Advances in Microbial Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

8/18/2019 Advances in Microbial Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

1/15

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281261646

Advances in microbial biosynthesis of metalnanoparticles

ARTICLE in APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY · AUGUST 2015

Impact Factor: 3.34 · DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6904-7 · Source: PubMed

CITATION

1

READS

258

3 AUTHORS:

Tae Jung Park

Chung-Ang University

129 PUBLICATIONS 1,579 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Kyoung G. Lee

National NanoFab Center

44 PUBLICATIONS 342 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Sang Yup Lee

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Te…

544 PUBLICATIONS 16,257 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: Kyoung G. Lee

Retrieved on: 11 February 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sang_Yup_Lee?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyoung_Lee2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/National_NanoFab_Center?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyoung_Lee2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyoung_Lee2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tae_Jung_Park2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Chung-Ang_University?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tae_Jung_Park2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tae_Jung_Park2?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281261646_Advances_in_microbial_biosynthesis_of_metal_nanoparticles?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281261646_Advances_in_microbial_biosynthesis_of_metal_nanoparticles?enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_2


2/15

MINI-REVIEW

Advances in microbial biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles

Tae Jung Park 1& Kyoung G. Lee

2& Sang Yup Lee

3

Received: 21 June 2015 /Revised: 30 July 2015 /Accepted: 31 July 2015# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Abstract Metal nanoparticles are garnering considerable at-

tention owing to their high potential for use in various appli-cations in the material, electronics, and energy industries. R-

ecent research efforts have focused on the biosynthesis of

metal nanomaterials using microorganisms rather than tradi-

tional chemical synthesis methods. Microorganisms have

evolved to possess molecular machineries for detoxifying

heavy metals, mainly by employing metal-binding proteins

and peptides. Biosynthesis of diverse metal nanoparticles

has recently been demonstrated using such heavy metal de-

toxification systems in microorganisms, which provides sev-

eral advantages over the traditional chemical synthesis

methods. First, metal nanoparticles can be synthesized at mild

temperatures, such as at room temperature, with less energy

input. Second, no toxic chemicals or reagents are needed, and

thus the process is environmentally friendly. Third, diverse

metal nanoparticles, including those that have never been

chemically synthesized, can be biosynthesized. Here, we re-

view the strategies for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles

using microorganisms, and provide future prospects.

Keywords Biosynthesis . Metal nanoparticles .

Metal-binding proteins . Simple synthesis method

Introduction

Nanomaterials are at the center of academic and industrial

attention owing to their numerous potential applications. Syn-

thesis of nanomaterials and control of their characteristics and

properties have been explored for diverse applications (Choi

et al. 2010a , 2012a ; Lee et al. 2010a ; Kwon et al. 2012).

Techniques and protocols for the synthesis of various inorgan-

ic metal nanomaterials have been developed for a wide range

of applications, including biosensors and chemical sensors,

bioimaging, catalysis, optics, electronics, drug delivery, and

energy (Hergt and Dutz 2007; Xiang et al. 2007; Choi et al.

2010b, 2012b Lee et al. 2010b; Yang et al. 2010, 2011). For

example, various nanomaterials have been tested as specially

controlled carriers in drug delivery systems for drug transport

to the cellular target (Wilczewska et al. 2012) and used to

convert solar energy directly into steam for sanitation and

water purification (Neumann et al. 2013).

Although nanomaterials have great potential for further

applications, production of nanoparticles, nanocomposites,

and nanoscale materials, and the control of their characteristics

and properties remain great challenges in the field of nano-

technology (Daryoush and Darvish 2013; Liu et al. 2013).

Conventional method for the synthesis of inorganic metal

nanomaterials often requires the use of organic solvents and/

or high-energy input. Recently, there has been much interest in

the synthesis of inorganic metal nanoparticles using environ-

mentally friendly methods, rather than typical organic solvent-

based synthetic approaches (Bhattacharya and Gupta 2005;

Hutchison 2008; Daryoush and Darvish 2013). In the last

few decades, microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and

* Tae Jung Park

[email protected]

* Sang Yup Lee

[email protected]

1 Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,

Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea

2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA

3 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21

PLUS), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Bioinformatics

Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology

and Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro,

Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-6904-7

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44661816_Functionalization_Effects_of_Single-Walled_Carbon_Nanotubes_as_Templates_for_the_Synthesis_of_Silica_Nanorods_and_Study_of_Growing_Mechanism_of_Silica?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44661816_Functionalization_Effects_of_Single-Walled_Carbon_Nanotubes_as_Templates_for_the_Synthesis_of_Silica_Nanorods_and_Study_of_Growing_Mechanism_of_Silica?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230076441_Development_of_a_Glucose_Biosensor_Using_Advanced_Electrode_Modified_by_Nanohybrid_Composing_Chemically_Modified_Graphene_and_Ionic_Liquid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230076441_Development_of_a_Glucose_Biosensor_Using_Advanced_Electrode_Modified_by_Nanohybrid_Composing_Chemically_Modified_Graphene_and_Ionic_Liquid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230076441_Development_of_a_Glucose_Biosensor_Using_Advanced_Electrode_Modified_by_Nanohybrid_Composing_Chemically_Modified_Graphene_and_Ionic_Liquid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233952904_Nanoparticles_as_drug_delivery_systems?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233534551_Solar_Vapor_Generation_Enabled_by_Nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258400076_Review_on_the_Synthesis_and_Applications_of_Nanomaterials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281077515_A_case_study_and_review_of_nanotechnology_and_nanomaterials_in_green_architecture?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281077515_A_case_study_and_review_of_nanotechnology_and_nanomaterials_in_green_architecture?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230076441_Development_of_a_Glucose_Biosensor_Using_Advanced_Electrode_Modified_by_Nanohybrid_Composing_Chemically_Modified_Graphene_and_Ionic_Liquid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230076441_Development_of_a_Glucose_Biosensor_Using_Advanced_Electrode_Modified_by_Nanohybrid_Composing_Chemically_Modified_Graphene_and_Ionic_Liquid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233952904_Nanoparticles_as_drug_delivery_systems?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233534551_Solar_Vapor_Generation_Enabled_by_Nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258400076_Review_on_the_Synthesis_and_Applications_of_Nanomaterials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45660811_Synthesis_and_characterization_of_gold-deposited_red_green_and_blue_fluorescent_silica_nanoparticles_for_biosensor_application?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45660811_Synthesis_and_characterization_of_gold-deposited_red_green_and_blue_fluorescent_silica_nanoparticles_for_biosensor_application?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44661816_Functionalization_Effects_of_Single-Walled_Carbon_Nanotubes_as_Templates_for_the_Synthesis_of_Silica_Nanorods_and_Study_of_Growing_Mechanism_of_Silica?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44661816_Functionalization_Effects_of_Single-Walled_Carbon_Nanotubes_as_Templates_for_the_Synthesis_of_Silica_Nanorods_and_Study_of_Growing_Mechanism_of_Silica?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230658950_Continuous_In_Situ_Synthesis_of_ZnSeZnS_CoreShell_Quantum_Dots_in_a_Microfluidic_Reaction_System_and_its_Application_for_Light-Emitting_Diodes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230658950_Continuous_In_Situ_Synthesis_of_ZnSeZnS_CoreShell_Quantum_Dots_in_a_Microfluidic_Reaction_System_and_its_Application_for_Light-Emitting_Diodes?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242736567_Biosynthesis_of_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_bacteria_Rhodopseudomonas_capsulata?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242736567_Biosynthesis_of_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_bacteria_Rhodopseudomonas_capsulata?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281077515_A_case_study_and_review_of_nanotechnology_and_nanomaterials_in_green_architecture?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281077515_A_case_study_and_review_of_nanotechnology_and_nanomaterials_in_green_architecture?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281077515_A_case_study_and_review_of_nanotechnology_and_nanomaterials_in_green_architecture?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43078688_Solution_Chemistry_of_Self-Assembled_Graphene_Nanohybrids_for_High-Performance_Flexible_Biosensors?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43078688_Solution_Chemistry_of_Self-Assembled_Graphene_Nanohybrids_for_High-Performance_Flexible_Biosensors?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229437057_Electrochemical_assembly_of_MnO_2_on_ionic_liquid-graphene_films_into_a_hierarchical_structure_for_high_rate_capability_and_long_cycle_stability_of_pseudocapacitors?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229437057_Electrochemical_assembly_of_MnO_2_on_ionic_liquid-graphene_films_into_a_hierarchical_structure_for_high_rate_capability_and_long_cycle_stability_of_pseudocapacitors?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7352240_Nanotechnology_and_Potential_of_Microorganisms?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7352240_Nanotechnology_and_Potential_of_Microorganisms?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00253-015-6904-7&domain=pdfhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-


3/15

fungi have successfully been employed for the biosynthesis of

inorganic metal nanomaterials (Dameron et al. 1989; Labrenz

et al. 2000; Mukherjee et al. 2001; Sriprang et al. 2003;

Bharde et al. 2006; Kang et al. 2008). Metal nanoparticles

can simply be produced in vivo by cultivating specific micro-

organisms possessing metalloregulatory molecules, particu-

larly proteins and peptides involved in metal detoxification

process, under certain conditions by providing metal cationsin the culture medium.

In this paper, we review recent trends and advances in the

biosynthesis of inorganic metal nanoparticles using microor-

ganisms. Although the mechanisms of in vivo reduction of

metal ions are not clear, biosynthesis of increasing number of

metal nanoparticles is being reported (Zhang et al. 2011). Thus,

the metal detoxification mechanisms by metal ion regulators,

transporters, ligands, and metal-dependent enzymes, and other

binding proteins in microorganisms involved in such metal-

reducing processes are first reviewed. Then, strategies for the

biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using various microorgan-

isms and the controllability of morphology and size arereviewed. Finally, perspectives on the future use of biosynthetic

techniques and their potential applications are discussed.

Reduction of heavy metal ions by microorganisms

Microbial cells need metal ions mainly as cofactors for the

proper functions of various enzymes and proteins. However,

heavy metal ions interfere with the normal protein functions of

microorganisms and are extremely toxic. Thus, the cells have

evolved the ability to manage proper metal-protein interac-

tions (Tottey et al. 2005). Indeed, several organisms, such as

bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungi are capable of reducing metal

ions through metalloregulatory mechanism upon exposure to

metal ions (Dameron et al. 1989; Labrenz et al. 2000;

Mukherjee et al. 2001b; Kang et al. 2008). Details on the

cellular mechanisms for the uptake and storage of metal ions

by specific transporters and their related enzymes have been

described previously (Vignais et al. 2001; Clugston et al.

2004; Kuchar and Hausinger 2004; Rodionov et al. 2006).

Based on such capabilities, microorganisms have long been

employed in the bioremediation of toxic heavy metals (Ste-

phen and Macnaughton 1999; Kowshik et al. 2003; Reith

et al. 2009). For survival in harsh environments such as sludge

and metal-enriched polluted environments, the reduction and

reaction processes of metal ions in microbial cell metabolism

serve a key role in the maintenance of cellular activities

(Bazylinski et al. 1988; Labrenz et al. 2000; Cobbett and

Goldsbrough 2002; Shankar et al. 2003; Konishi et al. 2007;

Mitra and Rensing 2007). Formation of metal nanoparticles

from heavy metal ions occurs through the reduction of the

metal ions, resulting in the formation of insoluble complexes.

This mechanism was recently employed for the biosynthesis

of diverse metal nanoparticles using microorganisms

engineered to express heavy metal-binding proteins and/or

peptides (Park et al. 2012).

Metal-binding polypeptides in microorganisms

Several microorganisms have been studied for their abilities to

synthesize metal nanoparticles. However, the mechanisms of

metal nanoparticle formation remain poorly understood. Fur-thermore, cellular structures and/or biomolecules that play im-

portant roles in the formation or biosynthesis of inorganic

metal nanoparticles intracellularly or extracellularly are not

well known. It has been proposed that cell walls could act as

nucleation sites for the synthesis of metal nanoparticle seeds,

and for further growth into metal nanoparticles. One of the

well-established mechanisms is that certain peptides, such as

phytochelatin (PC), or proteins, such as metallothionein (MT),

are overexpressed in microorganisms upon exposure to heavy

metal ions (Cobbett and Goldsbrough 2002). The roles of PC

and MT have been investigated for an improved understand-

ing of their roles in the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles. Inthis section, we will briefly review the roles of PC and MT in

the biosynthetic process.

PC is a well-known peptide that binds with heavy metal

ions and has been employed for heavy metal detoxification

processes. Previously, PC was isolated from cell suspension

cultures after exposure to Cd ions (Hirata et al. 2005). PCs are

generally composed of only three amino acids, L-cysteine, L-

glutamate, and L-glycine and exhibit the primary structure of

( γ-Glu-Cys)n

-Gly, where n is in the range 2 – 5; PCs in differ-

ent organisms have different chain lengths. PCs are generally

overexpressed in cells upon exposure to heavy metal ions such

as Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. PCs then form complexes with the

metal ions through metal ion reduction and metal-binding af-

finity. PCs are generally found in higher plants (Grill et al.

1988; Gekeler et al. 1989), fungi (Grill et al. 1986), yeast

(Gekeler et al. 1988), and microalgae (Grill et al. 1987).

MT is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-

binding protein, which was discovered during the identifica-

tion of a Cd-binding protein present in horse kidneys (Cob-

bett and Goldsbrough 2002). Unlike PC, MT has been iden-

tified in animals and plants, as well as prokaryotes, like

Synechococcus sp. Four different types of MTs have varying

amino acid sequences and motifs based on their gene se-

quences (Cobbett and Goldsbrough 2002). MT can common-

ly bind with Cu, Zn, and Cd and has the highest binding

affinity to Cu. The enriched cysteine in MT has a role in

heavy metal-binding and absorption as a metal-chelating core

(Cobbett and Goldsbrough 2002; Perales-Vela et al. 2006).

Glutathione, which is composed of glutamate, glycine, and

cysteine, is used for binding heavy metals and interacts with

MT (Perales-Vela et al. 2006). The thiol group in cysteine and

glutathione can act as a reducing agent for the formation of

metal nanoparticles.


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47699730_Synthesis_of_nanoparticles_by_microorganisms_and_their_application_in_enhancing_microbiological_reaction_rates_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7534355_Understanding_How_Cells_Allocate_Metals_Using_Metal_Sensors_and_Metallochaperones?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228019721_Bioreduction_of_AuCl4-_Ions_by_the_Fungus_Verticillium_sp_and_Surface_Trapping_of_the_Gold_Nanoparticles_Formed?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228019721_Bioreduction_of_AuCl4-_Ions_by_the_Fungus_Verticillium_sp_and_Surface_Trapping_of_the_Gold_Nanoparticles_Formed?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11821992_Vignais_PM_Billoud_B_Meyer_J_Classification_and_phylogeny_of_hydrogenases_FEMS_Microbiol_Rev_25_455-501?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11821992_Vignais_PM_Billoud_B_Meyer_J_Classification_and_phylogeny_of_hydrogenases_FEMS_Microbiol_Rev_25_455-501?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11821992_Vignais_PM_Billoud_B_Meyer_J_Classification_and_phylogeny_of_hydrogenases_FEMS_Microbiol_Rev_25_455-501?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221784084_Development_of_label-free_optical_diagnosis_for_sensitive_detection_of_influenza_virus_with_genetically_engineered_fusion_protein?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7302455_Biosynthetic_regulation_of_phytochelatins_heavy_metal-binding_peptides_J_Biosci_Bioeng?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258635876_Induction_of_heavy_metal_binding_phytochelatins_by_inoculation_of_cell_cultures_in_standard_media_Plant_Cell_Rep_7375-378?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258635876_Induction_of_heavy_metal_binding_phytochelatins_by_inoculation_of_cell_cultures_in_standard_media_Plant_Cell_Rep_7375-378?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258635876_Induction_of_heavy_metal_binding_phytochelatins_by_inoculation_of_cell_cultures_in_standard_media_Plant_Cell_Rep_7375-378?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227033806_Algae_sequester_heavy_metals_via_synthesis_of_phytochelatin_complexes_Arch_Microbiol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7185600_Phytochelatins_a_Class_of_Heavy-Metal-Binding_Peptides_from_Plants_Are_Functionally_Analogous_to_Metallothioneins?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7365964_Heavy_metal_detoxification_in_eukaryotic_microalgae_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7365964_Heavy_metal_detoxification_in_eukaryotic_microalgae_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47699730_Synthesis_of_nanoparticles_by_microorganisms_and_their_application_in_enhancing_microbiological_reaction_rates_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11821992_Vignais_PM_Billoud_B_Meyer_J_Classification_and_phylogeny_of_hydrogenases_FEMS_Microbiol_Rev_25_455-501?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11821992_Vignais_PM_Billoud_B_Meyer_J_Classification_and_phylogeny_of_hydrogenases_FEMS_Microbiol_Rev_25_455-501?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7534355_Understanding_How_Cells_Allocate_Metals_Using_Metal_Sensors_and_Metallochaperones?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8060166_Enhanced_Accumulation_of_Cd2_by_a_Mesorhizobium_sp_Transformed_with_a_Gene_from_Arabidopsis_thaliana_Coding_for_Phytochelatin_Synthase?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216229206_Bioreduction_of_chloroaurate_ions_by_geranium_leaves_and_its_endophytic_fungus_yields_gold_nanoparticles_of_different_shapes_J_Mater_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7416878_Comparative_and_Functional_Genomic_Analysis_of_Prokaryotic_Nickel_and_Cobalt_Uptake_Transporters_Evidence_for_a_Novel_Group_of_ATP-Binding_Cassette_Transporters?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7416878_Comparative_and_Functional_Genomic_Analysis_of_Prokaryotic_Nickel_and_Cobalt_Uptake_Transporters_Evidence_for_a_Novel_Group_of_ATP-Binding_Cassette_Transporters?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7365964_Heavy_metal_detoxification_in_eukaryotic_microalgae_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7365964_Heavy_metal_detoxification_in_eukaryotic_microalgae_Chemosphere?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221784084_Development_of_label-free_optical_diagnosis_for_sensitive_detection_of_influenza_virus_with_genetically_engineered_fusion_protein?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228019721_Bioreduction_of_AuCl4-_Ions_by_the_Fungus_Verticillium_sp_and_Surface_Trapping_of_the_Gold_Nanoparticles_Formed?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228019721_Bioreduction_of_AuCl4-_Ions_by_the_Fungus_Verticillium_sp_and_Surface_Trapping_of_the_Gold_Nanoparticles_Formed?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12229351_Formation_of_Sphalerite_ZnS_Deposits_in_natural_biofilms_of_sulfate-reducing_bacteria?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8779488_Biosynthesis_of_Metal_Sites?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8779488_Biosynthesis_of_Metal_Sites?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7302455_Biosynthetic_regulation_of_phytochelatins_heavy_metal-binding_peptides_J_Biosci_Bioeng?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7185600_Phytochelatins_a_Class_of_Heavy-Metal-Binding_Peptides_from_Plants_Are_Functionally_Analogous_to_Metallothioneins?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258635876_Induction_of_heavy_metal_binding_phytochelatins_by_inoculation_of_cell_cultures_in_standard_media_Plant_Cell_Rep_7375-378?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258635876_Induction_of_heavy_metal_binding_phytochelatins_by_inoculation_of_cell_cultures_in_standard_media_Plant_Cell_Rep_7375-378?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279888628_Survey_of_the_Plant_Kingdom_for_the_ability_to_bind_heavy_metals_through_phytochelatins_Z_Naturforsch_44c361-369?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279888628_Survey_of_the_Plant_Kingdom_for_the_ability_to_bind_heavy_metals_through_phytochelatins_Z_Naturforsch_44c361-369?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227033806_Algae_sequester_heavy_metals_via_synthesis_of_phytochelatin_complexes_Arch_Microbiol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11167497_Phytochelatins_and_Metallothioneins_Roles_in_Heavy_Metal_Detoxification_and_Homeostasis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9052592_Investigation_of_metal_binding_and_activation_of_Escherichia_coli_glyoxalase_I_Kinetic_thermodynamic_and_mutagenesis_studies?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9052592_Investigation_of_metal_binding_and_activation_of_Escherichia_coli_glyoxalase_I_Kinetic_thermodynamic_and_mutagenesis_studies?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47463954_Anaerobic_Magnetite_Production_by_a_Marine_Magnetotactic_Bacterium?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47463954_Anaerobic_Magnetite_Production_by_a_Marine_Magnetotactic_Bacterium?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47463954_Anaerobic_Magnetite_Production_by_a_Marine_Magnetotactic_Bacterium?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-


4/15

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles

There has been increasing interest in developing environmen-

tally friendly methods of metal nanoparticle synthesis. Re-

cently, many different types of biological templates, including

peptides, nucleotides, proteins, and other biomolecules, have

been employed in the synthesis of various types of inorganic

metal materials (Hutchison 2008; Iravani 2011). Althoughthese biological templates have limited control over the

resulting crystal’s structure and size (Kang et al. 2008), it

has been proposed that rational use of constrained environ-

ments within microbial cells, such as the periplasmic space

and cytoplasmic compartments, can modulate the size and

shape of particles (Cobbett and Goldsbrough 2002; Grass

et al. 2005; Reith et al. 2009).

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles has been proposed

since the 1960s (Temple and Le Roux 1964; Bansal et al.

2012). Several examples of metal nanoparticle formation,

mainly resulting from natural regulatory processes, have been

well documented: zinc sulfide nanoparticles in bacteria; goldnanoparticles in Precambrian algal blooms, algal cells, and

bacteria; CdS nanoparticles in bacteria and yeast; and magne-

tite nanoparticles in bacteria (Bansal et al. 2012; Sastry et al.

2004). Inorganic metal nanomaterials synthesized in various

microorganisms are summarized in Table 1.

Most studies on biogenic nanoparticles have focused on the

synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, especially gold and

silver, due to their high demand in ore leaching and metal

recovery applications using microorganisms. Furthermore,

the formation of metal nanoparticles using sulfide-reducing

processes and mixing with metal ions to form metal-sulfide

complex nanoparticles has been reported. Such combinatorial

biosynthesis approaches have become important in improving

production yields and the controllability of the morphology of

noble metal nanoparticles.

All living microorganisms require metal cation transporta-

tion to maintain intracellular homeostasis and survival (Mitra

and Rensing 2007; Hobman et al. 2007). Metal ions present

around the cells can be transported across the membrane and

into the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic concentration of avail-

able metal ion is maintained by the flow equilibrium state of

reverse uptake and efflux from the cytoplasm across the mem-

brane (Andersen et al. 2001; Grass et al. 2005; Cervantes and

Campos-Garcia 2007). Many membrane transporters can

transport various transition metal cations, but detailed mech-

anisms are not well known. Cyanobacteria such as

Synechocystis and Synechococcus sp. express metal-binding

proteins and metal cations are assembled into the metal clus-

ters such as Fe, Mn, and Cu in the cells for electron transfer in

photosynthesis and respiration processes (Keren et al. 2002,

2004). Some microorganisms cope with heavy metal-induced

damage by directly delivering metals, including Hg, Pb, and

As, from periplasm to cytoplasmic metal-binding proteins

(Borremans et al. 2001). Furthermore, virulent microbial cells

such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, My-

cobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Salmonella sp., and Vibrio cholerae accumulate and export

Ag particles by producing Ag-binding proteins for detoxifica-

tion (Lobo and Vasconcelos 1950; Charley and Bull 1979;

Kaur and Vadehra 1986; Starodub and Trevors 1990; Gupta

et al. 1999; Dibrov et al. 2002; Shakibaie et al. 2003).

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles by wild-type

microorganisms

Bacteria were the first microorganisms utilized in early studies

on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, due to the relative

easiness of their cultivation and manipulation (Lee et al.

1996). Again, most early studies were focused on the synthe-

sis of gold nanoparticles. Bacillus subtilis, Cupriavidus

metallidurans, Shewanella algae, Rhodopseudomonas

capsulata, P. aeruginosa, and Shewanella oneidensis have

been employed for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. Inmost of these studies, bacterial cells were incubated with gold

chloride solution, resulting in the formation of nanoparticles

of 5 – 200 nm in diameter (Beveridge and Murray 1980;

Kashefi et al. 2001; Karthikeyan and Beveridge 2002; Lengke

and Southam 2006; Konishi et al. 2007; He et al. 2007, 2008;

Suresh et al. 2011). Depending on the experimental condi-

tions, the gold ion precursors were converted into nanoparti-

cles intracellularly or extracellularly. Through microbial re-

duction of gold ions, nanoparticles having octahedral, triangu-

lar, hexagonal, and spherical shapes were generally formed;

these are similar to the typical structures of gold nanoparticles

synthesized by employing conventional chemical synthetic

methods (Beveridge and Murray 1980; Kashefi et al. 2001;

Karthikeyan and Beveridge 2002; Lengke et al. 2006a , b,

2007; He et al. 2007, 2008; Park et al. 2010; Suresh et al.

2011). Furthermore, bacterial reduction of gold ions can occur

by e n v iro n me nta l b io re me di a tio n me c ha n is m s in

metallophilic bacteria, such as C. metallidurans (Reith et al.

2009), which is paramount to metal cycling and mineraliza-

tion in metal-enriched environmental conditions.

Other types of metal nanoparticles can also be synthesized

in bacteria. Interestingly, silver ions, which are known to be

highly toxic to most microbial cells, can also be reduced and

converted into silver nanoparticles using bacteria (Singh et al.

2008). Bacteria including Lactobacillus sp. and Pseudomonas

stutzeri, isolated from silver mine, were used for the synthesis

of silver nanoparticles having well-defined size and unique

structure (Slawson et al. 1992; Joerger et al. 2000; Klaus-

Joerger et al. 2001; Nair and Pradeep 2002; Zhang et al.

2005). Other inorganic metal nanoparticles synthesized using

bacteria and photosynthetic cyanobacteria include Co, Cu,

Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Se, Te, CuO, CdS, PbS, ZnS,

Fe3S4, Fe3O4, and Co3O4 (Aiking et al. 1982; Cunningham


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221670104_Green_synthesis_of_metal_nanoparticles_using_plants_Green_Chem?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247861003_Syngenesis_of_sulfide_ores_Desorption_of_adsorbed_metal_ions_and_their_precipitation_as_sulfides?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247861003_Syngenesis_of_sulfide_ores_Desorption_of_adsorbed_metal_ions_and_their_precipitation_as_sulfides?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247861003_Syngenesis_of_sulfide_ores_Desorption_of_adsorbed_metal_ions_and_their_precipitation_as_sulfides?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230232148_Microbial_Nanoparticle_Production?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230232148_Microbial_Nanoparticle_Production?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230232148_Microbial_Nanoparticle_Production?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7605166_Control_of_Expression_of_a_Periplasmic_Nickel_Efflux_Pump_by_Periplasmic_Nickel_Concentrations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7605166_Control_of_Expression_of_a_Periplasmic_Nickel_Efflux_Pump_by_Periplasmic_Nickel_Concentrations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10997365_A_Light-Dependent_Mechanism_for_Massive_Accumulation_of_Manganese_in_the_Photosynthetic_Bacterium_Synechocystis_sp_PCC_6803?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10997365_A_Light-Dependent_Mechanism_for_Massive_Accumulation_of_Manganese_in_the_Photosynthetic_Bacterium_Synechocystis_sp_PCC_6803?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10997365_A_Light-Dependent_Mechanism_for_Massive_Accumulation_of_Manganese_in_the_Photosynthetic_Bacterium_Synechocystis_sp_PCC_6803?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11802685_Cloning_and_Functional_Analysis_of_the_pbr_Lead_Resistance_Determinant_of_Ralstonia_metallidurans_CH34?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463087_Nanotechnology_in_medicine_and_antibacterial_effect_of_silver_nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463087_Nanotechnology_in_medicine_and_antibacterial_effect_of_silver_nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463087_Nanotechnology_in_medicine_and_antibacterial_effect_of_silver_nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227673497_Biosorption_and_bioreduction_of_diamine_silver_complex_by_Corynebacterium_J_Chem_Technol_Biotechnol?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247861003_Syngenesis_of_sulfide_ores_Desorption_of_adsorbed_metal_ions_and_their_precipitation_as_sulfides?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247861003_Syngenesis_of_sulfide_ores_Desorption_of_adsorbed_metal_ions_and_their_precipitation_as_sulfides?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49762017_Biofabrication_of_discrete_spherical_gold_nanoparticles_using_the_metal-reducing_bacterium_Shewanella_oneidensis_Acta_Biomater_72148-2152?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20952845_Silver_accumulation_and_resistance_in_Escherichia_coli_R1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21413252_Germanium_and_silver_resistance_accumulation_and_toxicity_in_microorganisms_Plasmid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21413252_Germanium_and_silver_resistance_accumulation_and_toxicity_in_microorganisms_Plasmid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21413252_Germanium_and_silver_resistance_accumulation_and_toxicity_in_microorganisms_Plasmid?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463087_Nanotechnology_in_medicine_and_antibacterial_effect_of_silver_nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256463087_Nanotechnology_in_medicine_and_antibacterial_effect_of_silver_nanoparticles?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252125689_Silver_resistance_In_Acinetobacter_baumannii_BL54_occurs_through_binding_to_a_Ag-Binding_Protein?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252125689_Silver_resistance_In_Acinetobacter_baumannii_BL54_occurs_through_binding_to_a_Ag-Binding_Protein?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252125689_Silver_resistance_In_Acinetobacter_baumannii_BL54_occurs_through_binding_to_a_Ag-Binding_Protein?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230232148_Microbial_Nanoparticle_Production?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230232148_Microbial_Nanoparticle_Production?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26881482_Mechanisms_of_gold_biomineralization_in_the_bacterium_Cupriavidus_metallidurans?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46274361_In_Vivo_Synthesis_of_Diverse_Metal_Nanoparticles_by_Recombinant_Escherichia_coli?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46274361_In_Vivo_Synthesis_of_Diverse_Metal_Nanoparticles_by_Recombinant_Escherichia_coli?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46274361_In_Vivo_Synthesis_of_Diverse_Metal_Nanoparticles_by_Recombinant_Escherichia_coli?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46274361_In_Vivo_Synthesis_of_Diverse_Metal_Nanoparticles_by_Recombinant_Escherichia_coli?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228860019_Coalescence_of_Nanoclusters_and_Formation_of_Submicron_Crystallites_Assisted_by_Lactobacillus_Strains?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228860019_Coalescence_of_Nanoclusters_and_Formation_of_Submicron_Crystallites_Assisted_by_Lactobacillus_Strains?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228860019_Coalescence_of_Nanoclusters_and_Formation_of_Submicron_Crystallites_Assisted_by_Lactobacillus_Strains?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8785364_Resistance_of_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_to_oligodynamic_action_of_silver?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8785364_Resistance_of_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_to_oligodynamic_action_of_silver?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8785364_Resistance_of_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_to_oligodynamic_action_of_silver?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251309189_Lengke_MF_Southam_G_Bioaccumulation_of_gold_by_sulfate-reducing_bacteria_cultured_in_the_presence_of_goldI-thiosulfate_complex_Geochim_Cosmochim_Acta_70_3646-3661?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/null?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10997365_A_Light-Dependent_Mechanism_for_Massive_Accumulation_of_Manganese_in_the_Photosynthetic_Bacterium_Synechocystis_sp_PCC_6803?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10997365_A_Light-Dependent_Mechanism_for_Massive_Accumulation_of_Manganese_in_the_Photosynthetic_Bacterium_Synechocystis_sp_PCC_6803?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19638343_Mechanism_of_resistance_to_silver_ions_in_Klebsiella_pneumoniae?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19638343_Mechanism_of_resistance_to_silver_ions_in_Klebsiella_pneumoniae?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19638343_Mechanism_of_resistance_to_silver_ions_in_Klebsiella_pneumoniae?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b84598b3-b6c5-491f-b359-60951379537d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MTI2MTY0NjtBUzoyNjg3NzQ4Njc3MzA0MzJAMTQ0MTA5MjMzMDE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11010718_Karthikeyan_S_Beveridge_TJ_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_biofilms_react_with_and_precipitate_toxic_soluble_gold_Environ_Microbiol_4_667-675?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-b8

Date post:	07-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	at-yuse
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Advances in Microbial Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

Documents