Date post: | 06-Jul-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | bijay-krishna-das |
View: | 238 times |
Download: | 3 times |
of 22
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
1/22
Advantages of Gabion WallUpdated on March 5, 2011
Have you ever wondered when driving and you saw tones of stones or rocksfilled in a basket of wire mesh !hat structure is called the gabion wall"
#ou can see this structure near the stream, embankments or road"
$hat does the gabion wall do %nd why use gabion wall $ell, one of the
functions of gabion wall is for slope stability, which is to support and protect slope
from erosion" &ike other retaining structures, gabion wall has its advantages and
limitations too"
Advantages
1" 'trong base that provides strength from being drag away by river or
stream"
2" (educe velocity of water as the energy dissipated by the rocks, thus
reduce erosion"
http://hubpages.com/politics/road-and-highway-issues/4971http://hubpages.com/education/river-bank-erosion-control-methodshttps://dengarden.com/home-improvement/How_to_build_a_retaining_wallhttp://hubpages.com/education/river-bank-erosion-control-methodshttp://hubpages.com/education/river-bank-erosion-control-methodshttps://dengarden.com/home-improvement/How_to_build_a_retaining_wallhttp://hubpages.com/education/river-bank-erosion-control-methodshttp://hubpages.com/politics/road-and-highway-issues/4971
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
2/22
)" *ts fle+ibility gives allowance to small ground movement"
" *n most cases, as time goes, voids will be filled by vegetations and silt
which will reinforce the structure and give e+tra strength"
5" -epends on the availability of material and e.uipments, handling and
transporting material is easy and this reduce the time of construction"
/" oids can be easily seen between the rocks which makes high
permeability to the gabion wall" *t allows water to flow through the structure
which can maintain the water level in the ground roundwater level3 to be
low"
Limitations
1" %esthetic impression is minimal" *n a town area, where slope is supported
by the gabion wall, the wire mesh basket can be seen and sometimes the
rocks were surrounded by algae" However, there are some types of gabion
wall that have high aesthetic impression and of course the cost will also be
higher"
2" *n a high velocity of flow, wire mesh could damage due to high impact of
large ob4ect"
Construction Management JumpStart: The Best First Step Toward a Career
in Construction Management Buy Now
!he advantages and limitations depend on the site condition, availability of
material and e.uipmentmachine, and also manpower"
Site Condition
'ite can be access by heavy machine" *f it is near a river or stream, the depth of
the river or stream should not e+ceed the depth that causes the machine to
http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990http://www.amazon.com/Construction-Management-JumpStart-Toward-Career/dp/0470609990%3FSubscriptionId%3D14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02%26tag%3Dhubpages-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0470609990
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
3/22
damage" !he ground must also have a strength that is can support the weight of
a heavy machine" 6or soft ground, if the cost is too high or if the volume is too
large to remove the soft soil, then geosynthetic mattress might be re.uired to
increase the strength for the ground"
Availaility o! Material
&ocation of .uarry, and place for manufacturing the wire mesh which allows ease
of transportation to the site is a good indicator of utili7ing gabion structure"
"#uipments $ Machine
!he accessibility of the site condition ease of transportation to the site3, and the
e.uipmentmachines are available at that area"
Manpower
%part from operating the machines, most of the time filling and fastening the wire
mesh basket is also done by hand"
!here are more retaining structures other than gabion wall, such as reinforced
concrete retaining wall and bored pile retaining wall" *t re.uires a good decision
making process to choose the best retaining structures" %nalytical Hierarchy
8rocess %H83 is one of the decision making tool being utili7ed for decision
making in this case"
%elated Boo&s
Pros And Cons Of Using Gabion Walls
http://hubpages.com/living/Erosion-Control-Matshttp://hubpages.com/living/What_is_a_retaining_wallhttp://hubpages.com/business/Hot-to-select-the-best-Autoresponder-using-Analytical-Hierachy-Processhttp://hubpages.com/business/Hot-to-select-the-best-Autoresponder-using-Analytical-Hierachy-Processhttp://hubpages.com/living/Erosion-Control-Matshttp://hubpages.com/living/What_is_a_retaining_wallhttp://hubpages.com/business/Hot-to-select-the-best-Autoresponder-using-Analytical-Hierachy-Processhttp://hubpages.com/business/Hot-to-select-the-best-Autoresponder-using-Analytical-Hierachy-Process
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
4/22
HOW TO USE APPLICATIONS SECTION TO COMPLETE DESIGN
SOLUTION
The Applications sections within this web site have been configured to streamline the processdesigning Terra Aqua gabion products and solutions.
Read and review the text, photos, details, and information provided within the section.
Read and review sample calculations provided.
Run complete stability analysis with spreadsheet design calculator provided.
Choose the appropriate cross sections and typical details provided.
Provide plan view and profile view to correlate with typical section and cross sections.
o to the Technical !pecifications page of this web site to choose the appropriate product
specification and material type.
o to the Technical !pecifications page of this web site and choose Pro"ect !pecifications
complete the specifications section for gabion scope of wor#.
Terra Aqua$s gabion gravity retaining
wall systems are monolithic gravity
mass structures and follow standard
design methods for gravity retaining
walls. The following information is
provided by Terra Aqua as a design
guide to assist Professional %ngineers,
overnment Agencies, &and
'evelopers, and Contractors in the proper design, specification,
construction and inspection of gabion
gravity retaining walls.
'esign Considerations
Terra Aqua gabion walls are
constructed with natural stone. As
drainage occurs soil particles are
deposited into the small voids of the
natural stone fill within the gabion wa
allowing for poc#ets of vegetation to
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
5/22
Terra Aqua always recommends that
the soil data utili(ed for gabion wall
design be based on a Certified
eotechnical !oils Report of the site
location. Terra Aqua can provide acomplete gabion retaining wall stability
analysis upon request.
ta#e root.
Pressure at the )aseThe total pressure of the gabion wall must be less than the anticipated bearing
capacity of the soil under the base of the wall. The contact pressure on a flexibl
gabion footing is not distributed in a planar fashion, but decreases from a
maximum at the point of application of the resultant to lesser values at the edge
of the footing. The pressure at the toe of a gabion wall is, therefore, generally
less than for a rigid wall.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
6/22
The calculations for the subgrade reaction in flexible foundation are aw#ward
and involve errors associated with evaluating the coefficient of subgrade
reaction. The error in assuming this is on the safe side, since the reaction is
assumed to have a planar distribution, as in rigid walls.
*oundation PreparationTerra Aqua gabion gravity retaining walls are typically placed directly on a
graded soil foundation. To increase the bearing capacity, minimi(e differential
settlement, and+or allow for additional drainage, a base layer of granular stonefill with consistent gradation ranging - //+0- may be placed and compacted
to local standards 1- /2- in depth as a founding course for gabion wall
placement.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
7/22
*oundation grade 3 4all batter5t may be determined, through an investigation and stability analysis, that
additional stability of the gabion wall may be required to achieve acceptable
factors of safety for sliding. 6ne option to pursue prior to enlarging the gabionwall cross section for additional stability is to place the gabion gravity retaining
wall on a 1 /7 degree batter towards the retained slope. This will require the
founding soils to graded and compacted to accommodate for the specified wall
batter.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
8/22
*oundation below grade Terra Aqua gabion gravity retaining walls may be placed or #eyed in below subgrade to prevent scour and wave action from undermining the toe of the
structure. The rule of thumb for depth of placement below sub grade is
approximately 0 times anticipated depth of scour.
!cour ApronA flexible double twisted mesh Terra Aqua gabion is designed to settle withoutfracture and adhere to the ground as scour occurs. raded fill material ranging
from 89:29 for standard gabions and ;9:19 for reno mattresses will ensureuniform flexibility of the apron and will create a new state of equilibrium of the
structure once settlement has occurred providing continued stability. abion
aprons are commonly used to protect the toe of a gabion retaining wall structur
from scour that could cause undermining in channel wor#s applications. 5t isrecommended that the gabion apron be a minimum of
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
9/22
The gabion apron will require minimal excavation and grade wor#. enerally
the gabion apron is placed directly on the ground utili(ing a geotextile filter
fabric between the gabion apron soil interface to prevent and leaching of soils
from underneath the apron. 5f the gabion apron is placed in relatively deep watand efficient method of large scale placement is prefabricating the apron on a
barge and then launching it into the water. The si(e of the gabion apron that can
be placed by this method is limited only by the dec# area of the barge. abions
or reno mattresses may also be connected together filled and then placed into th
water with a sling arrangement. This method is frequently used for building
scour:resisting mats around bridge piers etc. abion aprons may be fabricatedusing Terra Aqua standard P=C gabion units or with Terra Aqua P=C reno
mattresses.
)ac#fill 3 Compaction
)ac#fill >aterial:abion gravity retaining walls, in comparison with reinforcesoil walls, allows for a wider range of soil types to be utili(ed as bac#fill
material. This is due to the gabion gravity walls configuration, typically low wa
heights, and porous facing. 5t is imperative to the overall long term
performance of a gabion gravity retaining wall that the specified bac#fill
material be properly placed and compacted. Poor compaction of bac#fill
materials can lead to structural settlement, lateral wall movement, and result in
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
10/22
insufficient shear strength to perform as designed. !pecified bac#fill material
shall be placed and compacted to minimum !tandard Proctor
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
11/22
!65& 'ATARecommendatio
n6f use for
bac#fill
!oil'escription
!oilClassification
Angle of 5nternal
*riction
nitweight o
!oil
%xcellent!tone, ravel,
!and
/ 3 0 P, 4,
>, C, !4, !P;7:;1
/77:/;?
pcf
oodClayey !ands,
!ilty !ands; !>, !C 02:;0
//7:/;7
pcf
Poor !oft Clay, !oft
!ilts 8 >&, C&, 6& 0?:;7//7:/0?
pcf
)ad !tiff Clay ? C&, CB 0?:;7?7://7 pcf
/. Clean sand, stone and gravel 4, P, !4, !P
0. 'irty sand and gravel of restricted permeability >, >:P, !>, !>:!P
;. !tiff residual silt and clays, silty fine sands, clays, sands and gravels C&,>&, CB, >B,!> !C, C.
8. =ery soft to soft clay, silty clay, organic silt and clay C&, >&, 6&, CB,
>B,6>.
?. >edium to stiff clay deposited in chun#s and protected from infiltration
C&, CB
*or type ? material B is reduced by 8 ft resultant Acts at a height of DB:8E+; above
base. Adapted from Terzaghi and Peck
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
12/22
*ilter *abric eotextile filter fabric is a vital component of any gabion gravity retaining
wall. The void ratio of the stone fill confined within the gabion bas#ets allows
for free drainage of the retained soils and requires a filter fabric be placed between the gabion wall and the specified bac#fill soil interface. The
geotextile filter fabric will prevent loss of soil during drainage and drawdown
abion gravity retaining walls constructed without the placement of filterfabric will have a tendency to incur a loss of retained soils and grade elevation
behind the gabion wall. The type of bac#fill soil specified will determine the
type, and placement of the geotextile filter fabric. Call Terra Aqua for
recommendations on filter fabric.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
13/22
&ayoutTo provide the maximum resistance to soil forces the gabion bas#ets shall be
placed with the length dimension of the gabion unit running from the bac# of
the gabion wall to the front face of the gabion wall. This will result in the
internal diaphragms being placed perpendicular to the wall face and parallel to
soil thrust. 4hen gabion units shall be placed with the length dimension of the
gabion unit running parallel with the length dimension of the wall the vertical
seams shall be offset.
Compression &oads*or gabion gravity retaining walls that are /?$ ;7$ in height the gabion bas#e
foundation and bottom courses shall be placed in /.?$ vertical lifts to better
absorb the compression and shear stresses. Terra Aqua$s double twisted mesh
gabions shall withstand compression loads of 17,777 27,777 pounds per
square foot. The shear modulus of elasticity shall vary between ?,777 2,777
pounds per square foot and is relevant to deformation.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
14/22
abion 4all *ace ConfigurationTerra Aqua gabion retaining walls can be designed and configured with a
stepped front face or a smooth front face. 4hen utili(ing a gabion wall with a
smooth front face, the gabion wall shall always be placed on a 1:/7 degree
batter and is not recommended for wall heights above /2$. abion walls with stepped front face shall have a minimum /$:/.?$ hori(ontal set bac# for each ;
vertical lift.
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
15/22
abion 4all BeightTerra Aqua gabion gravity retaining walls can be designed and constructed up
to approximately ;7$, however due to the configuration of gabion gravity
retaining walls their best suited for wall heights of /2$ or less. *or wall heightsof /2$: ;1$ see the !table !lope !ection of this web site.
abion 4all base width relative to wall height base width of a gabion gravity retaining wall is related to height of wall so as
the wall height increases the base of the wall becomes wider to ensure
structural stability. Terra Aqua has provided the diagram below to illustrate a
starting point for design analysis to determine the base width relative to wall
height. Terra Aqua recommends a conservative value of base width F 0+; wall
height. The stability analysis may determine that the gabion gravity retaining
wall base width be less than or greater than : 0+; wall height.
A)56G RA=5TH 4A&& !5I%! 3 '5>%G!56G!
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
16/22
A)56G !T6G% *5&&
!tone *ill radation for abion )as#etsalvani(ed+alfan abions
2x/7cm
8 inches 2 inches '?7 1-
P=C Coated abions 2x/7cm 8 inches 2 inches '?7 1-
Acceptable stone for gabion construction shall be hard, durable, equallygraded, angular in shape, and shall not be less than 8- in any given dimension
and no larger than 2- in any given dimension. The specific gravity required fo
the stone fill shall be determined by the design and specified by the design
engineer. !pecific gravity for stone fill shall be no less than 0.?.
nit weight of gabion stone fillTHP% 6* R6CJ &)!+C)5C *T
)A!A&T /27
RAG5T% /17
&5>%!T6G% /;2
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
17/22
!AG'!T6G% /87
nit weight of gabion stone fill: )ased on a porosity o7.;7 or ;7@
!P%C5*5C RA=5TH 6* >AT%R5A&!)A!A&T ;.7
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
18/22
)R5CJ 0.7
)R6J%G C6GCR%T% 0.8
RAG5T5% 0.K
&5>%!T6G% 0.?
!AG'!T6G% 0.0
TRAP R6CJ 0.K
!A>P&% CA&C&AT56G!Proper design and construction of gabion retaining walls requires a thorough#nowledge of the lateral forces acting between the retaining structures and the
soil masses being retained. These lateral forces lateral forces are due to lateralearth pressure. Therefore, analysis and determination of lateral earth pressure
are necessary to design gabion retaining walls.
The classical lateral earth pressure analysis and calculations are based on the
Ran#ie theory by considering the soil in a state of plastic equilibrium, and the
Coulomb theory by assuming a place failure surface. )oth Ran#ine and
Coulomb approached and developed lateral earth pressure problem with
several essential assumptions such as an isotropic and homogeneous bac#fill
soil, a plane bac#fill surface, a rigid failure wedge body etcL
As for the conditions which do not fit the Ran#ine and Coulomb theories suchas irregular bac#fill surface, multiple soils etcL the Trial:4edge D&imit
%quilibriumE method, a graphical solution can be applied for estimating the
lateral earth pressure, and an analytical solution based on the Theory of
%lasticity can also be used. Currently these methods are practical and popular
by utili(ing a computer program. Terra Aqua can complete the global stability
analysis upon request.
Terra Aqua abion ravity Retaining 4all
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
19/22
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
20/22
Posted by:Ella Andrews , July 6, 2015
If you have been thinking about introducing some gabion walls to your property, asretaining walls or perhaps even
some interesting outdoor seating, you might be wondering whether they really are the best choice. Like anything,
these walls have their advantages and disadvantages. In order to determine whether gabions are the right choice for
the project you have in mind, you will need to weigh these pros and cons against each other.
Pros
There are a number of advantages associated with the introduction of gabion walls, including:
Their strong bases, which prevent them from being dragged away during heavy downpours and even by vandals.
They help to reduce the velocity of running water, as the rocks dissipate its energy, which helps to reduce erosion.
The flexibility of the baskets and the rocks they contain allows from small movements as the ground below shifts.
As time passes, gaps between the rocks will be filled by vegetation and silt, which will further reinforce the wall.
https://founterior.com/author/ellaandrews/http://www.yarrabee.com.au/retaining-wallshttps://founterior.com/author/ellaandrews/http://www.yarrabee.com.au/retaining-walls
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
21/22
Handling and transporting the materials is quite simple, which helps to reduce the time taken to build the gabions.
Gaps between the rocks allow water to flow through the structure, helping to maintain a low groundwater level.
Cons
There are also a number of disadvantages associated with gabion walls that you need to be aware of:
In some cases, the aesthetic impression of the walls is minimal (as the wire basket can be seen and algae may be
present).
High velocity water could cause the gabion to be damaged through the impact of a large or heavy object.
It is important to keep in mind that the advantages and disadvantages will also depend on the condition of the site, the
availability of materials and equipment, and the availability of manpower.
Site Condition – If the ground is relatively soft, you will need to create a concrete or stone base for the baskets to sit
on top of (lest they sink into the mud). This can add significant time and cost. If the ground is relatively hard, you will
be able to build the wall immediately.
Availability of Materials & Equipment – If the supplier has baskets and rock in stock, you will be able to erect the
gabions as soon as you get everything home. If they have to order materials in, you will have to wait until they’re
delivered. Equipment may also be required.
Availability of Manpower – Fillingthe baskets with rock is something that is done by hand, which can be time
consuming (if you have a lot of baskets to fill) and can lead to injury if you’re not careful. If you have helpers, you will
get the project done faster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket
8/17/2019 Advantages of Gabion Wall
22/22
We hope that you have found the information provided above useful in determining whethergabion wallsare the right
choice for your upcoming project or not. Whilst these walls do look fantastic and can add a real sense of luxury to
your property, it is important to note that they aren’t for everyone. If you have decided to introduce some gabions, it is
important that you put the baskets together properly and fill them with the correct stone.
http://www.yarrabee.com.au/gabion-basketshttp://www.yarrabee.com.au/gabion-baskets