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Strength Of Materials Share:

We are involved in providing our clients with premium quality deflection of beams apparatus, advanced beam testing

apparatus and torsion of bars for checking strength of the materials. All the apparatus are highly capable.

Deflection Of Beams Apparatus

Features

• Rigid base and supports

• Choice of end conditions

a) knife edge

b) built-in

• Beams or cantilevers

• Deflection and slope measurable

• Three year warranty

Range of Experiments

1. Verification of beam deflection formula

2. Deflection and slope of beams and cantilevers

3. Verification of both area - moment theorems

Description

The bench mounted apparatus has a heavy steel base with a fixed

support at one end and a moveable support at the other. The

supports can be fitted with knife edges or clamp plates one of

which permits horizontal movement for an encastre beam. A steel

beam and two load hangers are supplied together with two dial

gauges for measuring beam deflections and slopes.

This equipment is part of a range designed to both demonstrate

and experimentally confirm basic engineering principles. Great

care has been given to each item so as to provide wide

experimental scope without unduly complicating or compromising

the design. Each piece of apparatus is self-contained and compact.

Setting up time is minimal, and all measurements are made with

the simplest possible instrumentation, so that the student

involvement is purely with the engineering principles being taught.

A complete instruction manual is provided describing the

apparatus, its application, experimental procedure and typical test

results.


Features

• Rigid base and supports

• Choice of end conditions

a) knife edge

b) built-in

• Beams or cantilevers

• Deflection and slope measurable



1. Verification of beam deflection formula

2. Deflection and slope of beams and cantilevers

3. Verification of both area - moment theorems

Description

Page 1 of 13Strength Of Materials - Deflection Of Beams Apparatus, Advanced Beam Testing Ap...

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Eccentrically Loaded Tie Apparatus

Extension Of Wires Apparatus

Compound Wires Apparatus

Extension Of Springs Apparatus

Compression Of Springs Apparatus

Internal Elastic Forces Apparatus

Deflection of Curved Bars Apparatus

Combined Bending and

Torsion Apparatus

Critical Load On Struts

Apparatus

Critical Condition Of Struts

Torsion Of A Spiral Spring

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The bench mounted apparatus has a steel base with a fixed

support at one end and a moveable support at the other.

The supports can be fitted with knife edges or clamp plates.

A steel beam and two load hangers are supplied together

with two dial gauges for measuring beam deflections and

slopes.

This equipment is part of a range designed to both

demonstrate and experimentally confirm basic engineering

principles. Great care has been given to each item so as to

provide wide experimental scope without unduly

complicating or compromising the design. Each piece of

apparatus is self-contained and compact. Setting up time is

minimal, and all measurements are made with the simplest

possible instrumentation, so that the student involvement is

purely with the engineering principles being taught. A

complete instruction manual is provided describing the

apparatus, its application, experimental procedure and

typical test results.

Advanced Beam Testing Apparatus

• Cost Effective Teaching

• Comprehensive theory of beams

• Simple and propped cantilevers

• Simply supported, fixed and continuous beams

• Three piers measure positive and

negative reactions

• Piers include a re-levelling system

• Three dial gauges on stands

• Point loads and distributed loading

• Six test beams to verify all variables

• Two optional extra sets of selected beams

• Data logging option



1. All variables in deflection of beams

2. Slope and curvature of beams

3. Support reactions of single span and continuous beams

4. Effect of sinking supports

5. Area moment theorems

6. Super-position

7. Clerk Maxwell's reciprocal theorum

8. Flitched beams

9. Non-uniform beams

Description

The apparatus provided allows an unlimited range of beam

experiments to be performed to measure support reactions and

the deflections and rotations of simply supported, fixed and two

span continuous beams. The end clamp also offers work on simple

and propped cantilevers. In addition the effect of sinking supports

on a continuous beam can be studied.

The experiments are assembled on a bench mounted twin beam

base standing on end frames with levelling feet. Three load

measuring piers with a digital read out in decaNewtons can be

clamped to the base anywhere within its length of 1.2 m. These

piers are equipped with a height correction system to compensate

for the vertical deflection of the load indicator and are fitted with

beam connectors which provide pinned conditions for both

downward and upward beam reactions. A fourth pier is a simple

clamp for supporting a cantilever or the fixed end of a beam.

Three dial gauges on stands can be clamped anywhere on the

base. Four load hangers provide for point loads, while a set of

slotted weights can be used to simulate a distributed load on a

beam. The set of test beams affords the study of all the variables

in the standard formula for uniform beams.











results.



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Torsion Of Bars Apparatus

Features

• Low cost effective teaching

• Self-contained

• Bench-mounted

• Direct application of torque and measurement of angle of

twist

• Determination of modulus of rigidity for different materials

• 3 year warranty


1. To measure the angle of twist produced by torsional loads

for various specimens and verify that the relationship is

linear.

2. To determine the modulus of rigidity for specimens of

various materials

Description

Torsional loads are common in power transmission shafts, and in

certain cases can also occur in structural members. It is thus very

important that engineers understand the relationship between the

torsional load applied to a particular beam and the angular twist

produced. Also, engineers must understand how this relationship

varies with the material from which the beam is made and its

cross sectional polar moment of area. This apparatus allows these

relationships to be investigated directly.

Specimens are rigidly held in a clamp fixed to one end of the base

frame of the apparatus. A short shaft mounted in the bearing has

a three jaw chuck facing the clamp and a torsion head at the

outward side. The torsion head and chuck are used to apply

torsional loads to the specimen. A rotation scale and pointer can

be attached to any point on the specimen's length to find the

angle of twist of the specimen. Four specimens are provided as

standard, namely :

• Mild steel rod 460 x 5mm dia.

• Brass rod 460 x 5 mm dia.

• Aluminium alloy rod 460 x 4.76mm dia.

• Nylon rod 460 x 6.35mm dia.











results.

Eccentrically Loaded Tie Apparatus

Features

• Low cost, effective teaching

• Self-contained

• Bench-mounted

• Combined bending and tension

• Three eccentricities



1. To measure the vertical bending deflection of the bar and to

compare with theoretical predictions.

2. To assess the effect of eccentricity of loading.

Description

Sometimes in the design of a structure, a tension member has to

be offset from the line of action of the force. The member then



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has to carry combined tension and bending loads, the latter

increasing with the eccentricity of the load. The eccentricity

is exaggerated to make visual appreciation of the

phenomenon possible. When the load line is outside the

middle third of a square tie bar, as in this experiment, the

bending moment predominates and the bending deflection

may be considerable.

The apparatus enables both the load and eccentricity to be

varied. A 9mm square section by 800mm long specimen is

provided, together with dial gauge and load hanger.

Different shaped specimens can be manufactured in the

college workshop as required.













Extension Of Wires Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Simple determination of Young's modulus

• Verification of hooke's law

• Range of specimen material and thickness available

• 3 year warranty


1. To determine Young's modulus of elasticity for the specimen

wire

2. To verify Hooke's Law

Description

Loaded wires form a simple experiment which produces excellent

and easy to understand results. A single wire can be used to

determine Young's Modulus of Elasticity for the material, and to

confirm Hooke's Law.

Two brackets are secured to a wall minimum 2m apart in a vertical

line; a top bracket from which to hang a specimen wire, and a

slider bracket used to measure the extension of the wire. The

slider includes a vernier for accurate measurement. For safety, the

lower bracket should be reasonably close to the ground.











results.

Compound Wires Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Simple determination of Young's modulus

• Verification of Hooke's Law

• Range of specimen material and thickness available

• Investigation of stresses in compound

suspension

• 3 year warranty




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Digital Kymograph

Digital Jar Test Apparatus

1. To determine Young's modulus of elasticity for the

specimen wire

2. To verify Hooke's Law

3. To evaluate the equivalent modulus of elasticity for

the combined wire suspension

4. To determine the load in the wire under conditions of

equal strain in each wire.

5. To compare experimental and theoretical results

Description

Loaded wires form a simple experiment which produces

excellent and easy to understand results. A single wire can

be used to determine Young's Modulus of Elasticity for the

material, and to confirm Hooke's Law. With two wires, the

experiment can be widened to investigate the effective

characteristics of two different materials subjected to a

common strain.

Two parallel sets of brackets are secured to a wall minium

2m apart in a vertical line; a top bracket from which to

hang a specimen wire, and a slider bracket used to measure

the extension of the wire. The slider includes a vernier for

accurate measurement. For safety, the lower bracket should

be reasonably close to the ground. The lower ends of each

slide are connected by a link. A load hanger can be moved

along the link until strains are equalised in each wire. The

wires may be of different materials, but must be the same

length.













Extension Of Springs Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Demonstrates Hooke's Law

• Measurement of spring stiffness

• 3 year warranty


1. To test the relationship between the load applied and the

change in length of a spring (Hooke's Law)

2. To determine spring stiffness

3. For more advanced courses, the dependence of spring

stiffness on the wire diameter, spring diameter, length,

number of turns and material. Comparison with theoretical

estimate.

Description

Springs are used in engineering to store energy or to provide

restoring forces. Both compression and tension springs may be

encountered. The deflection of a spring depends on the load

applied to it, an observation enshrined in Hooke's Law.

Applications of springs are found in spring balances which indicate

loads by measuring spring deflections and in car suspensions

where they absorb energy caused by wheel vertical movement due

to potholes and bumps.

The equipment is designed to be fitted to a wall. It is used to test

tension springs up to 200mm in length. The maximum spring

diameter is 38mm.

A weight hanger is used to apply a load to the spring. Spring

deflection is measured with a sliding scale which can be easily re-

zeroed to suit the length of the spring. A spring, weight hanger

and weights are supplied with each piece of equipment.











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Compression Of Springs Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Demonstrates Hooke's Law

• Measurement of spring stiffness

• 3 year warranty


1. To test the relationship between the load applied and the

change in length of a spring (Hooke's Law)

2. To determine spring stiffness

3. For more advanced courses, the dependence of spring

stiffness on the wire diameter, spring diameter, length,

number of turns and material. Comparison with theoretical

estimate.

Description

Springs are used in engineering to store energy or to provide

restoring forces. Both compression and tension springs may be

encountered. The deflection of a spring depends on the load

applied to it, an observation enshrined in Hooke's Law.

Applications of springs are found in spring balances which indicate

loads by measuring spring deflections and in car suspensions

where they absorb energy caused by wheel vertical movement due

to potholes and bumps.

The equipment is designed to be fitted to a wall. It can use

compression springs up to 150mm long. The maximum spring

diameter is 38mm.

A weight hanger is used to apply a load to the spring. Spring

deflection is measured with a sliding scale which can be easily re-

zeroed to suit the length of the spring. A spring, weight hanger

and weights are supplied with each piece of equipment.











results.

Internal Elastic Forces Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Simulates strains for a bolt stressing

a tube

• Determination of stiffness of tension and compression

springs

• 3 year warranty


1. To determine the stiffness of springs in tension and

compression

2. To investigate a self-straining system similar to a bolt in a

tube. In particular to measure the reduction in length of the

"tube", and the forces in the springs

3. To measure the increase in length and forces in the system

due to applying an external tensile load

Description

The apparatus is a self straining system analogous to a bolt

stressing a tube, enabling the final overall deflection of the system

to be determined. It consists of a frame in which there are two

springs. A tension spring with means of adjusting its length has a

disc at its lower end. Between this disc and the top of the frame is

fitted a compression spring. A weight hanger attached to the disc



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enables the two springs to be loaded. The stiffness of the

two springs is different so that an overall deflection is

induced.

The two springs can be installed separately in the frame so

that the stiffness of each can be determined. In the case of

the compression spring, it is necessary to apply loads

through a cord and pulley arrangement. A graduated scale

alongside the disc shows the deflection of the spring(s).

Excellent results are achieved due to the low friction of the

equipment.













Deflection of Curved Bars Apparatus

Features

• Universal machine

• Compact, bench mounted

• Four specimens supplied: Circular ring,

Semi-circle, Quadrant and Davit

• Measurement of oscillation frequency

• Measurement of horizontal and vertical deflections by dial

gauges

• Demonstrates strain energy concepts



1. To experimentally determine the vertical and horizontal

deflections of various curved bars whose cross sectional

dimensions are small compared with the bar radius.

2. To compare with theoretical estimates using strain energy

theories such as Castigliano's first theorem.

Description

The theoretical deflections of curved shapes are most easily found

by applying strain energy ideas, such as Castigliano's first

theorem. The shapes chosen provide a relatively easy introduction

to the use of such techniques, which students often seem to find

difficult to grasp.

A bench mounted base supports a curved bar formed into a ring,

semi-circle or quadrant/davit. Loads are applied by specially

designed weight hangers so that the specimen bends. Horizontal

and vertical deflections are measured by dial gauges rigidly

attached to the base. The bars can be readily changed and the

position of the dial gauges relocated to measure the deflections of

the new configuration. Bars, weight hangers and a set of weights

are supplied.











results.

Combined Bending and Torsion Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Bench-mounted

• Range of specimen materials

• Introduction to theories of failure



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• Bending and torsional loading ratios

variable

• 3 year warranty


1. To determine elastic failure of a specimen subjected

to several ratios of bending and torsion

simultaneously

2. To compare the results with the established theories

of failure

Description

Much of the design of parts in mechanical and civil

engineering is complicated by there being biaxial or triaxial

stresses for which some failure state has to be determined.

Obvious examples are high pressure cylinders containing

liquids or gases and concrete hinges for large bridge

bearings. For more than a century, physicists,

mathematicians and engineers have been proposing various

theories of failure. Some theories have been attempts to

explain observed failures while a few have tried to base a

mechanism on fundamental properties of materials.

It is evident that there is a considerable difference between

the behavior of ductile and brittle materials. That apart, it is

quite difficult to determine failure with sufficient accuracy in

experiments designed to show which failure theory is most

applicable. Hence, it is frequently found that codes of

practice lay down what appears to be a somewhat empirical

design method which experience has proved to be

workable.

This simple machine uses inexpensive test specimens made

from round bar. The specimen is clamped at one end to the

base bracket and at the other to a counterbalanced circular

loading plate. This plate is graduated in 15° intervals. A

special hanger enables pure bending, pure torque or

combined loads to be applied depending on the position of

the plate. The specimen deflection is measured by a dial

gauge mounted diametrically opposite the load point. In the

event of a specimen failure safety is ensured by set screws













Critical Load On Struts Apparatus

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Seven mild steel struts supplied

• Extra strut available, eccentrically loaded

• Tests pivoted or built-in ends

• Longitudinal and lateral loading

• Comparison with theoretical predictions

• 3 year warranty


1. Determination of Young's modulus of Elasticity for specimen

material

2. Struts with pivoted ends, but varying lengths

a) to assess the effect of slenderness ratio on crippling load

for the same specimen material

b) to compare with Euler and Perry-Robertson formula

predictions

3. Struts of same length, but different end fixings

a) to assess the effect of end constraint on crippling load

b) to compare with Euler and Perry-Robertson formula

predictions

c) to observe the shape of each critically loaded strut

4. Slender strut with eccentric loading (optional accessory)

a) to investigate how the lateral deflection of an

eccentrically loaded strut varies with the applied load and

eccentricity and to produce a Southwell plot.



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b) to compare the experimental and theoretical

values for maximum lateral deflection

Description







minimal, all measurements are made with the simplest


purely with the engineering principles being taught.

A piece of material in compression is called a strut. If it is

short and stubby it will fail by compressive stress, but if it is

slender the failure mode is that of buckling. The load at

which the strut buckles depends on the way in which the

ends are restrained. Built-in ends resist buckling more than

ends which are free to move. The apparatus shows how the

buckling mechanism occurs, and the influence of the end

restraint.

The apparatus is rigid and wall mounted. It can test struts

between 0.75 m and 1 m in length with either pivoted or

built-in ends. Axial load is applied to a load hanger linked

by cables to the yoked ram whose travel can be pre-set to

prevent permanent damage to the strut. A lateral load can

be applied at any position to the strut. Seven mild steel

specimens are supplied as standard. A dial gauge is

supplied to measure strut deflection.

With this equipment, an in depth study can be made of the

factors that effect the buckling of a strut; its length, cross

section, material and end restraint.

Young's modulus for the strut material is derived in a

secondary experiment, using the same equipment but with

a specimen loaded as a beam.













Critical Condition Of Struts

Features


• Self-contained

• Bench-mounted

• Demonstration of shape of a deflected

strut

• Direct loading gives highly visual impact

of Euler theory

• All possible end constraints




1. To observe the behaviour of four struts of the same length

but with different end constraints when subjected to

buckling loads.

2. To compare the result with theoretical predictions, such as

Euler's formula.

Description

A piece of material in compression is called a strut. If it is short

and stubby it will fail by compressive stress, but if it is slender the

failure mode is that of buckling. The load at which the strut

buckles depends on the way in which the ends are restrained. Built

-in ends resist buckling more than ends which are free to move.

The apparatus shows how the buckling mechanism occurs, and the

influence of the end restraint.

The apparatus comprises a sheet metal frame which supports four

slender spring steel struts having loading platforms at their top

ends. Each strut has a different end constraint so that

comparisons can be instantly made in a highly visible way.

a) Both ends pinned

b) One end pinned, the other end fixed



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c) Both ends fixed

d) Base fixed, top free

For the first three, the ends move inwards as the strut

buckles. The loading platforms act through relatively friction

free guide bushes.













Torsion Of A Spiral Spring

Features


• Self-contained

• Wall-mounted

• Measurement of torsional stiffness

• Demonstration of Hooke's law for

torsional spring




1. To compare the experimental stiffness of a plane spiral

spring with theoretical predictions.

2. To observe if the spring exhibits a linear elastic behavior.

Description

Spiral springs are used to provide a resisting or restoring torque to

a shaft when it is rotated through an angular displacement. They

exhibit similar stiffness characteristics to linear springs, except

that the effect is one of torque rather than force. The stiffness of a

spiral spring depends on its physical dimensions and the rigidity of

the steel strip from which it is formed. The student can easily

calculate the theoretical stiffness of the spring, and compare the

value with simple experimental results.

The wall mounted unit consists of a spiral spring coiled from a

length of 25 x 0.6mm steel strip to give an effective length of 2

metres, attached to a shaft mounted in ball bearings. A cord

carrying a weight hanger is wound round the shaft, and a load

applied to twist the spring. Spring deflection is measured with an

attached 360° scale. A cord and weight hanger are supplied.











results.

Calibration Of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges

Features

• Cost, effective

• Self-contained

• Calibration of strain gauges to

• Determination of gauge factor

• Introduction to calibration and standards

• Introduction to probability of production

errors of batch made strain gauges



1. To study the application of structural theory in strain gauge

calibration

2. To asses the accuracy of calibration techniques

Page 10 of 13Strength Of Materials - Deflection Of Beams Apparatus, Advanced Beam Testing ...


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3. To introduce the application of probability theory in

production quality control

Description

Based on BSI Draft for development 6:1972 this gauge

factor test rig is a precision item specially designed for

measuring the gauge factor of an electrical resistance strain

gauge. It also demonstrates how structural theory is used

to determine the strain on the surface of a test bar for

calibration purposes.

The apparatus is based on a four point loading system

which produces circular bending in the center section of a

precision ground steel beam. A device for measuring the

curvature over a length of 300mm has been calibrated to

give direct readings of strain up to 1000 micro stain.

For demonstration purposes a pair of electrical resistance

gauges have been bonded to the beam, but for calibration

work users will bond their own gauges in accordance with

DD6/1972.

An extension from the normal technical experiment is to

introduce students to probability theory to assess likely

differences in gauge factor due to batch manufacture.













Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge

Features


• Bench mounted

• Self contained

• Wheatstone bridge and temperature compensation dummy

gauge included

• Introduction to strain gauges

• Bending and Torsion included

• Optional extras for Tension and

Compression



1. To show the application of strain gauges in the

measurement of stress, due to bending and torsion

2. To demonstrate the use of a Wheatstone Bridge in

measuring change of resistance.

3. With the optional extras to show other methods of

temperature compensation in conjunction with tension and

compression specimens.

Description

The apparatus has been designed to illustrate the basic features of

electrical resistance strain gauges and their application to

measurement of strain and the derivation of stress levels, in

bending, torsion, tension and compression.

An alloy cantilever has a single gauge bonded onto its surface, and

an identical gauge is fixed to an unstressed piece of the same

material for temperature compensation. The two gauges form part

of a Wheatstone Bridge which has an apex or balancing

potentiometer, and whose meter is calibrated directly in

microstrains. The cantilever is loaded by weights hung from its

free end, a weight hanger is included.

To extend the scope of the apparatus the cantilever can be

replaced by a torsion bar having two gauges bonded orthogonally

at 45º

For a complete study of strain gauging two optional extra

accessories demonstrate averaging techniques for tension and

compression specimens.









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involvement is purely with the engineering principles being

taught.




Rotating Fatigue Machine Mk3

Features

• Self contained

• Bench mounted

• Fully guarded

• Digital readout of revolutions to failure

• Motor stops when specimen fails

• Necked specimens, steel, aluminium alloy

and brass

• Ideal introduction to fatigue

• Optional extra for alternating bending

fatigue



1. To make an introductory study of fatigue using a Wohler

rotating fatigue apparatus, including the time to failure

caused by various stress levels and materials

2. The accessory, HSM19X affords bending fatigue of a

cantilevered strip of metal or plastic in modes varying from

alternating to fluctuating stresses

Description

This machine has been designed to introduce students to the

effects of fatigue. A simple cantilever specimen rotates at about

5700 or 1425 revs/min, inducing a sinusoidal variation of bending

stress. At the faster speed, a third of a million stress reversals

occur each hour, so failure should occur within a day. Failure can

be hastened by using a specimen with a stress raiser.

The loading system cancels its own self weight enabling any

desired value of bending stress to be applied, ten mild steel

specimens are supplied. Axiality has been ensured, and care has

been taken to reduce the effects of vibration. When failure occurs,

a microswitch stops the motor and the cycles to failure are

registered on a 5 digit revolution counter.

All rotating parts are shielded and a safety guard is provided to

restrain the broken specimen. The apparatus is mounted on a

heavy steel base plate and is designed to overhang the bench or

pedestal on which it is placed. Ideally a heavy pedestal (eg

concrete), isolated from the floor by rubber matting, should be

used to minimise shock loads.

An additional accessory for alternating bending fatigue and

additional specimens are available.











results.

Alternating Bending Fatigue Machine

Features

• Self-contained

• Bench-mounted

• Fully guarded

• Digital readout of revolutions to failure

• Determination of gauge factor

• Motor stops when specimen fails

• Specimens from strips of plastics or metals

• Special setting details supplied

• Optional extra for rotating fatigue





Send Enquiry

1. Bending fatigue of a cantilevered strip of metal or

plastic in modes varying from alternating to

fluctuating stresses

2. The accessory HSM20X allows an introductory study

of fatigue using a Wohler rotating fatigue test,

including time to failure caused by various stress

levels and materials

Description

To extend the range of fatigue testing to strips of plastic or

metal, this variant of the popular rotating fatigue machine

HSM19 has been developed. Using the drive mechanism

and base plate of the new HSM19 Mk.3 with a heavy steel

portal straddling the width of the base an alternating

displacement can be imposed on the free end of a

cantilever. The frequency of the reciprocating force is

around 24Hz for plastics or 100Hz for metals.

A rotating faceplate carries an adjustable eccentric bearing

driving a connecting rod attached to the cantilever. The

bridge to which this test piece is clamped can be adjusted

vertically so that the imposed displacement can be varied. A

counter with a 50:1 reduction gear is driven by the electric

motor, offering a 1:100 or 1:25 count depending on the

drive ratio to the faceplate. Microswitches detect failure of

the specimen and stop the motor.

To test a specimen a special dial gauge enables a calculated

deflection to be set for the actual maximum bending stress

of the specimen. An instruction manual containing a set of

nomograms is provided to assist the user.

Great care has been taken to minimise extraneous

vibration. All moving parts are shielded within a protective

cover which can be removed during setting up. A guard

surrounds the connecting rod to prevent damage when the

specimen breaks.

It is possible to add extra parts (HSM20X) to this machine

so that the rotating fatigue test can be carried out as an

alternative.













Contact Us

Mr. Kunal Chopra (CEO)

Atico House No. 5309, Grain Market, Near B. D. Senior Secondary School

Ambala, Haryana - 133 001, India

Call Us: +(91)-8373903563

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