ADVANCES IN USING ASSOCIATED GASES IN SOLAR
TURBINES’ DLE INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINES THE
FUTURE OF GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
8TH INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE CONFERENCE
12-13 OCTOBER 2016, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM
LUKE COWELL, ANDREW PADILLA, PRIYANK SAXENA
2
AGENDA
Combustion System Overview
Gas Turbine Fuels and Associated Gases
Combustion Parameters Affected by Fuel Composition
Expanding Fuel Flexibility
Experience
3
SOLAR’S COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
SoLoNOx
Conventional
PILOT
FUEL MAIN
FUEL
Premixing
FLOW
FUEL INJECTORS
COMBUSTOR LINER
FLOW
1600°C
2300°C
4
SOLAR’S COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
4
FUEL INJECTORS
SoLoNOx
CONVENTIONAL
SOLONOX CONVENTIONAL
COMBUSTOR LINERS
5
UNIQUE SOLONOX CONTROL FEATURES
• Pilot Fuel
• Combustor Air Management
BLEED
VALVE
COMBUSTOR
INLET
GUIDE
VANES
6
T5 T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
(deg F
)
Idle
T5 Set Points T5 Base
ENGINE LOAD (%)
~50 ~100
Conventional
SoLoNOx
SOLONOX VS CONVENTIONAL T5 TRENDS
7
COMBUSTION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
8
AGENDA
Combustion System Overview
Gas Turbine Fuels and Associated Gases
Combustion Parameters Affected by Fuel Composition
Expanding Fuel Flexibility
Experience
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed
without the express prior written permission of Solar Turbines Incorporated.
LHC
July 1, 2013
OIL AND GAS FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES
Non-Associated
Gas
Shale Gas
Associated
Gas
Coalbed Methane
10
SG
LHVWI
LHV = Lower Heating Value
SG = Specific Gravity
Wobbe Index
Higher Heating Value
Lower Heating Value
Wobbe Index
U.S. Pipeline Natural Gas Ranges
Gas Processors Association
950
856
1085
Minimum
1150
1040
1296
Maximum
Btu/scf
35.4
31.9
40.5
Minimum
42.9
38.8
48.3
Maximum
MJ/Nm3
GASEOUS FUEL TERMINOLOGY
11
TYPICAL GASEOUS FUELS FOR GAS TURBINES
LPG
Landfill and Digester Refinery
Natural Gas Liquids
Associated Gas
Gasified Biomass and Waste
Raw Natural Gas
Pipeline and LNG
(MJ/Nm3) 0 20 40 60 80 100
WOBBE INDEX, WI = LHV
SG
Coal and Coke Oven Gas
12
AGENDA
Combustion System Overview
Gas Turbine Fuels and Associated Gases
Combustion Parameters Affected by Fuel Composition
Expanding Fuel Flexibility
Experience
13
GASEOUS FUEL COMPOSITIONS
Landfill and
Digester
Percent Species (%)
Pipeline
Raw Natural Gas
- Wellhead
50 25 0 75 100
Methane
CO2 and N2
CO2 and N2
Methane
Ethane + Propane
Methane Associated Gas
Methane
C2+C3 C4+
Meth
an
e B
ased
Gasified
Biomass & Waste
Refinery
Coal and Coke C1
Hydrogen CO
Methane Hydrogen
Hydrogen
C2+C3
Hyd
rog
en
Ric
h
14
GASEOUS FUEL CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional
• Heating Value
− Skid Edge Pressure
• Flammability Limits
• Adiabatic Flame Temperature
• Dew Point
• Contaminants
DLE
Heating Value
Skid Edge Pressure
Flammability Limits
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Dew Point
Flame Speed (C4++H2+Alkenes)
Autoignition Delay Time
Emissions
Combustion Stability
Contaminants
15
CONVENTIONAL & SOLONOX FUEL INJECTOR CONCEPTS
SOLONOX
Air
Gas Liquid
CONVENTIONAL
Premixer
Main Gas Air
Pilot Gas
16
Gas Fuel – Flame Stability
50 100 150 200 250
FLAME SPEED, cm/sec
Associated Gas
Pipeline and LNG
Raw Natural Gas
Increasing Risk
of Flashback
Increasing Risk
of Flameout
0
17
Gas Fuel – Autoignition Delay Time
Time for Fuel Air Mixture to Self Ignite (No Match or Spark)
Of Concern for SoLoNOx…Not Conventional
30 60 90 120 150 ADT (msec)
Associated and Raw Natural Gas
Pipeline and LNG
No Issue Increasing Risk of Autoignition 0
Dual Fuel SoLoNOx
Gas Only SoLoNOx
18
GAS NOX EMISSIONS RULE OF THUMB (CONVENTIONAL)
Digester
Landfill
Raw Natural Gas
Pipeline Natural Gas
Associated Gas
Refinery Gas
Coal and Coke Oven Gas
Gasified Biomass and Waste
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
NOX / NOX FROM METHANE
LNG
19
COMBUSTION STABILITY - PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS
Fuel Injector
Feedback loop
Combustor Pressure Oscillations Due to Acoustic Feedback
Excite at 100 to 1000 Hz
Combustor Rumble Due to Local Flame-out
< 100 Hz
20
COMBUSTION SYSTEM ACOUSTIC STABILITY
Acoustic
Resonance
21
DEW POINT AND SUPERHEAT
Liquid
Phase
Liquid and
Vapor Phase Heavy Hydrocarbons (HC)
Increase HC Dew Point
Lead to Liquid Dropout
Fuel Heating
HC Dewpoint
Water Dewpoint
Accurate Fuel Analysis
C6 to C10 Analysis
Or Measure Dew Point
Minimum Tfuel Required
Vapor
Phase
Must Keep Gas Fuel in
Superheated Vapor
Region
22
AGENDA
Combustion System Overview
Gas Turbine Fuels and Associated Gases
Combustion Parameters Affected by Fuel Composition
Expanding Fuel Flexibility
Experience
23
ASSOCIATED GAS – DLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
Phase 1
Associated Gas
Raw Natural Gas
(MJ/Nm3) 0 20 40 60 80
Pipeline and LNG
WOBBE INDEX, WI = LHV
SG
Phase 2
Phase 3
24
SOLONOX FUEL EXPANSION METHODOLOGY
Modeling for Flow, Combustion and Heat Transfer Characteristics
CHEMKIN-PRO
STAR CCM+
Single Injector Rig Testing
Flashback/Blow-Out
Injector Temperatures
Emissions
Engine Testing
Liner Temperatures
Emissions
Combustion Stability
Transient Testing
25
ASSOCIATED GAS TEST FUELS
Blend of Methane + Ethane + Propane + Butane + CO2
#5 #4 #1 #2 #3
Wobbe (MJ/Nm3) 43 28 35 48 51 56
Methane (%vol) 93 71 83 74 68 51
Ethane (%vol) 4 3 4 3 3 2
Propane (%vol) 1 0.6 0.7 21 19 30
Butane (%vol) 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 9 15
CO2 (%vol) 2 24 11 0.4 0.3 0.2
Dewpoint (C) -37 -27 -32 13 42 62
Flame Speed (cm/sec)
121 104 115 135 140 145
Autoignition Time (msec)
124 125 124 110 66 60
Std NG
Associated Gases
26
FULL LOAD EMISSIONS – TITAN 130S
Pipeline
NG
Natural Gas Blended with Propane and Butane and CO2
No Increase in Combustor Pressure Oscillation Amplitude
27
COMBUSTOR LINER WALL TEMPERATURES
Titan 130 at Full Load Operation
No Change in Temperature
28
DLE ENGINE & PACKAGE CHANGES
Associated Gas
Raw Natural Gas
0 15 30 45 60 75 MJ/Nm3
Pipeline and LNG
WOBBE INDEX, WI = LHV
SG
Fuel & Control
System:
Controls
Insulation
Injector
Orifices
Injector
Design Mod Injector: Std Gas Injector
Modified Dual Fuel
Standard
Standard Controls Package &
Control Mods
29
AGENDA
Combustion System Overview
Gas Turbine Fuels and Associated Gases
Combustion Parameters Affected by Fuel Composition
Expanding Fuel Flexibility
Experience
30
ASSOCIATED GAS – PRODUCT EXPERIENCE
Engine Conventional SoLoNOx
Saturn >1100
Centaur >1200
Taurus 60 >500
Taurus 70 >150
Mars >400
Titan 130 >175
Titan 250 2
Total Units >3500
-
>60
>120
>40
>80
>90
>5
>400
SoLoNOx Units Achieving Standard Overhaul Hours
31
SUMMARY
Drive to Reduce Pollutant Emissions On-Shore and Off-Shore
Associated Gas Fuels Can Be Used in Gas Turbines
DLE Gas Turbine Combustion System Qualified to Use Broad Raneg
of Associated and Raw Natural Gas Fuels
From 19 to 60 MJ/Nm3
Demonstrated
Low Emissions
Acceptable Stability
Acceptable Combustion System Metal Temperatures
Standard Reliability Targets
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed
without the express prior written permission of Solar Turbines Incorporated.
