AECC/MECA Joint Technical Meeting MECA: www.meca.org AECC: www.aecc.be April 3, 2006 Detroit, MI • Welcome and Introductions – Dirk Bosteels (AECC) and Joe Kubsh (MECA) • Update on the Clean Air For Europe (CAFÉ) Program • Update on Euro 5 Light-duty Regulations • Update on U.S./CARB Light-duty Regulations • Update on Euro 6 Heavy-duty Diesel Regulations • Update on U.S. Heavy-duty Diesel Regulations & Diesel Retrofits • A Urea Marking Technology for SCR • Open Discussion of Market Growth Test Programs, Industry Data Needs, and Other Issues AECC/MECA Meeting Agenda
Transcript
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AECC/MECA Joint Technical Meeting
MECA: www.meca.orgAECC: www.aecc.be
April 3, 2006Detroit, MI
• Welcome and Introductions –Dirk Bosteels (AECC) and Joe Kubsh (MECA)
• Update on the Clean Air For Europe (CAFÉ) Program• Update on Euro 5 Light-duty Regulations• Update on U.S./CARB Light-duty Regulations• Update on Euro 6 Heavy-duty Diesel Regulations• Update on U.S. Heavy-duty Diesel Regulations & Diesel
Retrofits• A Urea Marking Technology for SCR• Open Discussion of Market Growth Test Programs,
Industry Data Needs, and Other Issues
AECC/MECA Meeting Agenda
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Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst AECC (AISBL)
Background Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (Clean Air for Europe - CAFE)
The 6th Environment Action Program
7 Thematic StrategiesSoil
Prevention and Recycling of Waste
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment
Sustainable Use of Ressource
Urban EnvironmentSustainable Use of Pesticide
Climate change
Nature and Biodiversity
Environment
Health and Quality of Life
Natural Resources and Waste
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Developing better systems for gathering information, modelling and forecasting air pollution
Review of existing ambient air quality legislation and National Emission Ceilings Directive
Setting out priorities for future activities
Emission reduction targets for 2020
Proposal for a Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe
Proposal for an information system of electronic reporting based on a shared information system using the INSPIRE framework for spatial data reporting
Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution” (COM(2005)446 final), 21.09.2005
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (Clean Air For Europe – CAFE)
Key Pollutants and Ground Level Ozone
Ammonia (NH3)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Ground Level Ozone
Particulate Matter (PM 2,5 and PM 10)
Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution” (COM(2005)446 final), 21.09.2005
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (Clean Air For Europe – CAFE)
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Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (Clean Air For Europe – CAFE)
Key Sectors
Processes
Industry
Households
Power Generation
Transport
Agriculture
Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution” (COM(2005)446 final), 21.09.2005
The first Daughter DirectiveNO2 2010 40 µg/m3
SO2 2005 125 µg/m3
Pb 2010 0,5 µg/m3
PM10 2005 50 µg/m3
The second Daughter DirectiveBenzene 2010 5 µg/m3
Carbon Monoxide 2005 10 µg/m3
The fourth Daughter DirectiveArsenic 2010 6 ng/m3
Cadmium 2010 5 ng/m3
Nickel 2010 20 ng/m3
Policlic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2010 1 ng/m3
The third Daughter DirectiveOzone 2010 120 µg/m3
Current SituationAir Quality Framework Directive 1996/62/EC
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Proposal for a Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe
Proposal for a Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe Exchange of
Information Decision
1997/101/EC
Air Quality Framework Directive
1996/62/ECThe third Daughter
Directive
2002/3/EC
The second Daughter Directive
2000/69/EC
The first Daughter Directive
1999/30/EC
Proposal for a new PM 2,5-limit value: 25 µg/m3 2010
Source: Proposal for a Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (COM(205)447 final), 21.09.2005
Update on Light-Duty Emission Regulations in Europe and the U.S.
AECC/MECA Joint Technical Meeting
April 3, 2006Detroit, MI
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LD Euro 5 – Current Status
• Commission Euro 5 proposal COM(2005)683 published on 21 December 2005– political part of the new Regulation
• Co-decision process in EU Council & EU Parliament– Austrian EU presidency organised Member States
seminar on Euro 5 preceding work in Environment Council working group
– Member states are calling for 2nd step for Diesel NOx– EU Parliament Rapporteur on Euro 5 and draftsmen
for opinions are known• Comitology part awaited by end 2006
– technical part of the new Regulation– incl. measurement procedures, OBD thresholds,
Deterioration Factors etc.
LD Euro 5 – Current Status• Change from a Directive to a Regulation:
– direct applicability in the EU Member States,– No transposition in national law needed,– Avoiding national interpretations.
• ‘Better Regulation’ case: – As from CARS 21 recommendations,– Repeal of base Directive 70/220/EEC as
amended,– Inclusion of requirements for measuring fuel
consumption and CO2 emissions (Directive 80/1268/EEC),
– Inclusion of smoke opacity measurement (Directive 72/306/EEC).
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LD Euro 5 –Large Reductions in Particulate Emissions
• 80% reduction in PM from diesel cars(from 25 to 5 mg/km)
• 90% reduction in PM from large diesel vans (from 60 to 5 mg/km)
• New PM standard for lean-burn petrol engines (5 mg/km)
• Introduction of PM number standard planned– Awaits PMP outcome
Note: AT PZEV Levels offset by FC vehicle production
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• EPA finalized certification program changes to include “public” aging protocols for emission system durability (whole vehicle aging or engine-aging; gasoline vehicles only)
• EPA mobile source toxics proposal issued– Cold ambient (20 F) HC FTP limits proposed (2010-2015
phase-in depending on vehicle weight)– Harmonization with ARB evaporative emission standards
proposed (2009 or 2010 implementation depending on vehicle weight)
• EPA provides Tier 2 LDD with relief on US06 and high altitude NOx limits for 2007-2009 model years only– Higher 4K US06 NMHC+NOx limit in exchange for lower
full useful life SFTP limit– Higher high altitude NOx limit for Bin 7 & 8 compliant
vehicles in exchange for Bin 5 PM levels
Recent EPA/ARB Light-duty Regulatory Activities
• ARB expected to finalize additional OBD-II revisions in 2006– Continue with catalyst NOx monitoring threshold at
1.75 X std.– Additional monitors for rear oxygen sensors and A/F
cylinder imbalance• ARB expected to finalize MD diesel OBD requirements
based on adopted HD diesel OBD regs. in 2006• ARB expected to finalize full useful life SFTP
requirements in 2006 or early 2007– ARB test program to begin shortly with late model
LEV 2 vehicles including SULEVs & PZEVs
Recent EPA/ARB Light-duty Regulatory Activities
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Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles –Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• ARB has approved CO2-equivalent emission limits for light-duty vehicles starting in 2009:
Tier Phase-in Model YearPC/LDT1
CO2-equivalent emission limit
(g/mi)
LDT2/MDPVCO2-equivalent emission limit
(g/mi)Near-term 20% 2009 323
(-1.3%)439
(-2.1%)Near-term 40% 2010 301
(-4.4%)420
(-5.5%)Near-term 70% 2011 267
(-14.0%)390
(-11.8%)Near-term 100% 2012 233
(-24.9%)361
(-18.3%)Mid-term 20% 2013 227
(-26.7%)355
(-19.6%)Mid-term 40% 2014 222
(-28.5%)350
(-20.9%)Mid-term 70% 2015 213
(-31.2%)341
(-22.9%)Mid-term 100% 2016 205
(-33.9%)332
(-24.8%)
Number in ( ) is reduction versus estimated 2009 baseline
• CA LEV 3– Vehicles already viewed as very clean but additional
reductions need to meet ambient ozone limits– Goal could be to push all light-duty vehicles into
SULEV/PZEV categories in the post-2010 timeframe– Rulemaking likely in 2007 or 2008 with
implementation starting as early as 2011– Cost effectiveness a key criteria
• ARB ZEV Program Review Targeted for 2007• EPA Tier 3
– New federal ozone standards, concerns with air toxics, and continued interest by states to opt into California’s program will add pressure for further tightening of emissions from light-duty vehicles
Future U.S. Light-duty Regulations
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MECA PZEV Test Program Nearing Completion:Advanced Emission Technology Demonstration
• Goal - PZEV/SULEV tailpipe emissions on two large light-duty trucks:
• Employ cold-start engine calibration strategies with advanced TWC systems (e.g., CC+UF systems employing high cell density substrates with advanced catalysts) to achieve ultra-low FTP emissions
• Age advanced systems with aggressive accelerated engine aging schedule & re-test for FTP performance– RAT-A based exothermic schedule with CC max. bed
temperatures of 970-980 C– 220 h of engine-aging for each system
• Estimate system cost differential for advanced TWCs
MECA SUV Test Program Plan
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Baseline FTP Emissions (4K mi, stock) and Program Emission Targets
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1.0 2.0NMOG (g/mile) CO (g/mile)
NOx (g/mile)LEV-I ULEV (100k)
LEV-I ULEV (50k)
LEV II – ULEV (120k)
SULEV (120k)PZEV (150k)
4K stock F1504K stock F150
4K stock Denali4K stock Denali
Denali with 4K advancedDenali with 4K advancedcatalyst systemcatalyst system
• Advanced systems designed, built and evaluated at low mileage
• Denali: calibration work completed, system aged, aged evaluations underway
• F-150: calibration work completed, system aging complete this week, aged evaluations complete by mid-April
• First-cut cost calculation complete by mid-April
MECA SUV Test Program Status
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Update on On-road Diesel Emission Regulations in Europe and the U.S.; Diesel Retrofits in
the U.S. AECC/MECA Joint Technical Meeting
April 3, 2006Detroit, MI
Heavy-duty Euro IV & V• HD Directive recasts Directive 88/77/EEC.• Euro IV in force from: 1 October 2005 (new Type Approvals),
1 October 2006 (all registrations).• Euro V in force from: 1 October 2008 (new Type Approvals),
1 October 2009 (all registrations).• ‘Split level’ Directive for Euro IV / V issued
• Confirms durability (100, 200 or 500000 km); OBD details including SCR dosing systems / consumable reagents; OBD thresholds.
• Euro VI discussions starting; expected implementation around 2012-2013.
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Heavy-duty Euro VI - Current Status • European Commission ‘shopping list’ of HD Euro VI issues.• Detailed Commission questionnaire on HD Euro VI
technologies, performances and costs issued - AECC has responded– Questionnaire developed 6 scenarios for diesel and gas engines– NOx: 0 – 75% reduction from Euro V– PM: 0 – 90% reduction from Euro V– THC: 0 – 27% reduction from Euro V (gas engines)
• Initial discussion meeting with Euro VI validation panel held end January 2006.
• HD PMP protocol and inter-lab testing still under discussion.• Desk Office for the dossier is known at DG Enterprise &
Industry.
• EC draft proposal expected end 2006 or early 2007• Anticipated content:
– Introduction of World Harmonised Global Technical Regulations (WHDC (transient & steady-state tests; WH-OBD; WH-OCE) with NTE limits.
• As sole test procedure or ETC/ESC still permitted?• Aligned with US2010-equivalent limits?• Possible differences in cold-start weighting, soak period and
perhaps filter materials between US procedures and EU.– Introduction of PMP improved particulate mass measurement and
particle number measurement– Option of full-flow or partial-flow dilution
• AECC HD demonstration programme to support Euro VI & PMP processes
Heavy-duty Euro VI - Current Status
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AECC Heavy-duty VI Test Program -Objectives
• Support strong limits for Euro VI, requiring both NOx and PM control.
• Demonstrate effectiveness of emissions control technology under all driving conditions.
• Show equivalency of current European and new World-harmonised cycles for a modern, low-NOx engine.
• Provide data to support inclusion of PMP (including P#) to ensure continuing fitment of DPFs.
• Provide data on equivalency of full-flow and partial-flow dilution at low particulate emissions.
• Demonstrate applicability of the technology for non-road applications.
• Demonstrate control of NO2 tailpipe emissions.
AECC Heavy-duty Test Program - Outline
• Main testing to be completed by end 2006.• Base engine: low-engine-out NOx (close to half of Euro V)
meeting US2007 (when fitted with DPF).• Fitment with SCR+DPF system and SCR dosing system
appropriate for low NOx level.• Calibration of SCR dosing system.• Testing to World-harmonised (WHTC, WHSC) and current
European (ETC, ESC) as minimum, plus FTP, Non-road transient cycle and possibly Japanese cycle.
• PMP particle mass and number measurements comparison with current European procedure.
• Comparison of full-flow and partial-flow dilution on WHTC.• NO2 measured tailpipe, pre-SCR and tailpipe.
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2007 On-Road HDE Standards• 2007 compliance: EGR + catalyzed filters that include
active regeneration strategies• EPA continues to report that 2007 implementation is on
track• EPA has put in place several “flexibilities” to assist
implementation:– Shifting ULSD retail compliance date by 45 days to
October 15, 2006– Adjusting fuel sulfur testing tolerance to 15 + 3 ppm
through October 2008 (18 ppm S fuel classified as ULSD)
– Allowing an 80,000 mile filter maintenance interval for many vocational truck applications (150,000 mile maintenance interval for long haul trucks)
• Smooth 2007 implementation important to hold on to 2010
Related EPA & ARB HD Actions
• ARB modified heavy-duty smoke inspection program to include compliance with EPA heavy-duty certification standards for vehicles entering from Canada or Mexico
• ARB adopted threshold-based HD OBD requirements in July 2005– Phase-in from 2010 thru 2016
• 2010: 1 rating of 1 engine family (“extrapolated OBD” for other ratings)
• 2013: all ratings of 2010 engine family + 1-2 additional ratings (“extrapolated OBD” for all other engines/ratings except for PM filters which use interim thresholds through 2015 for most engines)
• 2016: all engines– EPA expected to follow with HD OBD NPRM shortly
• ARB harmonized bus engine standards with EPA 2007/2010• EPA finalized in-use HD testing program run by OEMs using PEMS
– Likely to include combinations of advanced engine technologies with NOx emission control
– OEMs showing strong interest in SCR– Engine technology remains a significant unknown
• NTE and OBD compliance will be important determiners for technology selection
• Issues concerning urea infrastructure for SCR under discussion with EPA – solutions may show up in light-duty sector first– Multiple user warnings followed by shut down during
refueling if insufficient urea on-board• Strong resistance to 2010 limits expected from truckers: fuel
economy vs. emissions arguments
• 4 Platforms Evaluated– Light-Duty PC (1.9 L) with a NOx Adsorber/Filter
System• Target: EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 (0.07 g/mi NOx, 0.01 g/mi PM)• 2200 h of Durability on One System Completed
– Light-Duty Truck/SUV (6.6 L) with a NOx Adsorber/Filter System
• Target: EPA Tier 2 Bin 5• Dual Leg System• 2000 h of Durability Completed
– Heavy-Duty Engine (12 L) with a SCR/Filter System• Target: EPA 2007 HDDE Rule• Two Different Systems• 6000 h of Durability on Two Systems Completed• Includes NOx Sensor Durability Study
DOE APBF-DEC Demonstration Programs
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• 4 Platforms Being Evaluated (cont.)– Heavy-Duty Engine (15 L) with a NOx
Adsorber/Filter System• Target: EPA 2007 HDDE Rule• Single Leg System• 2000 h of Durability Completed
• Lubricant Effects Study– Phase 1 Impacts on Engine-out Emissions
Completed– Phase 2: P and S Impacts on NOx Adsorber
System Completed
APBF-DEC (cont.)
California Diesel Risk Reduction Program• ARB Fleet Retrofit Regulatory Schedule
– Transit Fleets – approved October 2002– Refuse Trucks – approved September 2003– Stationary Engines – approved February 2004– Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs) – approved February 2004– Verification Procedure Changes – approved February 2004– Portable Equipment – approved February 2004– Urban Transit Fleet Vehicles – approved February 2005 – Cargo Handling Equipment – approved December 2005 – On-Road Public Fleets (includes public utility fleets) – approved
December 2005– NO2 Limits for Retrofit Technologies – approved March 2006– Off-Road Public and Private Fleets – scheduled for December 2006
approval– On-Road Private Fleets – process just starting; approval likely in 2007
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U.S. EPA Voluntary Retrofit Program• EPA Voluntary Retrofit Program Embraces Retrofits,
Repowers, ULSD Fueling - > 200K engines retrofit– Four sector sub-groups formed to promote retrofits:
school buses, freight transport, construction equipment, ports
– EPA budget continues to expand with funds for retrofits:
• $5 million in FY 2004 for school buses, $7.5 million in FY 2005 for school buses, $12 million in FY 2006 for school buses & other sectors, $50 million request in FY 2007 for DERA
– Enforcement settlements (called “Supplemental Environmental Projects”) provide funds for retrofits
– CMAQ funds now available for off-road retrofits ($1.4 billion/yr)
NCDC Projects to Date
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Growing Diversity in U.S. Retrofit Projects
Source: July 2005 EPA Report on Diesel Retrofit Technology and Program Experience
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• NJ retrofit program moving ahead– Mandatory PM retrofit program funded by state corporate business
tax (10 yrs/$160 million in state funding)• Targets commercial buses, refuse haulers, school buses, diesel
trucks with “best available retrofit technology” • State/local/public school contracts must use off-road equipment
utilizing best available retrofit technology• Mandates use of ULSD in both on-road and off-road vehicles
starting June 1, 2006• NYC bills expand mandatory retrofits beyond construction equip.:
– All city-owned diesel vehicles (Intro #415-A; begins 2007)– Contract refuse haulers (Intro #416-A; by March 2006) and school
buses (Intro #428-A; by September 2007)– Tour buses (Intro #417-A; by January 2007)
• CT DEP report recommends retrofit strategies for transit buses, school buses, construction equipment
• Texas program focused on NOx reduction strategies including retrofits
Other State Retrofit Initiatives
www.dieselretrofit.org
• Newly updated or released reports on diesel retrofittechnology and retrofit experience on construction equipment
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AVECC 2006: Goa, India• ECMA to host AVECC 2006 on September 20-22, 2006 in
Goa, India with support from MECA and AECC– 150-200 attendees expected; targeting Indian and
regional air quality officials & decision makers– Organizing committee in place to select
speakers/topics• Papers of interest include: advanced emission
control technologies for gasoline/diesel passenger cars, heavy-duty on-road/off-road/stationary diesel, 2-3 wheelers, diesel retrofits
