AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012
Oğuz Uzol Director
METU Center for Wind Energy Associate Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering Middle East Technical University (METU)
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology
Fall 2012 Mondays 13:40-16:30 AE-126
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
COURSE OUTLINE
WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 1 Introduction Origins of Wind Energy and
Historical Development 2-3 Wind Resource and
Characteristics General characteristics, atmospheric boundary layer and turbulence, wind gusts, wind speed variations, turbulence in complex terrain.
3-5 Wind turbine aerodynamics and performance
1D theory, Betz limit, airfoils, momentum theory, advanced aerodynamic calculations, performance curves.
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 6-7 Wind turbine loading and
dynamic response General principles and standards, extreme loads, turbulence and wakes, fatigue stresses, blade dynamic response, tower loads
8-9 Conceptual design of wind turbines
Design procedure, rotor diameter, rotational speed, number of blades, hub design, gearbox, generator.
10 Wind Turbine Control Controller functions, closed-loop pitch and stall control, gain scheduling, torque control.
COURSE OUTLINE
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
WEEKS SUBJECT DETAILS 11 Wind Turbine Siting
and Wind Farms Siting issues, wind farms, site selection, micrositing, off-shore wind farms.
12 Electrical Systems Power transformers and converters, power quality, electrical protection
13 Wind Energy System Economics
Economic assessment of wind energy systems, capital, operational and maintenance costs, value of wind energy, wind energy market
14 Environmental Aspects and Impacts
Wind turbine noise, electro-magnetic interference, visual impact, other considerations.
COURSE OUTLINE
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
GRADING
Homework 20% Project 30% Midterm 25% Final exam 25%
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
REFERENCES
q Wind Energy Explained – Theory, Design and Application, Manwell, McGowan and Rogers, 2002, TJ820.M295
q Wind Turbine Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Economics – Erich Hau, 2006.
q Wind Energy Handbook, Burton, Sharpe, Jenkins, Bossanyi, 2001.
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
PROJECTS
1. Design and build a 0.5 m diameter HAWT with rpm control (should include thrust measurement) (4 students, Supervisor: Hooman Amiri)
2. 2D wind tunnel testing of S826 airfoil (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan)
3. Design and build a torque and thrust measurement system for HAWTs up to 1.5 m diameter (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim)
4. Conceptual aerodynamic design of a 5 m span HAWT blade (3 students, Supervisor: Bayram Mercan)
5. Design and build a prototype model Magnus Effect Wind Turbine Rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Oguz Uzol)
6. Modeling and simulation of NREL 5 MW turbine using S4WT (3 students, Supervisor: Ozan Gozcu)
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
PROJECTS 7. Static loading testing of a 1 m span wind turbine blade (4 students,
Supervisors: Ozan Gozcu, Altan Kayran)
8. Wind turbine blade analysis using VABS (3 students, Supervisor: Altan Kayran)
9. Production and testing of a 1 m diameter HAWT rotor (4 students, Supervisor: Anas Abdelrahim) (NTNU)
10. Calibration of a cup anemometer (4 students, Supervisor: Yashar Ostovan)
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
q European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) http://www.ewea.org/
q Türkiye Rüzgar Enerjisi Birliği (TÜREB) http://www.ruzgarenerjisibirligi.org.tr/
q Elektrik İşleri Etüt İdaresi (EİE) http://www.eie.gov.tr/
q National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL, USA) http://www.nrel.gov/
q National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU) http://www.risoe.dk/
q Delft University Wind Research Institute http://www.duwind.tudelft.nl/
q METUWIND web site http://www.ruzgem.metu.edu.tr/
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
WHY WIND ENERGY ?
q Renewable (hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and ocean)
q Free
q Plentiful and widely distributed
q Clean (No CO2 emissions)
q Reduced dependence on fossil fuels
q 20% of EU’s total electricity consumption is expected to be generated by wind energy in 2020 and this is predicted to be 50% by 2050.
q In March 2007, 27 EU Heads of State unanimously adopted a binding target of 20% of energy to come from renewables by 2020 (Ref: EWEA Annual Report 2007)
AE 495 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Technology, Fall 2012 Uzol
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION Country Total Installed Capacity (MW) (end of 2010)
China 44,733 USA 40,180 Germany 27,215 Spain 20,676 India 13,066 Italy 5,797 France 5,660 UK 5,204 Canada 4,008 Denmark 3,734 Turkey 1,329
Renewable Energy Law updated in December 2010 to include incentives for indigenous technology development
Planned Installed Capacity in Turkey for 2023 20,000 MW 20-30 B€
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY q Started in 1980 by EIE. q First Wind Energy Farm established in Cesme in 1998 (0.6 MW Total Power). q Renewable Energy Law Agreed on May 10 2005. q As of February 2009 Total Installed Power is 433 MW. q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2009 is 836 MW. q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2010 is 1500 MW.
q Planned Total Power for the end of year 2023 is 20000 MW
Wind Energy Potential - REPA
02004006008001000120014001600
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010
Year
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (M
W) Turkey’s Installed and Projected Wind
Energy Capacity
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY
Çanakkale - İntepe 38 turbines 800 kW each
30 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY
Çanakkale - Bozcaada 17 turbines 600 kW each 10.2 MW total capacity Commissioned 2000
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY
Çanakkale - Gelibolu 13 turbines 800 kW each + 5 turbines 900 kW each
14.9 MW total capacity Commissioned 2007
WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN TURKEY
Marmara1270434%
Aegean1497540%
Mediterranean533514%
Central Anatolia9142%
Black Sea24727%
Eastern Anatolia9863%
Country Potential: 37,386 MW
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL IN TURKEY
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Windmill-like device driving a pipe-organ Heron of Alexandria, 1st century AD
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Windmill-like device driving a pipe-organ Heron of Alexandria, 1st century AD
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Earliest windmill design on record A Persian Vertical Axis Windmill, c. AD 1300
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
A Persian Type Windmill, 1966
A Persian Type Windmill in Afghanistan
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
An English Post-Mill
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Ø The speed of the blade tips is ideally proportional to the speed of wind
Ø The maximum torque is proportional to the speed of wind squared
Ø The maximum power is proportional to the speed of wind cubed
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
American Windmills
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
First use of a windmill to generate electricity The Brush Windmill – 1888 Cleveland, Ohio
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
12 kW of DC power, 144 blades, 17 m diameter rotor, 18 m high tower
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
LaCour’s electricity generating windmills, 1890s (Denmark) 5-25 kW, 4-6 twisted, rectangular blades
First wind tunnel tests
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
A typical battery charging wind turbine of 1930s Jacobs Wind Electric Co., Inc.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
World’s first megawatt scale wind turbine
The Smith-Putnam turbine, 1941, Vermont, USA 53 m rotor, 1.25 MW
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
A modern off-shore wind farm in Denmark
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
Savonius rotor
Darrieus rotor
H rotor
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
HAWT SUB-SYSTEMS
q The rotor, consisting of the blades and the supporting hub q The drive train, which includes the rotating parts of the wind turbine (exclusive of the rotor); it usually consists of shafts, gearbox, coupling, a mechanical brake, and the generator q The nacelle and main frame, including wind turbine housing, bedplate, and the yaw system q The tower and the foundation q Control system q The balance of the electrical system, including cables, switchgear, transformers, and possibly electronic power converters
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs)
HAWT CRITICAL DESIGN OPTIONS
q Number of blades (commonly two or three) q Rotor orientation: downwind or upwind of tower q Blade material, construction method, and profile q Hub design: rigid, teetering or hinged q Power control via aerodynamic control (stall control) or variable pitch blades (pitch control) q Fixed or variable rotor speed q Orientation by self aligning action (free yaw), or direct control (active yaw) q Synchronous or induction generator q Gearbox or direct drive generator
HAWT SIZE DEVELOPMENT
HAWT SIZE COMPARISON
HAWT SIZE COMPARISON
HAWT SIZE COMPARISON
Yep, that’s me!
Çanakkale – Bozcaada
WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY
Every wind turbine has a characteristic power performance curve
WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY
q Cut-in speed: the minimum wind speed at which the machine will deliver useful power q Rated wind speed: the wind speed at which the rated power (generally the maximum power output of the electrical generator) is reached q Cut-out speed: the maximum wind speed at which the turbine is allowed to deliver power (usually limited by engineering design and safety constraints)
Çanakkale – Bozcaada
§ Rated Power: 600 kW § Hub Height: 44 m
§ Cut-in speed: ~2.5 m/s
§ Cut-out speed: ~30 m/s
§ Rotor diameter: 40 m
§ Generator Type: Synhcronous
§ Blade weight: 900 kg
§ Generator weight: 35 000 kg
§ Tower weight: 60 000 kg
§ Noise level: ~45 dB
WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY
WIND TURBINE TERMINOLOGY
WIND TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE
Mechanical Power, Windmills for grinding,
pumping, etc. Turbine Fluid energy
momentum Electrical Power, Wind Turbines for
Electricity Generation
WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE
Power output of a Turbine
Ø ρ: the density of air Ø CP: the power coefficient (CP < 0.593, Betz Limit) Ø A: is the rotor swept area Ø U: is the wind speed.
WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE
Real-time performance data from Bozcaada Wind Farm Top: Low wind day, 17 Aug 2008, 14:28 hrs
Bottom: High wind day, 19 Aug 2008, 19:37 hrs