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Aerodynamics and Acoustics Facility Safety Manual
Version Information
V.25/05/2020
Prepared By Ryu Fattah [email protected] 3469 2834 Reviewed By Andrew Wong [email protected] 3469 2831 Reviewed By Jenny Lee [email protected] 3469 2833
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Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Safety Organization ................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 24-Hour Emergency Response Team ...................................................................................... 4
1.3 Office Hours ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Responsibility for Safety ......................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Key Rules ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Consequences of Failure to Comply with Guidelines ............................................................. 6
2 Information and Training ................................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Initial Safety Training .............................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Safety Training Courses ........................................................................................................... 7
3 Emergency Procedures ................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Injury ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Fire .......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Fire Assembly Point ............................................................................................................... 10
4 Working Procedures in Wind Tunnel ............................................................................................ 11
4.1 General Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 11
4.2 General Wind Tunnel Operation Guidelines ......................................................................... 11
5 Personal Protective Equipment & Safety Engineering Controls ................................................... 12
5.1 Eye Protection ....................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Protective Apparel ................................................................................................................ 13
5.3 Hearing Protection ................................................................................................................ 13
5.4 Fire Extinguishers .................................................................................................................. 14
6 Safe Use of Equipment and Apparatus ......................................................................................... 15
6.1 Compressed Air System ........................................................................................................ 15
6.2 Electrical Equipment ............................................................................................................. 15
6.3 Laser Safety ........................................................................................................................... 16
7 Workshop Safety ........................................................................................................................... 17
7.1 General Workshop Safety Rules ........................................................................................... 17
7.2 Milling Machine .................................................................................................................... 17
7.3 Lathe ..................................................................................................................................... 18
7.4 Drilling Machine .................................................................................................................... 18
7.5 Abrasive Wheel ..................................................................................................................... 18
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7.6 Band Saws ............................................................................................................................. 18
7.7 Circular Saws ......................................................................................................................... 18
8 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 19
8.1 Safety Clearance Form .......................................................................................................... 19
8.2 Emergency Escape Routes .................................................................................................... 22
8.3 Emergency Response Plan .................................................................................................... 23
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Introduction This safety manual was developed by the Aerodynamics and Acoustics Facility (AAF) of the Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and it is intended for use by AAF users and general
staff.
This manual is designed to provide general guidelines for safe laboratory use, and for confronting
unique hazards present in the AAF laboratory. This document provides guidance on recommended
courses of action. Users’ common sense and alertness are still paramount to general safety.
For detailed/specific health and safety guidelines (e.g., specific to particular equipment or process),
please refer to the Safety and Environmental Protection Manual issued by the Health, Safety and
Environment Office (HSEO) of HKUST.
Under no circumstances should this document be made public without the AAF’s approval or
consent.
1.1 Safety Organization In case of any emergency, or queries related to safety compliance:
Position Name E-mail
Dept. Safety Officer Andrew Wong [email protected]
Deputy Safety Officer Yung Hor Fong [email protected]
Emergency Response Team All AAF Technical Staff
Safety Committee Andrew Wong Yung Hor Fong
Ryu Fattah
1.2 24-Hour Emergency Response Team Contact Emergency
Telephone Number E-mail
HKUST Security Centre 2358 8999
(Dept. Safety Officer) Andrew Wong 6190 2935 [email protected]
(Dept. Engineer) Ryu Fattah 6671 9341 [email protected]
1.3 Office Hours The office hours of the laboratory are between 09:00 and 17:30 (Hong Kong local time) from Monday
to Friday, excluding public holidays.
- It is AAF policy that nobody is allowed to work outside the lab operation hours.
- NEVER WORK ALONE in the lab.
- Exceptions to this rule may be provided on a case-by-case basis. However, it requires approval
by AAF staff.
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1.4 Responsibility for Safety Safety is not the sole responsibility of a single organization or individual. Everyone must pay attention
to safety and play their role in ensuring a safe working environment. Within the AAF, safety
management is organized in the following ways:
AAF Director - Ultimate responsibility for the safety in the facility. - Enforces safety compliance in accordance with the University’s safety policies and
procedures. - Appoints the safety officer of the AAF to manage the safety issues in the facility.
AAF Engineer - Responsible for managing and overseeing the major projects/operations in the facility. - Enforces safety compliance in accordance with the University’s safety policies and
procedures, and relies on the AAF’s safety officer to identify, provide guidance, and coordinate with HSEO, on any safety issues in the facility.
AAF Safety Officer - Carries the authority of the Head in dealing with departmental safety matters. - Responsible in providing safety orientation courses to new members of the facility. - Responsible for coordinating with HSEO on keeping the facility safety guidelines up to date.
AAF Users - Users are responsible for completing safety trainings required by the AAF. - Compliance with the safety policies and procedures of the AAF and University is required. - Proper planning and risk assessment of experimental work is required. If uncertain, users
are responsible for contacting their supervisors for assistance.
HSEO - Liaison between HK Government’s Labour Department (Occupational Health and Safety
Ordinance) and University over matters of procedure and implementation. - Assists in setting safety policies and procedures. - Assists facilities with their operational plans to address safety concerns. - Advises on safety measures and protective equipment. - Conducts periodic announced and unannounced safety inspections and audits. - Monitors exposure to hazardous materials and environment to ensure safety policy
compliance. - Stops operations which are immediately dangerous or involve individuals who have
repeatedly violated safety guidelines. - Provides accident and incident summaries as requested by the Director. - Provides feedback on safety performance to department/unit heads for follow-up action.
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1.5 Key Rules 1) Report any unsafe actions of conditions you encounter. Imminent hazardous conditions must
be reported directly to AAF staff.
2) NEVER WORK ALONE. Ensure that you have checked-in and checked-out of the building using
the online system. This allows AAF staff to account for persons in case of
evacuation/emergency.
3) Wear appropriate clothing. Ensure that proper apparel is applied for specific tasks (e.g., eye
wear for lasers, gloves for oils/chemicals, safety shoes for equipment moving, etc.)
4) Do not enter restricted areas. AAF shares parts of the building space with other laboratory.
Access to any areas beyond AAF bounds are strictly prohibited, unless in the case of an
emergency (e.g., evacuation, fire, etc.).
Restricted areas/zones are highlighted in the AAF Safety Orientation course, as well as in the
Appendix of this document.
1.6 Consequences of Failure to Comply with Guidelines The AAF director has the right to consider permanent ban of AAF access if any of the following apply:
1. The user demonstrated a lack of attention/care regarding the health and safety guidelines
listed in this document.
2. The user has left a messy testing environment ( poor housekeeping, trip hazards, careless
handling of equipment, etc.)
3. Failure to comply to HSEO guidelines and AAF designated staff’s instructions.
For group experiments, the entire group can be considered for permanent ban of AAF access if any of
the group members fail to comply with the guidelines.
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2 Information and Training 2.1 Initial Safety Training All members of AAF should be familiar with the hazards associated in their work area. To ensure that
all researchers and users within AAF are able to operate safely, the AAF has implemented the following
administrative controls:
1) Safety Clearance Form
New personnel must complete the Safety Clearance Form and return it to the AAF’s Safety
Officer, before starting any laboratory work. Faculty supervisors are responsible for ensuring
that new appointees receive their completed Safety Clearance Form. This form is provided in
the Appendix of this manual.
2) Faculty Supervision
Any persons working within the AAF without having completed necessary HSEO safety training
courses for their experiment, must work under the direct supervision of the AAF’s safety
officer or under a supervisor who has attended the required safety training courses. In this
situation, the supervisor will be responsible for the user’s safety.
3) Record Keeping
The AAF maintains a database of the Safety Clearance Forms, and periodically runs checks to
determine which personnel have not fulfilled their requirements.
2.2 Safety Training Courses A copy of the Safety and Environment Protection Manual, published by HSEO, provides information
on a wide range of subjects. Each lab is required to have a copy of this manual. Additionally, you may
find the manual online at https://hseo.ust.hk/safety-and-environmental-protection-manual.
AAF Relevant Courses Provided by HSEO
Category Manual/Website Description General Safety
https://hseo.ust.hk/safety_orientation
Mandatory for all users
Laser Safety https://hseo.ust.hk/mand_disc_courses Required for any members of PIV or laser experiments
Pressure Safety
https://hseo.ust.hk/sl_training Any experiment involving pressurized vessels or manipulating the compressed air system.
Electrical Safety
https://hseo.ust.hk/sl_training Any experiments involving custom-made and hazardous electric components.
Workshop Safety
Contact HSEO directly for this course Any unsupervised work with the workshop machinery.
Courses Recommended by AAF
Name Description AAF General Safety Orientation Mandatory for all AAF lab users
Wind Tunnel Operation Course Required for low-speed wind tunnel control.
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3 Emergency Procedures For general guidelines to emergency procedures, please refer to the supplementary materials
provided in the Appendix.
3.1 Injury Be Careful - Note all warning signs.
- Learn and follow safe working procedures. - Ask questions when in doubt.
Be Prepared - Make sure first aid kits are well stocked at all times. - Ensure there is AAF staff who have first-aid training. - Ensure you know who the first-aider in AAF is.
What to do
Urgent/Emergency Call Security Control Centre by dialling 2358-8999.
DO NOT conduct rescue operation unless you have skills and experience to perform a proper rescue and you know the situation is safe. DO NOT move an injured person, especially if there are signs of spinal injury, or fractured/broken bones, unless it is absolutely necessary to do so for safety reasons. Keep the injured or ill person comfortable and calm to prevent further injuries.
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3.2 Fire Be Careful - Do not overload electrical outlets.
- Avoid high-temperature risks. - Take all necessary precautions when handling flammable substances and
heat generating equipment. - Do not tamper with any fire-detection or firefighting devices. - Do not block fire escapes, fire alarm buttons or firefighting equipment. - Keep all fire doors closed.
Be Prepared - Know the escape routes in the building and assembly point - Know the location of break glass and firefighting equipment. - Learn how to use the firefighting equipment.
For more information see Chapter 6 of the HKUST Safety and Environment Protection Manual (https://hseo.ust.hk/sm_06).
What to do
If you hear the fire alarm: 1. Remain calm and check if there is any sign of fire in the vicinity. 2. If you see fire or smoke, or hear the evacuation announcement, follow
the evacuation procedures below. 3. If there is no sign of a fire, stay alert and pay attention to the
announcements until the fire alarm is switched off. 4. Evacuate the building if the alarm has sounded for more than 2 minutes. 5. If you hear the buzzer sound, indicating an active fire alarm in an adjacent
fire zone, stay alert and pay attention to the announcements. 6. If you hear both the buzzer and the fire alarm, treat this as a fire alarm.
If you discover a fire:
1. If it is safe to do so, put the fire out by using firefighting equipment. Rapid response is critical. If you are uncertain in containing the fire, evacuate the lab.
2. All labs have carbon dioxide-type fire extinguishers. 3. Sand is effective in containing flammable liquids, reactive metal and
metal hydride fires. 4. A fire blanket is useful when clothing catches fire, and also on small
chemical fires. 5. Water (e.g., from hose reel) is generally good only for wood or paper
fires. 6. Do not take any personal risk. 7. Report to Security Control Center by dialling 2358-8999. 8. Alert others of the danger.
If you successfully extinguish a fire:
1. Inform AAF staff and report to 2358-8999 of the incident. 2. CMO-BS will place an order for the replacement of firefighting equipment
(fire extinguisher, sand, etc.) 3. HSEO will assess the safety of the scene.
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3.3 Fire Assembly Point The figure below shows the assembly point in case of a fire emergency.
Report to the Safety Officer whether you have safely evacuated the building.
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4 Working Procedures In The Lab 4.1 General Guidelines Guidelines that all users must follow in all areas within AAF:
- Wear suitable (and if necessary, protective) apparel
- Know the escape routes
- Know the emergency stop procedures in every test section
- Know the location of firefighting equipment (extinguishers, firehose, alarm button, etc.)
- Never work alone
- Pay attention to the air quality (e.g., during PIV testing). Stop and open the windows if
necessary.
- Common sense rules apply:
o Keep the laboratory area clean and tidy.
o Minimize and avoid trip hazards.
o Do not carelessly hurt or damage any equipment.
- Report your presence to AAF staff before working, and again when you leave.
- Employ fair-usage of space/storage and equipment.
- Do not modify any equipment without permission from AAF staff.
4.2 Wind Tunnel Operation Guidelines - User’s can only operate the wind tunnel having passed a wind tunnel operation course.
- Ensure the wind tunnel operator can visually inspect the test model (e.g., via viewing window,
or CCTV camera).
- Do not modify any safety equipment (e.g., modify the E-stop buttons, etc.)
- Do not modify the wind tunnel data acquisition system or any part of the wind tunnel control
system.
- When operating the rotating platform, there must be no person’s body on, or inside the
platform. The platform should be cleared, before any rotation is applied.
- Nobody can be in the wind tunnel without a safety harness affixed with a secure anchorage
point (or additional safety assessment) when the wind speed exceeds 20 m/s.
- Only AAF staff may switch on the fan motor control box or heat exchange unit.
- You may only operate the wind tunnel having an approved wind tunnel booking.
- After the test campaign is completed, the users must return the facility back to its tidy
condition.
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5 Personal Protective Equipment & Safety Engineering
Controls
This section provides general safety guidelines related to personal protective equipment that may be
required. Note that specific hazards may require specific protective equipment.
5.1 Eye Protection Proper eye protection should be worn wherever risks of eye injuries are present. For example:
- Laser Safety Glasses/Goggles
Working with laser equipment, which may cause serious and permanent damage to the eyes
(refer to the Safety and Environmental Protection Manual, Chapter 11, HSEO – see
https://hseo.ust.hk/sm_11).
- General Safety Glasses/Goggles/Face Shields/etc.
Operating with any heavy machinery such as grinders, chiselling, band-saw, etc. These
produce hazardous airborne particles, that can damage or irritate the eye.
Whenever using any eye protection equipment, make sure that:
- The protective equipment should not be defective/damaged.
- Visual inspection should find that the protection equipment is clean, and there are no
scratches or pitting or any signs of significant wear.
- The type of protective equipment used should be suited to the specific task
- In case of users who require glasses (eye-correction), ensure that the use of the mask does
not impair your vision.
If you are unclear about the appropriateness of eye protection equipment, consult the AAF Safety
Officer, or HSEO.
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5.2 Protective Apparel Proper clothing and footwear is essential to ensure a professional work environment.
Appropriate Not Allowed - Lab coat
When working with any oils/liquids or hazardous chemicals.
- Gloves When working with any oils or hazardous chemicals.
- Hair Net When working with heavy machinery
- Proper footwear Covers the entire foot, and has a flat base with sufficient grip to ensure stable and firm footing when working in the laboratory.
- Long loose hair The hair should be enclosed in a net, or tied properly.
- Sandals/High-heels
- Large ear-rings and loose necklaces
- Loose clothing E.g., scarfs – these types of clothes should be removed from the body before working in the lab.
- Personal bags Personal items such as bags must be stored properly away from the laboratory area. Lockers are provided to ensure a clean and tidy working environment.
5.3 Hearing Protection Sound level meters will be provided to those expected to work in environments exceeding 85dBA for
periods exceeding 20 minutes.
Lack of proper hearing protection under extended periods of excessive noise can lead to permanent
impairment. This effect is slow-acting but permanent. Do not underestimate its effect.
If you are uncertain about the noise level in the working environment, consult the AAF Safety
Officer. The Safety Officer will monitor the noise level to ensure a safe working environment.
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5.4 Fire Extinguishers Various types of firefighting equipment is placed around the laboratory. Users should be aware of the
location and types of firefighting equipment.
Carbon Dioxide Sand/ Dry-Powder
Water
Class A - Solid Substances Paper/Wood
Class B- Flammable Liquids Paint/petrol
CAN SPREAD FIRE
Class C – Flammable Gases Butane/methane
Class D - Combustible Metals Lithium and Potassium
CAN SPREAD FIRE
Class E – Electrical Equipment Computers/generator
CAN CAUSE ELECTRIC SHOCK
Class F - Oils and Fats Fryer/cooking
After a fire extinguisher is used, report to the AAF Safety Officer and HSEO to ensure inspection and
replacement of equipment.
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6 Safe Use of Equipment and Apparatus
6.1 Compressed Air System Compressed air supply is routinely used for:
- Pressure scanning system
- Hot wire calibration system
- Workshop tools
If you expect to use any of these items, ensure you have the necessary pressure safety training by
HSEO.
Compressed air system is provided by a pressurized gas cylinder, which can pose several hazards:
- Mechanical failure of the cylinder, cylinder valve or regulator can result in rapid diffusion of
pressurized contents into the atmosphere (e.g., explosion, fire, runaway reactions, burst
vessels).
- Unsecure cylinders can be knocked over very easily, causing serious injury and damages.
Impact can shear the cylinder regulator, causing a rocketing action leading to personal injury.
- Flammable gas cylinders pose a fire safety risk.
If you intend to use equipment that requires storage and handling of gas cylinders, you must report
it to the AAF safety officer. Additional safety assessment and HSEO training may be required before
allowing the use of such types of specialized equipment.
6.2 Electrical Equipment General safety precautions related to electrical equipment:
- Regard all floors as conductive and grounded unless covered with well-maintained and dry
rubber matting of suitable type for electrical work.
- Never operate electrical equipment with wet hands.
- Avoid wearing metal rings and jewellery when working near high voltages.
- Do not use electrical equipment that you feel may be defective.
- Laboratory equipment must be fitted with fuses and three-wire power cords, with an
independent ground to the chassis of the apparatus.
- Inspect all power cords regularly, check for frayed cords.
- Extension cords should be used for temporary situations only.
- Avoid trip hazards when using electrical equipment. Use cord covers/tape to mitigate the trip
hazard.
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6.3 Laser Safety Refer to Chapter 11 of the Safety and Environmental Protection Manual provided by HSEO (see
https://hseo.ust.hk/sm_11) for comprehensive guidance of laser safety.
All Class IIIB and IV lasers must be registered with HSEO before use.
Use of any Class IIIB and IV lasers requires a certified laser safety training by HSEO.
HSEO requires any users of such lasers to obtain a laser eye examination before operation, and
another before leaving HKUST.
General Safety Guidelines:
- Wear appropriate laser goggles/glasses by all personnel present in the room where Class IIIB
or higher laser light is generated. However, goggles/glasses may not provide complete
protection against all situations. They are designed to protect against momentary exposure.
Extreme caution is required.
- Additional safety precautions must be followed for lasers emitting light other than visible light
(e.g., UV or infrared light).
- The laser beam must terminate on a material that is a diffuse matter of such colour or
reflectivity to minimise reflections.
- Non-essential reflective materials must be removed from the beam area. Avoid jewellery,
watches, belt buckles, rings, etc.
- AAF provides lockers for users to safely store personal jewellery. Request a locker to the
AAF safety officer.
- No person is allowed to operate high-powered lasers without permission and instruction from
their supervisor.
- Never look directly into a laser beam. Even when wearing goggles/glasses.
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7 Workshop Safety
7.1 General Workshop Safety Rules The following guideline must be followed:
- Staff and students should never work alone in the workshops if they intent to use heavy
machinery.
- All protective guards must be correctly placed before use.
- The guard relating to a dangerous part of plant shall be kept in place when the dangerous part
is in motion.
- All machines must be equipped with efficient starting and stopping devices, and positioned
appropriately within the laboratory space, for safety. For example, sufficient spacing to avoid
overcrowding.
- Machinery driven by 2 or more motors with separate push button controls are equipped with
additional overriding stopping devices, by which the entire machine can be stopped.
- Machinery is not allowed to be left running unattended.
- All safeguards on the machines must be working properly. The technician in charge must be
informed of any missing or damaged guards.
- Never use hands or other objects to stop a moving part of the machine.
- Never attempt to calliper or gauge a work piece while operating a machine.
- Chips should be cleared off with a brush. Never with your hands or compressed air.
- Oily rags should be disposed of in a metal container fitted with a lid.
- Eye protection should be worn.
- Eating, drinking and smoking is forbidden in work shop area. Wash hands thoroughly before
leaving the workshop.
Guidelines On Maintenance:
- Power to the machine must be completely switched off before applying machine oil, clearing,
or removing a work-piece from a jam.
- Machines must be electrically isolated before any repair/maintenance work is performed.
- All conducting surfaces must be properly grounded.
7.2 Milling Machine - Tools and loose parts must not be left lying on the machine.
- Do not hold any tools with hands. All tools should be securely fixed on with proper tools.
- Ensure the guard is applied when operating the machine.
- Report any defected guards to the AAF safety officer.
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7.3 Lathe - Ensure the chuck wrench or key is removed from the chuck before switching on the machine.
- Do not hold any tools with the hands. Ensure proper fixing to a rigid mount.
- Loose hair and clothing (e.g., long hair or a scarf) must be removed before operating the
machine.
- Avoid production of long swarfs (i.e., loose metal). Special tools should be used to handle long
lengths of swarf.
7.4 Drilling Machine - The machine should be used with an effective guard over the drill chuck or spindle.
- All gear mechanisms should be properly guarded.
- The chuck key must be removed from the chuck before switching on the machine.
- The work piece must be clamped securely to the base before drilling. Do not use your hands
to secure the work piece.
- Swarfs must be removed with a suitable brush when the machine is switched off. Do not use
your hands.
7.5 Abrasive Wheel - The machine should be properly guarded and shielded when operated.
- Standard guarding and shielding must comply with HSEO guidelines.
- Maintenance must be performed only by an authorized workshop manager.
- The spindle speeds of all machines must be indicated on the machine, and comply with the
speed limit of the abrasive wheel.
7.6 Band Saws - The blade must be guarded as much as possible.
- Adjustments must not be made while the machine is running.
- Guide rollers must be properly set.
- Tension and tracking of the blade must be checked regularly by the authorized workshop
manager.
- A pusher must be used when feeding the work piece into the saw. Never allow your hands to
get close to the blade.
- The work table should be clean and tidy.
7.7 Circular Saws - Saw blade guards and riving knife must be properly set according to HSEO guidelines.
- A push stick or push block should be used. Never use your hands.
- Extension table must be used for long lengths of materials.
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8 Appendix 8.1 Safety Clearance Form This form is to be completed by all non-office personnel in the Aerodynamics and Acoustics Facility
(AAF), regardless of the length or level of their appointment. This form will be kept in the AAF record
and be part of the individual’s permanent record.
NAME POST
EMAIL UST ID
SUPERVISOR MOBILE #
SIGNATURE
DATE
New appointees should complete and return the form to Mr. Andrew WONG before starting work, or
within two weeks of assuming duty, whichever is sooner.
Mandatory Compliance Agreement
Item Description Compliance
1 I understand the requirements in wearing appropriate apparel and to dress appropriately.
2 I know the emergency evacuation paths from the lab, and have been shown the designated meeting point in case of a fire alarm.
3 I know the location of the fire extinguisher, sand pail, fire blanket, and first aid kit in the lab. I have been instructed on how to use each of the listed firefighting items.
4 I have read and agree to follow the wind tunnel operating guidelines.
5 I have taken the HSEO lab safety compulsory course. Date attended: ______________________________
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Optional Compliance Agreement
Laser Safety
Item Description Compliance
1 I declare that I intend to use lasers in my work. I have taken the required HSEO Laser Safety Course.
Workshop Safety
Item Description Compliance
1 I declare that I intend to use the workshop tools in my work. I have taken the required HSEO Safety Course, and had the safety orientation specific on the Workshop Tools and Safety Compliance.
Wind Tunnel Operation Course
Item Description Compliance
1 I declare that the AAF Engineer/Technician has trained me on the use of the AAF wind tunnel control computer. I declare that I am aware of the proper use, switch-on, general operation, emergency shutdown, and shutdown procedures of the wind tunnel.
Name - AAF Trainer
Pass or Fail
Other Safety Courses
Item Description of HSEO Safety Course or AAF Safety Training
Compliance
1 Description: Date Attended:
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Additional Conditions
If there are duplicate forms for a given person, the form signed on the most recent date overrules any
other forms.
Declaration
- I agree that everything I have specified in this form is, to the best of my knowledge, correct. - I agree that any incorrect of untruthful information declared in this form may have
consequences of a permanent ban of AAF lab access. - I understand that Heath and Safety is taken very seriously and that any incompliance with
the health and safety guidelines listed within this document may result in a permanent ban of AAF lab access.
- I consent to the information declared here to be stored under the AAF’s permanent record.
Signature
Date
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8.2 Emergency Escape Routes
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8.3 Emergency Response Plan