AdvancedSyntax·ExtraExercises3·

KenRamshøjChristensenAarhusUniversity

2016

StructureofIPandCP.ComplementsandAdjuncts.SubjectandObject.V°-to-I°andI°-to-C°movement.

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Exercise1

What’swrongwiththistree?

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Exercise2

Drawthetreestructureofthefollowingsentences:(1)  Couldyouhelpme?(2)  ThatpoorJoeisalwaysthevicWm.(3)  Shehasneverbeenaniceperson.(4)  Youshouldnotruntheexperimentwithoutme.(5)  Theymetherthereyesterdayfornoreason.(6)  Jackaskedifhecouldseemyresults.(7)  HedidnotconsidertheWgerdangerous.(8)  Inthiscaveyoureallyneedahelmet.(9)  Isitsafe?(10)  Hellistheimpossibilityofreason.

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ANSWERSTOEXERCISE1

TreesdrawnusingMilesShang’sSyntaxTreeGenerator(hap://mshang.ca/syntree/)AddiWonaltext,figures,linesandarrowsaddedinMicroso1PowerPoint

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*ThisIPdoesn’thaveahead(I°).Allphrases(XPs)haveheads(X°s)becauseXPsareprojectedfromX°s.Furthermore,thesubject,theDPshe,isinIP-specwhichisthesisterofI’.

ThePPisamodifierofVP,anadjunct,butitisnotadjoinedtoVP.InsteaditisincorrectlythesisterofV’.However,ifX’hasasister,thissisterisontheLEFTofX',andthenwecallitaspecifier,notamodifier.

Theobject,books,isaDP.ItcanbesubsWtutedbyanotherDP,e.g.themorthesebooks.TheheadofthisDPisempty,asilentversionoftheindefinitearWclea,cf.:

abook (indefinitesingular)_books (indefiniteplural)

SpainisaDP,butnotaD°.TheDPisheadedbyanemptyD°andSpainistheheadofitsNPcomplement.

Aheadlessphrase!?!

Aspecifierontheright!?!

MissingDP MissingNP5

Correctedtree

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ANSWERSTOEXERCISE2

TreesdrawnusingMilesShang’sSyntaxTreeGenerator(hap://mshang.ca/syntree/)AddiWonaltext,figures,linesandarrowsaddedinMicroso1PowerPoint

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(1)

SubjectinIP-spec

Couldisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysfiniteandareinsertedinI°.Hereitprecedesthesubject,soithasmovedtoC°.

Object:DPsisterofV°

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

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I°-to-C°movement:Subject-auxiliaryinversion(SAI)

(2)

SubjectinIP-spec

Lel-adjoinedmodifierofNP

AdjuncWontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.

Adjunct:Lel-adjoinedmodifierofVP

Object:DPsisterofV°ThecopulabeistheonlymainverbthatevermovestoI°,anditonlydoessowhenitisFINITE.

Hewill alwaysbe thevic?m (be:non-finite)Heis always thevic?m (is:finite)

(HaveandbeareborninV°andmovetoI°whenFINITE.) 9

(3)

SubjectinIP-spec

V°-to-I°movement:AuxiliaryhaveisborninV°butMOVEStoI°whenitisFINITE.

Adjunct:Lel-adjoinedmodifierofVP

Object:DPsisterofV°

Lel-adjoinedmodifierofNP

AdjuncWontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.

ThecopulabeisborninV°.(HaveandbeareborninV°andmovetoI°whenFINITE.)BeenisapastparWciple,whichisNON-FINITE,andtherefore,itstaysinV°(whereitfollowsthesentence-medialadjunctnever).

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(4)

SubjectinIP-spec

Shouldisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysFINITEandareinsertedinI°.

Adjunct:SentenceadverbialsaremodifiersadjoinedtothehighestVP.Thatthisoneislel-adjoinedtoVPcanbeseenfromthefactthatitprecedesthemainverb.

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

Object:DPsisterofV°

Adjunct:ThisPPmodifiesVP;itisaso-calledVP-adverbial.Asitfollowsthemainverbandtheobject,itisright-adjoinedtoVP.

AdjuncWontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.

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(5)

SubjectinIP-spec

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

Object:DPsisterofV°Adjuncts:TheymodifyVP.Astheyfollowthemainverbandtheobject,theyareright-adjoinedtoVP.

AdjuncWontoanXPprojectsanotherinstanceofthatXP.

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(6)

SubjectinIP-spec

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

Couldisamodalverb.ModalsarealwaysFINITEandareinsertedinI°.

SubjectinIP-spec

Object:DPsisterofV°

Clausalobject:SisterofV°

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(7)

SubjectinIP-spec

Do-supporttakesplacedirectlyintoI°:dummydoisalwaysFINITE.

Adjunct:SentenceadverbialsaremodifiersadjoinedtothehighestVP.

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

Verblessclauses(“smallclauses”)are

IPs.

SubjectinIP-spec

Clausalobject:SisterofV°

Verblessclauses(“smallclauses”)areIPs(allclausesareatleastIPs).ACPlayerwouldpreventexcepWonalcasemarking(ECM)fromV°(consider)totheembeddedsubject(the?ger).

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(8)

MainverbsneverleaveV°(exceptbe).

Object:DPsisterofV°

Adjunct:Lel-adjoinedmodifierofVP

SubjectinIP-spec

Adjunct:ThismodifierisadjoinedtoIP.ItprecedesthesubjectinIP-spec.

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(9)

SubjectinIP-spec

ThecopulabeistheonlymainverbthatevermovestoI°,anditonlydoessowhenitisFINITE.(HaveandbeareborninV°andmovetoI°whenFINITE.)HereitprecedesthesubjectbecauseithasmovedtoC°(subject-auxiliaryinversion,SAI).Ithasverylialeornolexicalcontent.Itonlymeans“=”.TherealpredicatehereistheadjecWvesafe.

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(10)

SubjectinIP-spec

Thecopulabeistheonly‘main’verbthatevermovestoI°,anditonlydoessowhenitisFINITE.(HaveandbeareborninV°andmovetoI°whenFINITE.)Ithasverylialeornolexicalcontent.Itonlymeans“=”.TherealpredicatehereistheDP,theimpossibilityofreason.Note:TheDP,theimpossibilityofreason,isNOTtheobject,eventhoughitistheDPsisterofV°.Itisthepredicate.

ComplementofV°-butNOTtheobject!

ComplementofN°

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