Advances in Phytoremediation Technologyin China
Yongming Luo
Soil and Environment Bioremediation Research CenterInstitute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
International Applied Phytotechnologies Conference
March 3-5, 2002 Chicago, USA
Three Main Contents
General State
Research and Development
Tendency in Phyto-technology
03
5
10
16 18
0
4
8
12
16
20
1989-1997
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Published papers in relation to phytoremediation in China during 1989/2002.6
Distribution of the published papers among the pollutants in China during last 5 years
35
13
9
Heavy metal
POPS
Others
3
3
5
4
5
As
Zn
Cu
Pb
Cd
Distribution of the published papers among heavy metals in China
Limited experimentally-based work, but increasing with time;
At very early developing stage.
Phytoremediation Research in China
Phytoextraction Hyperaccumulation(As/Zn/Pb/Cu/Cd)
Enhanced Phytoextraction
Phytoaccumulation(Cu/Zn/Cd/Pb)
Phytofiltration Root Concentration (Cu/Pb/PAHs)
Phytovolatilization Volatilization (Hg)
Phyto/microbial degradation
Biodegradation(Pesticide/PAHs)
Phytostabilization Root Retention (Zn/Pb/Cu)
Phyto-tech. Study
in China
(I)
Phytoremediation
Soil/Land WaterWaste
Heavy metals Organics N, P
Field survey Basic research Application
Special plants Mechanisms Demonstration
Phytoremediation Research in China (II)
Hyperaccumulator plants
As: Pteris vitatta (Chen et al., 2000/02,), >0.1%; Pteris cretica (Wei et al., (2002), >0.05%
Zn: Sedum alfredii H (Yang et al., 2001), 0.4%Pb: Brassica pekinensis ruciferae (Xiong, 1998),
>0.2% (experimentally)Cu: Elshohzia splenden (Yang et al., 1998);
Commelina communis ( Shu etal., 2001), >0.1%
Cd: Chinese oilseed rape (Brassica Juncea) (Su et al., 2001), >0.01% (experimentally)
Research and Practice (1)
As by Prof. Chen and colleague in Beijing Institute of Geographical Science and Resources, CAS, China
Brake fern (Pteris vattata L. in 2000)
Cretan brake (Pteris cretica L. in 2002)
Greenhouse experiment
Tissue culture of P. Vittata
Field Field management management for seedlings of for seedlings of P. P. vittatavittata
Phytoremediation demonstration site
Plant biomass about 30 t/ha 8 months after transplanting
Cut and regeneration
Research and Practice (1)
PAHs by Soil and Environment Bioremediation Center,NanjingInstitute of Soil Science, CAS, China
Under different concentrations ofUnder different concentrations of PAHs PAHs
Ryegrass assisted Ryegrass assisted rhizorhizo--remediationremediation
Clover assisted Clover assisted rhizorhizo--remediationremediation
Under different concentrations ofUnder different concentrations of PAHsPAHs ((BaPBaP))
Clover plants inoculated with VAMClover plants inoculated with VAM
Phenanthrene (PHE)concentrations in soil with
and without ryegrass plants
PHE-50ppm
05
1015
2025
3035
4045
50
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
天数(d)
土壤中
PHE的残留量
(mg/kg)
有植物
无植物
B(a)P-50ppm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
天数(d)
土壤中
B(a)P的残留浓度
(mg/kg)
有植物
无植物
Benzo-α-pyrene (BaP)concentrations in soil with
and without ryegrass plants
PHE 50 mg/kg
BaP 50 mg/kg
withwithout without
with
Day Day
B[a]P concentrations （mg/kg） in Cu and B[a]P mixed contaminated soil grown with
and without clover plants
0.00±0.00
0.16±0.03bB
0.21±0.04bBD
100 60.16±3.56A 88.71±2.36B
TreatmentConcentration in soil Concentration in plants
With Without Root Stem/leaf
CK 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.00 0.00±0.00
1 0.14±0.01a 0.21±0.01b 0.57±0.04aA
10 1.57±0.02A 2.47±0.05B 0.84±0.13cC
0.85±0.12cC 0.60±0.03eE
Difference in soil degraded B[a]P concentration (mg/kg) between treatments with and without VAM inoculation
B(a)PAdded(mg/kg)
Day
Treatment
0 30 40 50 60 90
1－ 0 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.17 0.18
VA 0 0.30 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.28
10－ 0 2.24 2.71 2.45 2.43 2.40
VA 0 3.53 3.32 3.2 3.47 3.20
100－ 0 8.11 19.47 22.96 21.13 18.73
VA 0 24.63 25.33 21.6 27.47 23.33
Phytoremediation of POPs is indirect and/or direct
Planting with inoculum enhances rizho-remediation
A cost effective �green phyto-technology�
Engineered rhizo-remediation could be a new approach
Summary
Phytotechnology and restoration of metal contaminated wetland and
eutrophied lake in China
Cu Concentrations in above-ground (a) and in roots (b) of E. splenden
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.31 25 50 75 100
营养液Cu浓度（μM）Cu concentration in nutrient solution (μM)
total
Cu
in E
. Spl
ende
ns sh
oots
(μg)
海洲香薷地上部
Cu总量（μ
g）
硫铵 (Ammonium Sulfate)硝铵 (Ammonium Nitrate)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0.31 25 50 75 100
营养液Cu浓度（μM）Cu concentration in nutrient solution (μM)
tota
l Cu
in E
. Spl
ende
ns ro
ots (μ
g)海洲香薷根系
Cu总量（μ
g）
硫铵 (Ammonium Sulfate)硝铵 (Ammonium Nitrate)
(a) (b)
Phytotechnology for restoration and reconstruction of Wetland near mined areas
Using water plants for phytoremediation and restoration of contaminated lake
Phytotechnology of contaminated estuary in China
A Solution Approach to Eutrophication in Mariculture Areas by Applying Technology of Large-scale Cultivation of Seaweeds (Gracilaria lemaneaformis) inChinese Coastal waters (By YANG Yu-Feng, FEI Xiu-Geng)
Harvest of seaweeds
* Efficient removal of N and P
* High biomass
* Easy harvest
Future initiative and prospect for phytoremediation in China
On-going project in China
Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals (As, Cu and Zn etc.)
Phyto-technology of soils contaminated withPOPs (Pesticides, PAHs, PCBs etc.)
Phytoremediation
Soil/Land WaterWaste
Heavy metals Organics N, P
Field survey Basic research Application
Special plants Mechanisms Marketing
Future Phytoremediation Research in China
Phytoremediation of polluted environment
Phytostabilization Phytodegradation
PhytoextractionPhytovolatilization
S M
R
Phytotechnology for Air Pollutant ???
1. Hyper-metabolism 2. Super-transformation
NOxNOx, , SOxSOx, VOCS, POPS, , VOCS, POPS, PTEsPTEs, , TSPs TSPs
Air Phytoremediation and EcoAir Phytoremediation and Eco--environmenalenvironmenal SafetySafety
Plant/Soil Plant/Soil InteractionInteraction
Processes
Mechanism
Biomass
Concentration�Adsorption
�Absorption
�Degradation
�Metabolism
�Transformation
1. Research and development of phytoremediation are just beginning;
2. Advances in phytoremediation appear in several aspects: Theory, Research and Practice;
3. Using natural green resources to tackle natural environmental pollution will be encouraged.
General summary
Needs for phytoremediation in China
Cooperation between regions: Forum, Network and funding mechanismsPromote public awarenessGuidelines and legislation enforcementApplied phytotechnology developmentEnvironmental monitoring and assessment Management of phytoremediation sitesMarketing Stragety
� High efficient,
� Cost-effective
� Easy operation (large-scale suitability)
� Risk-free or minimum
� Profitable
� Legislative
� Hybrid (for multiple-pollutants or mixed polluted environment)
Applied Phyto-technology
Multi-disciplinary
Research
Hydrology Physics
Chemistry
MicrobiologyEngineering
Agronomy
BiochemistryMineralogy
Plant physiology
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Many thanks for those who provided with information and allowed me for using their materials, and also for Prof. Alan Baker�s recommendation and for Jennifer Musella�s efficient work.
Thank you ！
