, sources of ionizing radiation as applied to processing of elasto-mers, and primary and secondary chemical reactions induced by radiation inelastomers. Finally, radiation-induced crosslinking—the most important applica-tion, selected cases and applications: radiation induced grafting, degradation oftyres, etc., are discussed. The last chapter discusses Electro-Elastic ContinuumModels for Electrostrictive Elastomers. Along with an Introduction, the manufac-turing process, chemical structure, physical properties, thermal properties,mechanical properties, crystallinity, and applications are explained. In the last partof this chapter the authors correlate between structure properties and applications.

Finally, the editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all the contributorsof this book, who provided excellent support for the successful completion of thisventure. We are grateful to them for the commitment and the sincerity they showedin contributing to this book. Without their enthusiasm and support the compilationof this book series could not have been possible. We thank all the reviewers whospent their valuable time to make critical comments on each chapter. We also thankthe publisher Springer for recognizing the demand for such a book, and for realizingthe increasing importance of the area of Blends and Interpenetrating Network.

P. M. VisakhSabu Thomas

Arup K. ChandraAji. P. Mathew

Preface vii

Contents

Advances in Elastomers: Their Blends and InterpenetratingNetworks-State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . 1P. Deepalekshmi, P. M. Visakh, Aji. P. Mathew,Arup K. Chandra and Sabu Thomas

General Purpose Elastomers: Structure, Chemistry,Physics and Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Robert A. Shanks and Ing Kong

Special Purpose Elastomers: Synthesis, Structure-PropertyRelationship, Compounding, Processing and Applications . . . . . . . . . . 47Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, Cintil Jose Chirayil,Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Lakshmipriya Somasekharan,Srinivasarao Yaragalla, Jiji Abraham and Sabu Thomas

Compounding and Vulcanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83R. Rajesh Babu, G. S. Shibulal, Arup K. Chandra and Kinsuk Naskar

Elastomer Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137M. A. Fancy, Reethamma Joseph and Siby Varghese

Immiscible Rubber Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167C. M. Roland

Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: Micro and Nano Structured . . . . . . . . 183Cristina Cazan and Anca Duta

Rubber-Thermoset Blends: Micro and Nano Structured . . . . . . . . . . . 229Jin Kuk Kim and Sanjoy Datta

Interphase Modification and Compatibilizationof Rubber Based Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Bagdagül Karaagaç and Veli Deniz

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Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Processing, Propertiesand Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Aji. P. Mathew

Micro and Nanofillers in Rubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Mehmet Kodal and Guralp Ozkoc

Magnetorheological Elastomers and Their Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 357W. H. Li, X. Z. Zhang and H. Du

Radiation Processing of Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Z. P. Zagórski and E. M. Kornacka

Electro-Elastic Continuum Models for ElectrostrictiveElastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453R. Vertechy, G. Berselli, V. Parenti Castelli and M. Bergamasco

Editors Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

x Contents