Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook · 2019. 6. 20. · Aeronautical Military English...

CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE LA DEFENSA

ACADEMIA GENERAL DEL AIRE

Aeronautical Military English Glossary

& Workbook

Trabajo Fin de Grado

Autor: A. A. D. José Abel Marín Rodríguez (LXVI – CGEA-EOF)

Director: Dra. Ángela Almela Sánchez-Lafuente

Grado en Ingeniería en Organización industrial

Curso: 2014/2015 – convocatoria: junio / agosto / febrero

Tribunal nombrado por la dirección del Centro Universitario de la Defensa de

San Javier, el día ____ de ____________ de 20____.

Presidente: Dr. D. José Serna Serrano

Secretario: Dr. D. Antonio Daniel Juan Rubio

Vocal: Dª Isabel María García Conesa

Realizado el acto de defensa del Trabajo Fin de Grado, el día____ de _________

de 20____, en el Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier.

Calificación: __________________________.

EL PRESIDENTE

EL SECRETARIO

EL VOCAL

Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook

RESUMEN: “Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook” es un léxico en lengua

inglesa que introduce los términos más comunes empleados en el ámbito aeronáutico

militar. El léxico incluye definiciones semánticas tomadas de fuentes especializadas, la

transcripción fonética de cada término y la traducción al castellano de los términos y

definiciones. Un cuaderno de trabajo acompaña al glosario, en el que se propone al

usuario ejercicios, lecturas y archivos digitales de video y audio que le ayuden a conocer

el contenido del glosario. El cuaderno se estructura en unidades temáticas en las que se

agrupa por campos casi la totalidad del léxico contenido en el glosario.

ABSTRACT: “Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook” is an English vocabulary

that introduces the most common terms used in military aeronautics. The lexicon

includes semantic definitions taken from specialized sources, a phonetic transcription of

each term and a translation into Spanish of both terms and definitions. The glossary is

accompanied by a workbook, in which the user is proposed to complete a series of

vocabulary, reading and video or audio listening exercises to help them to know the

content of the glossary. The workbook is divided in thematic units, and these, in turn,

group almost the whole lexicon in thematic clusters.

Dedicated to Elena.

Your infinite patience has granted me the time needed, your caring

support has provided me the encouragement, and your great spirit has

filled the void left in my absence.

Acknowledgements A special thanks to my research supervisor, Dr. Ángela Almela Sánchez-

Lafuente, for her commitment, her enthusiasm, her guidance and her constant

desire of improvement throughout the entire process.

Thank you M.A. Inmaculada Arboleda Guirao for you brief but vital advice.

I would like to acknowledge and thank the English Department from Academia

General del Aire and United States Air Force 1st Lieutenant Michael Osborne for

their exceptional and selfless help with this paper.

Thanks to Juan Antonio Cifuentes for sharing his elaborated outlines of Spanish

Air Force aircraft.

Finally, I would like to thank all my teachers from the beginning of the degree, for

sharing their knowledge and making this achievement possible.

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Content Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................... 1

1.1. Why English?................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. A lesson learnt ................................................................................................................................ 3

1.3. Intermediate layer........................................................................................................................ 3

1.4. Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 2. Objectives ......................................................................................... 7

2.1. General objective: All in one .................................................................................................... 7

2.2. Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................ 7

Learning the content without reading the glossary ............................................................. 7

Dynamic source ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 3. State of the art ................................................................................ 9

3.1. Aeronautical English ................................................................................................................... 9

3.2. Aeronautical English glossary ............................................................................................. 10

3.3. Aeronautical military English glossary ........................................................................... 11

3.4. Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook .............................................. 11

Chapter 4. Methodology ................................................................................ 13

4.1. Working out the structure ..................................................................................................... 13

4.2. Choosing the glossary format .............................................................................................. 13

4.3. Unit by unit ................................................................................................................................... 14

4.4. Working out the answers ....................................................................................................... 15

Chapter 5. Content ........................................................................................... 17

5.1. Workbook scheme and summary ...................................................................................... 18

5.2. Aeronautical & Military English Workbook .................................................................. 27

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Chapter 6. Conclusions and further work .............................................. 97

Appendix I: Aeronautical Military English Glossary .......................... 99

Appendix II: Aeronautical Military English Answer Book ............ 145

Appendix III: Listening media CD ............................................................ 173

References ........................................................................................................ 177


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Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Why English?

It is a fact that English is being increasingly used in Spanish military aviation units on a

daily basis. A simple revision of the evolution of the military aviation standardization

gives us the answer to the question raised in this chapter title. This revision can start

with a brief analysis of the phrase “military aviation” to clarify the answer.

Firstly, “aviation”, international aviation to be precise. In 1944, the International Civil

Aviation Organization was created, as a UN specialized agency, with the objective of

creating and enhancing a safe, efficient and sustainable global civil aviation system. This

objective is constantly being achieved through international Standards and

Recommended Practices (SARPs) of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), to

which member states refer during the development of their national aviation legislation

(ICAO, 2015). In relation to these standards, since 1951, ICAO recommended the use of

English by all the personnel involved in international aeronautical radiotelephony

communications (ICAO, 1951). This recommendation has, over time, become an

obligation for pilots, controllers, operators and the rest of the personnel related to

communication. These professionals must demonstrate a defined proficiency level, in

the language used for aeronautical communication in each station, to receive a license

(International Civil Aviation Organization, 2006). Therefore, since the language

established for international aviation radiotelephony communication is mandatorily

English (International Civil Aviation Organization, 2006), it is concluded that any person

working in any international operation, related to aviation radiotelephony

communication, must achieve the required proficiency level of English.


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Secondly, the question must be answered in relation to the second word too, “military”.

As a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member country, Spain is committed to

undertake military operations under Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, or under a UN

mandate (NATO, 2015). After the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949,

the Council of NATO held its first session in Washington on 17 September 1949, when

English and French were established as the official languages for the entire North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (Chairman Mr. Achenson, 1949). The continuously growing

alliance extended its development towards the complex military structure it has become

today. In its early years, relationships between the members of different Armed Forces

from NATO stayed in the highest hierarchic levels. Nevertheless, over the years NATO

members have approached each other in all of the echelons of military headquarters

and units. Doctrine publications, strategic decisions, joint and combined operations,

tactical manuals and daily work are published, taken, conducted and performed in

English, which has become the first official language in the organization. Nowadays,

Spanish Forces train and operate in English in many units, since their mission is already

commanded by a NATO Command, and even the unit staff is increasingly a multinational

amalgam. In a regular NATO or EU operation today, any Spanish soldier can be assigned

to a base where Albanian soldiers are responsible for security, air operations are

conducted by British, French and Italian wings, administration and logistics are carried

out by German troops, and so on. The most illustrative example of these international

environments where English is the unique way of communication is NAEW E-3A

Component, based in Germany. Since 1982, this multi-national flying unit is operating

with an absolute mixture of 15 different nations (NATO, 2014), where the personnel is

distributed without considering their nationality, and a simple jet shop (aircraft engine

maintenance facility) may be composed of maintenance technicians from ten different

countries. Thus, English proficiency in a NATO Air Force is not an added value for an

airman, but a need to be eligible for the present armed forces and the means for the

military to reach the real interoperability required.


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1.2. A lesson learnt

The present author knows from experience that proficiency in English is crucial in this

field, since his eligibility granted him a station at the above-mentioned NAEW E-3A

Component. As a flightline supervisor, the stay there allowed him to expand his point of

view about the learning of English. A rich vocabulary basis was especially important in

this military environment, where most of the military newcomers arriving from different

nations failed to think they had nothing to learn, since they were experts on their

respective professions in their countries. The harsh reality was that any non-native

individual had to learn their entire profession again in English, in less than two months.

Native English speakers had a lesson to learn too, since, apparently, in combined

operations, conventional English could be a problem even for native speakers, given that

the Canadian, British and American people may use different nuances in their language

that might be confusing for each other. Consequently, NATO publications, technical

orders, paperwork and communications at the workplace follow a very standardized

vocabulary basis. Aeronautical and military technical terms merge in this environment,

where the accuracy of communication is critical for the undertaking of safe and effective

operations. For this reason, and taking the USAF (United States Air Force) model as a

reference, a glossary of the terminology used is included in many NATO publications at

the end of the document. Furthermore, there are specialized publications like NATO

Glossary of Terms and Definitions (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014), which are

yearly reviewed. In conclusion, not only speakers of English as a second language, but

also native speakers have to make an extra effort to learn the specific terminology used

in military aeronautics, as any ordinary citizen does when they decide to work in any

specialized profession.

1.3. Intermediate layer

Considering the English proficiency level of a first-year student at the Spanish Air Force

Academy, an upper-intermediate level of grammar and conventional vocabulary

knowledge must be assumed. Therefore, the selection of the next vocabulary set to be

learnt by future NATO air force officers is a delicate task. In a more detailed analysis of

a NATO multinational environment, there are three vocabulary layers which can be


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conventional vocabulary

military & aeronautical general vocabulary

tactical & technological specific vocabulary

defined: conventional vocabulary, military and aeronautical general vocabulary, and

finally, tactical and technological specific vocabulary.

The present author defines the first layer, conventional vocabulary, as the vocabulary

used in everyday life, within our own social and cultural groups, and without considering

those jargons related to occupations or very distinctive hobbies. The third layer, tactical

and technical specific vocabulary, is the vocabulary or jargon used in very specialized

professions or hobbies, as in this case, it is that technical vocabulary used at the job

station that only one’s partners know, understand and use among them. The size of this

third layer always depends on the complexity of the theory and technology related to

the occupation it is used in. On this occasion, military and aeronautical science jargons

have a broad general vocabulary extension, as that second or intermediate layer, which

branches and spreads into more specific and technical third layers, for example,

aerodynamics, electronics, military cargo transport, air-to-air combat tactics, etc.

This intermediate vocabulary layer is comparable to a “bumper”, since it is a wide

vocabulary stratum, specialized and usually partially incomprehensible for alien people

to this environment. Although it acts as a junction lexicon for the numerous specific

specialties that compose the military aeronautics, allowing them to interconnect their

respective fields in a convenient work environment.

To conclude, and turning back to that first-year student, they are about to start learning,

in Spanish, this intermediate vocabulary layer that will introduce them to the military

world first, and almost simultaneously, to the aeronautical one. It is obvious that the

need for acquiring the best possible English proficiency level makes the introductory

vocabulary included in this glossary (See Appendix I) an adequate package to start their

learning process.


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1.4. Overview

Along the following chapters of this dissertation, the objectives, state of the art,

methodology, products of the compilation and design work, and finally conclusions are

described. In Chapter 2, the general objective of consulting and learning purpose and

those specific objectives derived from it are explained. The state of the art in

aeronautical military glossaries is described in Chapter 3, from a general point of view

of aeronautical English to the specific field discussed in this TFG. The compilation and

design methodology employed in this paper are explained step by step in Chapter 4.

Chapter 5 contains the scheme, summary and the Workbook itself integrated in

subscript 5.2, as one of the main results of the compilation and design work in this

dissertation. In Chapter 6, the author presents his conclusions and poses some ideas for

a further work to be carried out in the line of this TFG. Appendix I contains the

Aeronautical Military English Glossary, as the compilation outcome of this TFG.

Appendix II contains an answer key in an independent bulletin format to help the

Workbook users. Finally, Appendix III consists of the digital media files needed to

complete the Listening exercises in the Workbook.


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Chapter 2. Objectives

2.1. General objective: All in one

The main purpose of this essay is to bring together, in one single glossary (See Appendix

I), and for a learning purpose, the most important, significant and confusing terminology

that has been studied either in the engineering degree or in the military courses.

Besides, common military life and aeronautical terms have also been considered, since,

together with the previously mentioned terminology, they are considered to be

essential to be known when working in international military aviation. Thus, the glossary

in Appendix I is a considerable part of that intermediate layer used in this environment.

It is intended to be useful both for SPAF (Spanish Air Force) students and members of

the staff interested in expanding their NATO standard vocabulary grounding.

2.2. Specific objectives

Learning the content without reading the glossary

A workbook to complement the glossary has been included in Chapter 4. It is divided

into units, and these, in turn, in thematic clusters. The workbook follows a regular

English secondary school workbook format, including reading, vocabulary and listening

exercise proposals. These are thought to offer the glossary user an interesting way to

discover and learn the major part of the vocabulary content, given that it is significantly


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boring to read a glossary, and a few unsuccessful entry searches might lead the user to

think that the glossary is not complete or useful. As the second objective, derived from

the learning purpose wanted in the main objective, the glossary has to be learnable in

an attractive manner.

Dynamic source

Military aeronautics is a very changing world, whose policy, doctrine, tactics, etc. are

continuously being reviewed at all levels. Aeronautics is a revolutionary field where

technology is renewed from one day to another in search of optimization and efficiency.

Accordingly, the terminology used is renewed at the same pace as changes happen.

Therefore, to maintain this glossary useful, it needs to be renewed. Recalling that the

global objective wanted is to bring together the vocabulary studied in an engineering

degree, it follows that the content studied will be review and updated as military

aeronautics evolve. The third objective is to provide an upgradable and editable lasting

tool for learning, to be synchronized with changes in the engineering career content. In

that sense, both the workbook and the glossary must remain extendable by any student,

or teacher who finds either some terminology that should have appeared in the content,

or new terminology after this first edition. It must stay as a revisable open source in

further editions, but always located within the intermediate vocabulary layer. Future

editions will be required to be approved, prior to publication, by the license holder at

that moment. This requirement is meant to remain in one single revision and line of

improvement, and to prevent future editions from branching out in different lines of

development. It is also meant to guarantee a suitable revision quality control.


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Chapter 3. State of the art

As the author has already concluded in the introduction, aeronautics, military and

English language have been intimately linked for several decades. The state of the art

has been analyzed from a general perspective to the specific issue submitted in this TFG,

and following the current situation is explained, from that general theme as

Aeronautical English is, to the specific Aeronautical Military English staying in the

intermediate vocabulary layer previously.

3.1. Aeronautical English

In this general subject, aeronautical English seems to be a synonym for English for

aviation, i.e., that English phraseology used in aviation communication between pilots

and air traffic controllers. Hundreds of publications and courses are found and reviewed

yearly as ICAO changes the English proficiency requirements to work in aviation.

Therefore, this is a very mature topic with no further opportunities to be developed.

Some of these publications for the learning of phraseology between pilots and

controllers are: Aviation English (Kruelle, 2006), Air Speak (Robertson & Johnson, 1988).

Both Aviation English and Air Speak follow the same learning pattern. They go through

a regular sequence in a civil flight; the initial clearance, taxi, takeoff, en-route, landing

and parking. However, the Aviation English focuses on the vocabulary used in

communications and those facilities and equipment found in an airport. The second

book, Air Speak, focuses on the conversation maintained between Air Traffic Services


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and the pilot. Vocabulary is basically taken for granted, the sequence in the conversation

is the important matter here. Other, like: Communications (Joint Aviation Authorities,

2002), or English Language Skills for Communications: Resources (Defense Language

Institute English Language Center, 2004) are a general overview of the vocabulary used

in aeronautical environment. English for Aircraft (Shawcross, 2000) is a book designed

for civilian or military technicians and engineers to help them use aeronautical manuals.

It is a thorough book that details the importance of the word order, the variety of

nuances in adverbs, nouns, adjectives and verbs frequently used in Technical Orders

(TO) and offers very specific vocabulary of the aircraft mechanical technology.

3.2. Aeronautical English glossary

If we specify the previous subject by adding the glossary feature, we are avoiding

phraseology publications and centering in the intermediate and more specific

vocabulary layers related to aviation. Main publications in this matter are: Dictionary of

Aeronautical Terms (Crane, 2012), with over 11,000 aviation-specific terms and 500

illustrations, as the main aeronautical technology terminology source in this TFG. This

Dictionary is so complete and detailed that, in fact, it might be fairly named as

Encyclopedia. Crane does not stay in simple definitions, but the author explains the

composition and performing of each aircraft part or device. Dictionary of Aviation

(Crocker, 2005), with more than 5,000 terms used by pilots, cabin staff, maintenance

crews, ground staff and travelers, as the second most used aeronautical technology

terminology source. This remarkable dictionary includes terms which are only used in a

military environment. The author uses brief definitions and examples using some terms.

The Aviation Dictionary (Sanderson, 2003), with over 10,000 technical definitions,

acronyms and codes, dictionary which has not been used in the development of the TFG

due to the edition year but must be highlighted for its importance in the amount of

entries. Finally, 14 CFR Part I (Regulatory Information, 2012), a collection of officially

recognized definitions for many aviation terms. With these dictionaries the vocabulary

needs of any user related to civil aviation can be fulfilled. However, aeronautics,

maintenance and air traffic control are only a small portion of the vocabulary used in

military aviation environments. Moreover, the terms in these dictionaries are too


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technical. They are valid for military staff whose specialties are in close relation with

aircraft operations and maintenance, and particularly for their training periods.

3.3. Aeronautical military English glossary

When going into such a specific issue, the number of publications become drastically

reduced. Most glossaries with aeronautical and military specifications are not glossaries

indeed. They are a complement in English-speaking air forces or NATO publications as a

clarification part of their doctrine, tactical publications and so on. Due to the importance

of standardization of terms in these organizations, exclusive glossaries have been

published by them. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Director for Joint Force

Development, 2010), a noteworthy source in the development of this TFG. This

dictionary, published by The United States Department of Defense, is a collection of

doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical military terms. The issue that the collection

has been gathered in relation to all Department of Defense Services. Therefore, the Air

Force terms of interest for the TFG are not so numerous. Finally, NATO Glossary of terms

and definitions (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) is a thorough works covering many

military aspects. Very useful source for the doctrinal, strategic, operational and tactical

military terminology. It is the official reference for numerous military concepts. It can be

conclude that many terms in this dictionary have been taken from the previously

described dictionary and adapted to NATO. It is a strictly up to date dictionary, written

in both English and French NATO official languages. This dictionary serves as a reference

for many NATO publications which include the definitions found in it. However, it cannot

be ignored that these two glossaries do not exactly comply with the aeronautical

restriction in this TFG, since they cover a more superficial military terminology, including

army and navy vocabulary.

3.4. Aeronautical Military English Glossary & Workbook

Finally, we reach the area which is intended to be covered with this TFG: a glossary (See

Appendix I) complemented with a workbook that enables learning the glossary content.

This is not an innovative concept since MacMillan Publishers have a publications series

called Campaign-English for the Military including the Campaign Dictionary of Military


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Terms (Bowyer, 2004). This dictionary has a workbook with more than 50 exercises ideal

for self-study or use in class. Nevertheless, these books are for learning a more general

military jargon, closer to the British army vocabulary field rather than the air force, and

it is thought for English speaking natives who join the armed forces in their countries.

There are few allusions to aviation and do not go deep enough to reach the knowledge

required to Spanish Air Force members. In conclusion, current publications related to

the subject matter do not achieve the optimum features that would be desirable. A

glossary directly related with the terminology studied in the Spanish Air Force Academy

and the English standards used in NATO allied air forces, including translations into

Spanish to link concepts as they are being introduced for the first time to the student or

user.


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Chapter 4. Methodology

4.1. Working out the structure

The first decision made was the elaboration of a workbook to help the user manage the

glossary. As most workbooks, it had to have a structure, a thematic division into units to

give a path to be followed in the learning process. Once the unit structure was figured

out, the subscripts in which each unit would be divided had to be arranged. For this first

step in the acquisition of technical vocabulary, mainly receptive knowledge was

broadened, since in most reference works such as (Nation, 1990)it is stated that this

kind of knowledge should ideally precede the development of receptive skills. Thus, the

pattern chosen was: reading comprehension, thematic clusters, vocabulary exercises

and listening comprehension. An initial reading task was included in each unit to present

the topic and to arouse the user’s interest in it; thematic clusters were presented to

introduce a reasonable group of terms to be learnt per unit; subsequently, some

vocabulary exercises were created to help the user assimilate and practice terms and

meanings; last, a listening comprehension exercise was included to show the

pronunciation and use of some terms in real military units.

4.2. Choosing the glossary format

After comparing several glossaries, I decided to use a format similar to the one used in

Dictionary of Aviation (Crocker, 2005), inasmuch as each term is clearly differenced from

its definition and it is a compact format that utilizes efficiently all space available in each


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page. Each entry is represented in bold type, followed by a phonetic transcription of the

entry term and finally a reliable source definition. In addition, each entry was

complemented with the appropriate Spanish term and a translation into Spanish of each

definition.

4.3. Unit by unit

Once everything was set up for the content, a research and compilation was carried out

in every possible reliable source related with the topic dealt with in unit one. It was

estimated that an approximate number of sixty terms would be an adequate quantity

to be learned per unit. After the compilation, which was strongly based on the

knowledge acquired during the author’s stay in the Air Force Academy and on his own

previous experience, the compilation of terms was divided in thematic clusters, since

groups of words gathered in this kind of clusters appear to be a facilitator of learning

(Tinkham, 1997). Subsequently, each entry was added to the glossary, a phonetic

transcriptor for each term was used (Photransedit.com, n.d.), and each term and

definition was translated into Spanish by the author himself. It was vital to search for

mistakes at each entry at the moment of its incorporation into the glossary, given that

it is very difficult and tedious to search for mistakes once the whole glossary is

completed. Once the edition of the terminology in the first unit was completed, different

ways to embody these thematic clusters in attractive visual associations were figured

out for the workbook. Continuing with the workbook, several vocabulary exercises were

devised in diverse formats to strengthen the learning process. Next, the best suitable

article, speech or report was researched as a reading complement related to the topic

of the unit, adding some reading comprehension questions after it. Finally, as another

supporting feature, an appropriate video or audio was researched as a listening exercise

too (See Appendix III). This methodology was systematically followed up to the

completion of all the units in the workbook. In summary, these are the steps followed:

1. Research for terminology related to the topic of the unit in current development

and expansion of the glossary with the selected words.

2. Setting of the thematic clusters and design of the vocabulary exercises in the

workbook.


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Glossary•unit topic terms•expansion

Workbook•thematic clusters•reading and listening•design of exercises

Answer Book•exercise solutions•listening transcript

3. Research for listening and reading features related to the topic of the unit in

current development and design of the exercises for them; completion of the

Answer book (See Appendix II); starting over with the research for terminology

related to the subsequent unit.

4.4. Working out the answers

To help self-learning users or potential teachers, an answer key (See Appendix II) is

provided with every exercise in the workbook solved, and listening transcripts are

included. The answer key is arranged according to the workbook units, and specifies the

page on which each exercise is placed in the workbook, to enable a quick correction.


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Chapter 5. Content

To have a better conception of the content, the best way to describe it is by the

workbook units. Almost all 611 terms contained in the glossary (See Appendix I) have

been classified considering some existing military aeronautics classifications or divisions.

Such a classification has been carried out taking into account some general field or

doctrinal division in military organizations and the suitability to form thematic clusters.

Another given limitation for the classification was the search of equality in the amount

of words to be learnt per unit. Reading articles suggested vary depending on the unit

topic, nevertheless, intermediate English level and text extension remain similar. It must

be added that all reading review questions or statements, vocabulary exercise sentences

or phrases and listening questions have been originally created by the author, except

the one specified in the tittle. Media files used in listening exercises (See Appendix III)

have been taken from open source broadcast services, frequently called podcasts. They

have been chosen considering the maximum use of the current unit topic and words

introduced in the unit. It is important to clarify that the Workbook, Glossary and Answer

Book have been designed to be extracted and printed independently for their use as

consulting and learning material. Thus, they are integrated in this TFG preserving their

own page numbering and reference list. A detailed description of the content of each

unit is provided below.


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5.1. Workbook scheme and summary

5.1.1. Unit 1

Unit 1 vocabulary is a brief introduction of the simplest classification of aircraft, aircraft

parts and aircraft propulsion, military aircraft roles and a short international law

classification. The reading article chosen is a fragment about the early years of military

aviation (Claude Grahame-White, 1912, pp. 9-10).

This book describes how these apparently fragile and useless inventions called aircraft

became more and more interesting for military purposes. On the background of this first

page of the workbook, it is shown the signal tower from Cuatro Vientos airfield, cradle

of Spanish aviation. On the next page, first reading review exercise is presented,

followed by terminology from the glossary related to first unit topic and grouped in

thematic clusters. Below, there is a proposed listening exercise, related to those early

years and retrieved from a podcast from the National Museum of the USAF website. The

listening comprehension text is an audio guide recording offered to the museum visitors.

The listening exercise has a total of five short answer questions. After the listening

exercise, a total of four vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 3 is a “complete the

gaps” exercise that makes the user choose the correct word for each gap from a list in a

table. Exercise 4 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise that shows different

Illustration 1: Workbook first page


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role aircraft pictures and a vocabulary table with their corresponding terms. Exercise 5

is specially designed for the understanding of the different meanings that the word

“airborne” has. Finally, exercise 6 asks the user to associate the different parts of an

aircraft in a single picture to their corresponding terms from a list. The aircraft outline

chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 1 is the Wright Flyer, as the first engine

powered flying machine.

5.1.2. Unit 2

The topic of this unit is the military air base. This unit starts with a reading article about

living conditions, advantages, critics and purpose of a Forward Operating Base (Wong &

Gerras, 2006, pp. 1-2). After the article, a reading review exercise, in a true or false

format, is proposed. On the same page are shown the thematic vocabulary clusters

related with: types of air bases, facilities found in an air base (specifically in an air force

academy base), security measures and aircraft operations area terminology.

On the next page, three vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a simple

“complete the gaps” exercise about different air base levels. Exercise 3 is a “choose the

correct word” exercise about air base facilities and security means. Exercise 4 is a “match

the words and the pictures” exercise about the different facilities found in an air force

Illustration 2: Unit 2 thematic clusters capture


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academy. On the next page, Listening 2 exercise is proposed. This time, the media file is

a video podcast retrieved from iTunes podcast section: Around the Air Force. This video

explains why Joint Base Andrews was awarded with an important distinction in the USAF

(United States Air Force). Below, on the same page, there is a special section dedicated

to all facilities and special surfaces that integrate the Aircraft Operation Area. This

section is a “match each word to the referenced picture” exercise that may be

completed by using the glossary. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page

number in Unit 2 is the Bucker 131 Jungmann, in service in the Spanish Air Force for over

50 years.

5.1.3. Unit 3

The Unit topic this time is organization and administration terminology. Unit 3 starts

with a reading proposal about the advantages and disadvantages of conducting joint

operations (Vego, 2008, p. 113). After the article, on the next page, the reading review

exercise consists of five short questions. Below, following the same familiar structure,

thematic clusters about hierarchic structure and different military commands in an air

force, allied publications and organizational actions are shown. On the next page, there

are three vocabulary exercises proposed. Exercise 2 is a “complete the gaps” exercise

about an air force organization. Exercise 3 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about

organizational status or actions. Last, Exercise 4 is an exercise that compares and asks

the user to match the NATO standard command levels and their corresponding

authorities and locations in Europe. Users may need to help themselves with the

glossary and consulting the NATO official webpage. On the next page, a vocabulary

exercise is proposed to understand the exact meaning and purpose of different NATO

official publications. Below, the listening exercise includes five short questions about

“Commanding the NATO Response Force” podcast, from NATO Channel. The aircraft

outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 3 is the Douglas Douglas C-47

Dakota, an extremely successful transport aircraft, in service in Spain until 1978.


21

5.1.4. Unit 4

Unit 4 focuses on military personnel. The article proposed for reading is a speech from

Lt. Col. Tim Collins (Collins, 2008), in the Iraq war, encouraging his troops and reminding

them how they must behave. On the next page, it is proposed, in a true/false format,

the reading review exercise. Below are presented the thematic clusters in this unit: core

values, parts and types of uniforms, and rank scales. On the next page, the first two

vocabulary exercises are proposed. Exercise 2 is a “match the words and the pictures”

exercise about military uniforms and parts of them. Exercise 3 is designed to learn the

exact meaning and translation into Spanish of the military core values. On the next page,

Exercise 4 is the last vocabulary exercise in this unit. It is a “complete the gaps” exercise

about different administrative situations. Next exercise on this page is the listening

exercise. The audio file selected is “Medal of Honor in Iraq”, from the Military History

Podcast from iTunes. This recording tells the story of one of the last recipients of the

Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration. Finally, there is a brief table to know

the simplest drill movements and orders in English. The aircraft outline chosen to

decorate the page number in Unit 4 is the Hispano Aviación Saeta 01, as it is the first

Spanish jet aircraft.

5.1.5. Unit 5

This unit focuses on maintenance and principal aircraft systems. As usual, on the first

page of this unit there is a reading proposal. This time it is an article from NATO Skywatch

magazine about daily work at NAEW E-3A Component flightline (NAEW E-3A

Component, 2013). On the next page, the reading review exercise consists of five short

Illustration 3: cutout from NATO Skywatch magazine article


22

answer questions. Below, thematic clusters are presented with the following

classifications: flight line operations, documents, maintenance, staff, ground support

equipment and protection. On the next page, two vocabulary exercises are proposed.

Exercise 2 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about flighline operations, documents

and aircraft systems. Exercise 3 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about

ground support equipment and safety and protection equipment. On the next page, a

vocabulary exercise is proposed and two listening exercises complete the content of this

unit. Exercise 4 is especially dedicated to learn the exact meaning that some terms have

in aviation Technical Orders. Both media files chosen for the listening are video

podcasts: “Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson” video, courtesy of 345th Public Affairs

Detachment and “This is Who We Are: Crew Chiefs of RED FLAG – Alaska”, by TSgt

Miguel Lara, both retrieved from (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.). The aircraft outline

chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 5 is the CASA C-101, the aircraft flown by

the Spanish Patrulla Águila.

5.1.6. Unit 6

Unit 6 focuses on combat air operations and fighter jets. The article proposed, Five

Generations of Fighter Aircraft (Air Power Development Centre, 2012), describes the

performance and features of each fighter generation developed since the first one in

Illustration 4: Unit 6 Vocabulary Exercise 2


23

the forties. On the next page, the reading review exercise consists of six true or false

statements. Below the reading review exercise, thematic clusters are presented based

on the following classifications: air operations doctrine, types of missions, weapons and

specific fighter jet components. On the next page, vocabulary Exercise 2 is a “match each

word to the referenced picture” exercise. Parts commonly found in a fighter jet are listed

in a table and referenced in a Eurofighter picture and cutaway. On the last page of this

unit, there are two additional vocabulary exercises, the first one is in “choose the correct

word” format, and the second one in “complete the gaps” format. Both exercises use

random terms from all the thematic clusters in this unit. Finally, the video Joint Strike F-

35, retrieved from (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.), is the proposed listening exercise.

This video introduced this fifth generation fighter jet and shows the personnel involved

in the development of its maintenance and operation manuals. The aircraft outline

chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 6 is the Eurofighter Typhoon, the most

advanced fighter in Spanish Air Force.

5.1.7. Unit 7

This Unit is the first part of the collection of the vocabulary appearing in the Air Support

context. The article chosen is an essay from former Spanish Air Force Chief of Staff (Vega,

2005, pp. 3-4). On the next page, a reading review exercise with six short answer

questions is presented. Below, the thematic clusters introduce a general classification

of Air Support and some important vocabulary of the first three subdivisions; Air

Transport, Airdrops and Electronic Warfare. On the next page, two vocabulary exercises

are proposed. Exercise 2 is a “match the words and the pictures” exercise about aircraft

parts. Exercise 3 is a “choose the correct word” exercise about airdrop and air transport

terms. On the next page, last vocabulary exercise in this unit, in a “match term and

Illustration 5: Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan captured

picture


24

definition” format, aims to show the user the slight differences in Electronic Warfare

terminology. Finally, two listening comprehension texts in video format are included.

The first video is Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan retrieved from NATO

Channel in iTunes podcast section; this video summarizes the NATO E-3A mission

accomplished in Afghanistan as it returns to the base in Geilenkirchen (Germany). The

second one, Air Force Report: NATO Jump (U.S. DoD or Federal Agency, n.d.), reports

about the International Jump Week, a combined exercise which took place in the United

States. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 7 is the autogiro

La Cierva C-30; a replica of this aircraft was built in 1998 in Maestranza de Albacete

depot.

5.1.8. Unit 8

Unit 8 is the second part of the Air Support terminology collection. As usual, the unit

begins with an article proposed for reading. On this occasion, the article is a fragment

from Saving lives: a look at some of the unit’s missions (Cherisey, 2014, p. 40). This article

describes the outstanding performance of the Spanish HELISAF Detachment in

Afghanistan to fulfill their critical mission, saving lives. On the next page, the reading

review exercise consists of five true or false statements this time. Below, the thematic

clusters in unit 8 include some terminology about Special Air Operations (SAO) and

Personnel Recovery (PR); additionally, there is a special thematic cluster about rotatory

wing aircraft, due to the relationship of these aircraft with SAO and PR operations. On

Illustration 6: Unit 8 Vocabulary Exercise 4


25

the next page, there are two vocabulary exercises. Exercise 2, in a “complete the gaps”

format, and Exercise 3 in a “choose the correct word” format, both ask the user to

complete them by using any term from the clusters presented in this unit. On the next

page, there is a last “match the words and the pictures” exercise specifically for parts of

rotatory wing aircraft. There are two videos available for listening exercises in this unit:

Angel Thunder and Around the Air Force Jun. 13, both retrieved from (U.S. DoD or

Federal Agency, n.d.), and both about different military exercises related to the PR

matter. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 8 is the CASA

C-212 Aviocar, the greatest success in Spanish aeronautical industry ever.

5.1.9. Unit 9

The terminology in the last unit is focused on Air Traffic Management. The article

proposed is Making the Single European Sky (SES) a reality (Asociation of European

Airlines, 2014). It is about the benefits of the European Single Sky, the difficulties found

to implement it and the real status at this moment. The reading review is in a true/false

format. Below, the thematic clusters present group terms about Air Traffic

Management, the different flight parameter settings, standardized words and phrases

in aeronautical communication and basic weather phenomena. On the next page,

Exercise 2 is a vocabulary exercise in a “choose the correct word” format. Exercise 3 is a

“complete the gaps” exercise that shows uncompleted ATC/pilots conversations and

need to be completed with a standard communication term from a table. On the next

page, there is a “match each word to the referenced picture” exercise dedicated to flight

instruments. Air Traffic Controller is the final video file proposed for listening practice.

This video, retrieved from Around the Air Force podcast in iTunes, shows the regular

stations in a control tower and what characteristics are valuable in an Air Traffic

Controller. The aircraft outline chosen to decorate the page number in Unit 9 is the

Airbus 310, last VIP transport aircraft purchased by the Spanish Air Force.

Illustration 7: Airbus 310 outline


26


27

5.2. Aeronautical & Military English Workbook

Aeronautical

& Military

English

Workbook

ii

Index

UNIT 1 WHEN IT ALL STARTED ...................................................................................1

Reading review ........................................................................................2 Thematic clusters ....................................................................................2

Listening 1 .............................................................................................3 Vocabulary exercises ............................................................................3

UNIT 2 WELCOME TO YOUR AIR BASE .......................................................................5

Reading review ........................................................................................6 Thematic clusters ....................................................................................6

Vocabulary exercises ............................................................................7 Listening 2 .............................................................................................8

Aircraft operations area ...........................................................................8 Airside and landside areas & facilities ..................................................8

UNIT 3 ORGANIZATION AND PUBLICATIONS .................................................................9

Reading review ..................................................................................... 10 Thematic clusters ................................................................................. 10

Vocabulary exercises ......................................................................... 11 Listening 3 .......................................................................................... 12

UNIT 4 SOLDIERS .................................................................................................. 13

Reading review ..................................................................................... 14 thematic clusters ................................................................................... 14


Drill basics ............................................................................................ 16 UNIT 5 FLIGHTLINE ................................................................................................ 17

Reading review ..................................................................................... 18 Thematic clusters ................................................................................. 18


iii

UNIT 6 COMBAT .............................................................................................. 21

Reading review ..................................................................................... 22 Thematic clusters .................................................................................. 22


UNIT 7 SUPPORTING AIR OPERATIONS I ................................................................. 25



UNIT 8 SUPPORTING AIR OPERATIONS II ................................................................ 29



UNIT 9 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 33



REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 38

1

1

1 Pictures from left to right: Farman biplane (SDASM Archives), Antoinette VII, Hubert Latham, Images from the Library of Congress, Bleriot biplane (SDASM Archives). Background picture: “Cuatro Vientos” first tower Wikimedia Commons.

UNIT 1

Unit 1 ▪ When it all started 2

NOTE: Note the words in bold from the text (airplane, biplane and monoplane), look up its definitions in the annexed glossary if necessary. Notice that aircraft is the most general concept in the aeronautical technical lexicon referring to a flying machine. An aeroplane/airplane (US) is a defined type of aircraft, followed by monoplanes and biplanes which are types of aeroplanes.

Propulsion classification - Unpowered aircraft

- Powered aircraft

propeller

jet propulsion

rocket

anti-submarine

attack

bomber

command and control

cruise missile

rescue

tanker

transport

target tug

electronic warfare

fighter

gunship

multi-role fighter

reconnaissance

INTERNATIONAL LAW

State aircraft: For exclusively non-commercial government functions.

military aircraft: Operated by the armed forces of a State and subject to their regular discipline.

civilian aircraft: Other than military or State aircraft.

1 Todd Lappin, Telst ar Log ist ics

1. Answer the following questions about the text. 1.1. According to the text, what is the structural difference between Farman’s airplane and the

others? 1.2. Which pilot from the text stood out for his braveness? 1.3. What problem was solved in Bleriot’s monoplane enabling a military usefulness

consideration? How?

MILITARY AIRCRAFT ROLES

- L O O K U P D E F I N I T I O N S I N T H E G L O S S A R Y I F Y O U A R E N O T F A M I L I A R W I T H T H E S E T E R M S .

aircraftflying machine

aerostatlighter than air

balloon airship

aerodyneheavier than air

fixed-wing rotary-wing

lifting body

balloon

glider


anti-submarine…

attack…

bomber…

command and control…

cruise missile…

electronic warfare…

fighter…

gunship…

multi-role fighter…

rescue…

tanker…

transport…

reconnaissance…

Listening 1

2. Listen to “The Early Years” podcast from the National Museum of the USAF and answer the following questions: 2.1. What characteristics were evaluated

on the pre-purchase test for Wright brothers’ airplane?

2.2. What proofs are shown at the Museum about Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge’s dead?

2.3. What was the second seat on the Curtiss’ pusher for?

2.4. What type of airplane was Louis Bleriot’s design?

2.5. What did he manage to do with it?

Vocabulary exercises 3. Complete the sentences using these

words.

military aircraft jet propulsion gliders

reconnaissance target tugs propeller

lifting body rotary-wing aerostats

rocket fixed wing

3.1. Before aeroplanes, …………….. were used by military forces, specifically for ……………………. missions.

3.2. Autogyro, invented by Juan de la Cierva, is a ………………… aircraft that has an engine-powered …………… to provide thrust.

3.3. A ……………….…. aircraft doesn’t need wings since its fuselage shape itself produces sufficient lift to fly.

3.4. Space ships use ………....... engines because there is no dependence in external substances to run them.

3.5. ……………… usually need to be towed behind a powered aircraft to take off and reach the desired altitude.

3.6. F-18 is a …………………. powered aircraft and has a ………………….. configuration.

3.7. Any ……………………… must bear its markings in a visible place and be commanded by a member of the armed forces it belongs to.

3.8. Combat pilots in training shoot their gun or missiles against a target towed by …………………….

4. Match each of the following military aircraft roles and photos.

Courtesy of US Air Force

4

Courtesy of US Air Force

11

Courtesy of Dave_S

13


5. Observe the word airborne. As a military term it has four different meanings as stated in (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). Match each meaning with the correct example.

- 1. “In relation to personnel, troops especially trained to effect, following transport by air, an assault debarkation, either by parachuting or touchdown.”

- 2. “In relation to equipment, pieces of equipment that have been especially designed for use by airborne troops during or after an assault debarkation as well as some aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a particular mission.”

- 3. “When applied to materiel, items that form an integral part of the aircraft.” - 4. “The state of an aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so

sustained. Also called ABN.” 5.1. ………..Mirlo 01, cleared for take-off, runway 23, wind calm, contact tower when airborne. 5.2. ………..Airborne radars take advantage of height to cover further ranges than ground bases

ones. 5.3. ………..First commander of the 101st Airborne Division was Major General William C. Lee. 5.4. ………..For HAHO (High altitude High Opening) airdrop, each paratrooper carries an

airborne oxygen system to be able to breath during navigation.

6. Label the following picture with the nouns of the simplest parts of an airplane. Use these words.

wing landing gear propeller aileron vertical stabilizer rudder horizontal stabilizer fuselage elevator piston engine

1.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

3.

2.

4.

5

2 FSB Herat

Welcome to your Air Base

“FOBs1 have become places where many of the stresses, frustrations, and discomforts commonly thought endemic in the combat soldier’s life are mitigated. On a FOB, soldiers can renew their fighting spirit and also find a psychological escape from the rigors of battle. In addition to being a base for launching tactical operations, FOBs have become refuges from danger, places of renewal for physical needs, a respite from the mental stresses of battle, and finally, a means for soldiers to stay connected with the world outside Iraq. Of course, some critics may decry the FOB concept. They point out that the reliance on FOBs prevents soldiers from integrating into the local populace and reflects a bunker mentality. According to this view, a better approach would be to spread troops out in smaller outposts throughout neighborhoods. Two points are important concerning this criticism. First, the goal of U.S. forces in OIF2 is to hand the counterinsurgency over to Iraqi forces. The Iraqi army and police are the primary forces working to gain the trust of the local population, not the U.S. military. Second, FOBs do not eliminate the potential use of combat outposts for specific purposes. Units can leave the FOB for periods of time to conduct operations, liaison with coalition forces, or work with a particular neighborhood. The key is that the FOB allows regeneration of combat effectiveness without leaving the battlefield.

Of course, most wars have had rear areas, base camps, or firebases from which soldiers would come and go to wage war. Today’s FOBs are unique, however, for three reasons. First, the disparity between the environment inside and outside the wire is much more pronounced than experienced with forward bases in past wars. The FOBs are, as one Army general put it, “little oases in the middle of a dangerous and confusing world.”3 Second, the FOBs are situated literally on the battlefields of Iraq. They are where combat soldiers actually live, not just visit for a few days of R&R. Finally, while rear areas in the past have afforded soldiers amenities and safety, only today are forward deployed combat soldiers in daily, or even minute-to-minute, contact with their families. FOBs and evolving technology provide that novel capability.” (Wong & Gerras, 2006, pp. 1-2)

1 Forward Operating Base 2 Operation Iraqi Freedom 3 Brigadier General Karl Horst in David Zuccino, “The Conflict in Iraq; Comforts of Home Amid Perils of Iraq” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 2005, p.A1.

UNIT 2

Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base 6

MILITARY SLANG: Note the phrase in 2nd para. line 3: “inside and outside the wire”. Being or going inside/outside the wire means you are in or out of the safety zone of a base. The word wire refers to commonly used barbed, razor or concertina wires to set up the security perimeter of a base. However, this phrase is used independently of the type of barrier (wire, a wall, a dike) that surrounds the base.

Note: to be confined to barracks is an expression that means being arrested for a minor breach of discipline.

1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. 1.1. At FOBs, soldiers feel safe, relaxed and isolated from any news outside the battlefield that

might distract them from combat. True/False 1.2. According to the author, U.S. military primary mission is to achieve a higher level of

confidence from the Iraqi people than the local Army has achieved. True/False 1.3. According to the author, the establishment of combat outposts does not solely depend on the

existence of an FOB in the field. True/False 1.4. In past wars, soldiers could hardly get in touch with their loved ones, new technologies have

helped to solve this communication problem. True/False

- L O O K U P D E F I N I T I O N S I N T H E G L O S S A R Y I F Y O U A R E N O T F A M I L I A R W I T H T H E S E T E R M S .

Sorted by base size and support facilities availability

Bare base

Staging base

Main Operating Base (MOB)

Forward Operating Base (FOB)

Commonly found on an air base

barracks

motor pool

command section building

flag pole

hospital

lodging (officers, cadets, airmen)

mess

parking lot

power plant

sports area

athletics track

gym

soccer pitch

at the Academy

classrooms

dean of academics building

parade ground

Securitybase cluster

base defensebase defense

forcesbase defense

zonebase boundary

concertina wirefence

guard buildingmain gate

alert conditionlevel of threat

Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base

7

Vocabulary exercises 2. Complete the following sentences

using the words below.

2.1. Manas air base served as a ……....... …………… for the Spanish Air Force soldiers, as the last stop on their travel to Herat AB in Afghanistan.

2.2. Once the area is secured, next step for establishing ……………... is finding a sustained supply of water and fuel.

2.3. NATO E3-A AWACS has its …………. …………….. located in Geilenkirchen (Germany). More than 3,000 soldiers are permanently stationed there giving full support to 17 aircraft.

3. Choose the correct term from the options given in each sentence. 3.1. Several close enough bases can be

grouped in a boundary/cluster to improve mutual protection and command and control integration.

3.2. Any inbound unidentified aircraft approaching the base defense zone/force will be shot down immediately.

3.3. Alert condition/level of threat is frequently communicated using a normalized code that everyone at the base must know and comply with.

3.4. Using concertina wire/mess is the quickest way to set up a perimeter preventing access to it.

3.5. That fence marks the parade ground/base boundary. You are allowed to walk in or out only through the main gate.

3.6. Decisions concerning the daily cadet schedule are normally made at the dean of academics/command section building.

3.7. 2nd Lieutenant Eason was confined to barracks/lodgings for 6 days because he had disobeyed Sgt. Perkins’s order.

4. Match each of the following terms and photos.

barracks… flag pole… hospital… motor pool… mess… parade ground… obstacle course…

parking lot… power plant… athletics track… Dean of Academics building… Command Section building… main gate… soccer pitch…

staging base main operating base bare base

6

11

Unit 2 ▪ Welcome to your Air Base 8

11

1

9 10

3 2

8

7

5

4 6

12

3 Torrejón Air Base

Listening 2 5. Watch “Around the Air Force: Joint Base Andrews” podcast and answer the following

questions: 5.1. What has recently been evaluated at Joint Base (JB) Andrews? 5.2. Which is the most important feature that makes JB Andrews deserve its new distinction? 5.3. What award category does this distinction belong to? 5.4. Which is the essential measure of success? 5.5. Can this success be attributed only to the Air Force? If not, to whom can it be attributed?

Airside and landside areas & facilities

6. Try to find the term corresponding to each number on the picture above from the list below. Use the glossary if necessary.

control tower… displaced threshold… aircraft arresting system… runway…

service point… runway exit… intermediate area… holding point…

apron… taxiway… runway overrun… landside facilities…

alert aircraft parking/pad… high-speed taxiway turnoff… aircraft arresting cable…

Courtesy of U.S. Air Force

13 Courtesy of U.S. Navy

14 Courtesy of U.S. Air Force Courtesy of U.S. Air Force 15 16

Courtesy of U.S. Air Force

NOTE: The word joint or multi-Service is used in the military environment for organizations, operations or exercises in which two or more different military departments or Services, e.g. Air Force, Navy, etc., belonging to the same nation, participate (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). Joint bases are generally led by one Department or Service, in this case, the U.S. Air Force. In a joint base there is always a host unit (11th Wing of the U.S.A.F. in JB Andrews), which is the major unit on base providing services to the tenants, which are units from other Departments or Services (several Navy, Air Force and Army units in JB Andrews). Torrejón Air Base is an example of a joint base in the Spanish Department of Defense.

Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications 9

Organization and publications

“Why Joint? Principal advantages of major joint operations include complementary capabilities, greater flexibility and, hence, a greater number of options in the employment of subordinate forces, and the exploitation of enemy vulnerabilities by employing one’s forces asymmetrically. A joint force allows the operational commander to pose multidimensional threats to the enemy. The enemy will also have a much greater problem countering the capabilities of multi-Service rather than single-Service forces. One of the principal advantages in having multi-Service forces is the commander’s flexibility in employing these forces asymmetrically (for example, land versus air, or sea versus land). Hence, it is possible to use one’s strengths against the enemy’s weaknesses more effectively or to prevent the enemy from exploiting one’s own weaknesses. The operational commander also has far more freedom of action in employing multi-Service forces than in using the forces of a single Service.

A symmetric employment of forces often requires substantial numerical superiority and/or much more advanced weapons to achieve success and minimize friendly losses or casualties. In contrast, the employment of dissimilar forces can be extremely lethal, especially if the forces attacked are not ready to defend themselves against the threat. Joint forces provide a wider range of operational and tactical options, which pose multiple, complex problems for an enemy.1 Multiple Service capabilities allow an innovative operational commander to combine capabilities, tactics, techniques, and procedures in asymmetrical as well as symmetrical ways, synchronized to produce a cumulative effect greater than the sum of its parts. Among the disadvantages of joint forces are differences in ways of warfare, decision-making and planning processes, and doctrine, as well as parochialism and a lack of interoperability and agreed operational terms. Another major difficulty is usually the lack of common logistical support and sustainment. The planning, preparation, and execution of joint operations are more complex than for predominantly single-Service operations because of the need to sequence and synchronize the movements and actions of disparate force elements.

Sound command and control can be especially challenging. 2 ”

(Vego, 2008, p. 113)

1 Michael C. Vitale, Jointness by Design, Not Accident,” Joint Force 9 (Autumn 1995), 27 2 Ibid.

UNIT 3


Reading review

1. Answer the following questions about the text. 1.1. What does phrase in 4th line: “…pose multidimensional threats to the enemy…” mean? 1.2. Give three examples of symmetric employment of forces. 1.3. Find the phrase in second paragraph which best matches the meaning of the word synergy. 1.4. Can we infer from the text that having a specific logistical support for each individual Service

would be the best way to conduct joint force operations? 1.5. Which kind of operation planning and preparation phase seems to last longer, joint or single-

Service operations? Why?

Thematic clusters

Headquarters•Staff•Chief of Staff•Division•Branch

Major Command•Commander•Deputy Commander

Numbered Air Force•Air Base Wing•Wing

Wing

Command Post Group

SquadronFlight Section

Publications

DOCUMENTS

- Allied joint publication - Allied publication - Capstone publication - Joint operational guidelines - Keystone publication - Normative document - STANAG (NATO

standardization agreement)

ACTIONS WITH RESPECT TO DOCUMENTS - Amendment - Implementation - Ratification - Reservation - Review - Revision - Standardization

Terminology and procedures for organization actions

•Constitute•Disband•Reconstitute•Activate•Inactivate•Designate•Assign•Attach

Unit 3 ▪ Organization and publications

11


using the words below.

Headquarters wings Deputy Commander Air Base Wing branches Chief of Staff Staff

2.1. Since Coronel Stack was deployed to Irak last week, his ……………………., Lt. Col. Harper, is going to be in command until Stack returns to base.

2.2. Our Logistics Division is divided into several ……………. which distribute the division’s mission and workload in equal parts.

2.3. The Spanish Air Force …………….. is placed in the district of Moncloa, in Madrid city.

2.4. ……………....... of the Air Force is the group that supports and assists the Air Force ………………………… in the decision making process at strategic level.

2.5. Torrejón ………………….. mission with respect to the different units and ………… allocated on base, is to give general support and provide security to personnel and facilities.

3. Complete the following sentences

retrieved from (Aviation WikiProject, 2014) Note that these sentences have been retrieved with vocabulary learning purpose and their truthfulness has not been verified. Choose one word from the two options given. 3.1. The 509th Composite Group was

constituted/standardized on 9 December 1944, and disbanded/activated on 17 December 1944, at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah.

3.2. With flying squadrons of both Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers and transport aircraft, the group was attached/designated as a "composite" rather than a "bombardment" unit.

3.3. The group was assigned/reconstituted to the 313th Bombardment Wing, whose four groups had been flying missions against Japan since mid-February.

3.4. The 509th Composite Group, Medium, was inactivated/amended on the 16th of June 1952.

4. Match the following types of command to the examples on the right.

Full Command

Operational Command

Operational Control

Tactical Command

Tactical Control

Administrative Control

Functional Command

1. CAOC Torrejón

2. Spanish Air Force (SPAF) Command and Control System

3. Allied Air Command (CC Air), Ramstein

4. SPAF Personnel Major Command

5. Joint Force Command (JFC), Brunsum

6. Allied Command Operations (ACO), Mons

7. SPAF Department of Defense


REMARK: The word combined is used in the military environment for organizations, operations or exercises in which two or more forces from different allied nations participate. Nevertheless, NATO does not usually use the word combined when all nations participating in the organization, operation or exercise are NATO members, unless there is any non-NATO member invited or collaborating in such event. For example, the Joint Force Command Brunssum is called Joint because it commands forces from different Services, but the word combined is not used in its designation because it commands forces that only belong to NATO.

5. Match the following types of documents or actions with respect to documents to their definitions and commonly known Spanish translations.

Allied Joint Publication

- “A normative document, recording an agreement among several or all NATO member nations, that has been ratified at the authorized national level, to implement a standard, in whole or part, with or without reservation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

enmienda

ratification - “A minor change that has no significant impact on the use made by the interested parties of an AJP.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

STANAG

joint operational guidelines

- “In NATO Standardization, a formal statement by which a member nation describes the part of a standard or standardization agreement that it will not implement or will implement only with limitations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

reserva

STANAG - “In NATO standardization, the formal declaration by which a NATO member nation confirms its consent, with or without reservation, to be committed to a NATO standardization agreement.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

directrices operativas conjuntas

amendment - “A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in order to meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

AJP

reservation - “An Allied publication containing doctrine applicable to NATO and NATO-led operations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

ratificación

Listening 3 6. Watch “Commanding the NATO Response Force” podcast from NATO Channel and

answer the following questions: 6.1. What are NATO officers commanding at the temporary military headquarters? 6.2. What happens at the Joint Operation Center? 6.3. When is Allied Joint Force Command going to take command of the NATO’s High Readiness

Response Force? 6.4. What does General Hans-Lothar Domröse have to demonstrate in this exercise? 6.5. What nations are taking part in this exercise?

Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers

13

UNIT 4

Soldiers

“We go to liberate, not to conquer. We will not fly our flags in their country. We are entering Iraq to free a people and the only flag which will be flown in that ancient land is their own. Show respect for them.

There are some who are alive at this moment who will not be alive shortly. Those who do not wish to go on that journey, we will not send. As for the others, I expect you to rock their world. Wipe them out if that is what they choose. But if you are ferocious in battle remember to be magnanimous in victory. Iraq is steeped in history. It is the site of the Garden of Eden, of the Great Flood and the birthplace of Abraham. Tread lightly there. You will see things that no man could pay to see and you will have to go a long way to find a more decent, generous and upright people than the Iraqis. You will be embarrassed by their hospitality even though they have nothing. Don't treat them as refugees for they are in their own country. Their children will be poor, in years to come they will know that the light of liberation in their lives was brought by you. If there are casualties of war then remember that when they woke up and got dressed in the morning they did not plan to die this day. Allow them dignity in death. Bury them properly and mark their graves.

It is my foremost intention to bring every single one of you out alive. But there may be people among us who will not see the end of this campaign. We will put them in their sleeping bags and send them back. There will be no time for sorrow. The enemy should be in no doubt that we are his nemesis and that we are bringing about his rightful destruction. There are many regional commanders who have stains on their souls and they are stoking the fires of hell for Saddam. He and his forces will be destroyed by this coalition for what they have done. As they die they will know their deeds have brought them to this place. Show them no pity.

It is a big step to take another human life. It is not to be done lightly. I know of men who have taken life needlessly in other conflicts. I can assure you they live with the mark of Cain upon them. If someone surrenders to you then remember they have that right in international law and ensure that one day they go home to their family. The ones who wish to fight, well, we aim to please. If you harm the regiment or its history by over-enthusiasm in killing or in cowardice, know it is your family who will suffer. You will be shunned unless your conduct is of the highest -- for your deeds will follow you down through history. We will bring shame on neither our uniform or our nation.

(On Saddam's chemical and biological weapons.)

It is not a question of if, it's a question of when. We know he has already devolved the decision to lower commanders, and that means he has already taken the decision himself. If we survive the first strike we will survive the attack. As for ourselves, let's bring everyone home and leave Iraq a better place for us having been there. Our business now is north.”

Lt. Col. Tim Collins’s speech (Collins, 2008)

Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 14

Reading review

1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false. 1.1. Whoever they face during the invasion, regardless of their intentions, must be annihilated.

True/False 1.2. Iraq is a country of great historical value and its people are unselfish and honorable.

True/False 1.3. Most of regional commanders are against Saddam’s government and they are willing to join

the liberation forces. True/False 1.4. Soldiers not being respectful with international law will dishonor their unit. True/False 1.5. Chemical and biological weapons attacks against coalition forces are expected. True/False

thematic clusters

Core values

IntegrityDiscipline

Loyalty

Responsibility

Valor

Companionship

ObedienceOath of Service

Duty

Selflessness

Sacrifice

Leadership

Morale

UNIFORMS

Types of uniforms

battledress uniform, fatigues (US)

mess dress

full dress uniform

blues uniform

flight duty uniform

Parts of the uniform

aiguillette

badge

epaulette

beret

garrison cap/side cap

medal

peaked cap

service ribbon

Sam Brownie belt

brassard

commisioned officer

warrant officer

non-commisioned officer

enlisted personnel/other ranks

subo

rdin

ate

Airmen

Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers

15

mess dress…

full dress uniform…

blues uniform…

flight duty uniform…

battle dress uniform…

Sam Brownie belt…

aiguillette…

peaked cup…

epaulette…

service ribbon…

garrison cap…

medal…

badge…

brassard…

beret…

NOTE: The word airman is used as the lowest rank in an air force. Additionally, airman is used when referring to any member of an air force, i.e., as a general word for every military personnel of an air force (for example: both a Colonel and a Master Sergeant are airmen).The same happens with the word soldier, it refers to any member of an army, of any rank. However, the lowest rank in the army is not a “Soldier”, it is called private.

Vocabulary exercises 2. Match each of the following military

uniforms or parts of uniforms with each picture. - L O O K U P D E F I N I T I O N S I N T H E G L O S S A R Y I F Y O U A R E

N O T F A M I L I A R W I T H T H E S E T E R M S

3. Match each of the following core values with the corresponding definition and Spanish translation:

- “The state, fact, or an instance of obeying, or a willingness to obey; submission.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “Having someone you know and like with you, instead of being on your own.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- 1. Control which an army has over its soldiers’ behavior. 2. Rules and regulations which maintain control. 3. Self-control. (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “The act of giving up, destroying, permitting injury to, or forgoing something valued for the sake of something having a more pressing claim.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “1. Conduct based on moral or legal obligation, or a sense of propriety. 2. A sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. military service.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “Devoted to others' welfare or interests and not one's own; unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to endure hardship, etc. within a group, in relation to a group, or within an individual.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “Marked courage or bravery” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- “A solemn promise of loyalty and obedience made by people when joining the armed forces. (Bowyer, 2004)

- “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

4.1. Discipline 4.2. Companionship 4.3. Valor 4.4. Selflessness 4.5. Oath of Service

1.1. Morale 1.2. Integrity 1.3. Obedience 1.4. Sacrifice 1.5. Duty

o Moral o Abnegación o Disciplina o Jura de Bandera o Sacrificio

o Valor o Compañerismo o Deber o Integridad o Obediencia

Unit 4 ▪ Soldiers 16

4. Complete the sentences below with the phrases from above: 4.1. After completing the mandatory time

on …………….. in his first assignment, he applied for an overseas vacancy in Japan.

4.2. He …….. …… ………. when the security incident occurred. His experience helped to resolve the situation.

4.3. Our manpower is severely reduced in August due to those who …….. ….. ………….

4.4. After being eighteen, Spanish young males were ………. ….. to comply with their mandatory military service.

4.5. Once I completed my boot camp training I …….. ………… ….. Torrejón Air Base.

Listening 4 5. Listen to “Medal of Honor in Iraq”

podcast from Military History Podcast and complete the following sentences: 5.1. …and Jason Dunham, who has not

received this medal yet, but ………………………. as of November 10th 2006.

5.2. …for the United States in the 1940’s, these are the only ………………………………..

5.3. …probably due to the fact that the fighting is focused more on ……………….……………. rather than long …………………………………….

5.4. …a Sergeant 1st Class, which is one step above the ………………. rank and one step below the …………………………….

5.5. Paul Smith and other 100 members of the Engineer Battalion ………………………….. the highway between Bagdad…

5.6. One of Smith’s sixteen men of 1st Platoon ………………........... enemy soldiers massing in the ………………………………

5.7. This is part of the reason why Smith …………………. and the compound, because the ………………………. to fend off an attack.

5.8. Two years after his actions, on April 5th 2005, Paul Ray Smith was ………………………. the Medal of Honor by George W. Bush.

Drill basics Terms in English Equivalente en Español drill instrucción, IOC to stand at attention permanecer en posición de firmes to march desfilar parade acto o desfile Preparatory Command Command of

Execution Voz Preventiva Voz Ejecutiva

at ease a discreción parade rest descanso mar forward march de frente mar flight halt alto mar to the rear (marching) march media vuelta (desfilando) mar left/right flank (marching) march derecha/izquierda (desfilando) mar fall in alinearse mar dismissed rompan filas mar

Situations Station

Call-up

To be on leave

To be posted to

To be assigned

To be on/off duty

Unit 5 ▪ Flightline 17

UNIT 5

Flightline


Operations•start-up, engine run, engine shutdown•push-back, to tow, to marshal•deice

Maintenance•Inspections

•Preflight, nondestructive, periodic •Overhaul•Cannibalization

Documents•Certificate of Airworthiness, 781 Series Forms, •Technical Order (TO)

•Warning, Caution, Note•Shall, Will, Should, May

electrical system hydaraulic supply system fuel system landing gear system flight controls bleed air system cooling system power plant airframe anti-icer system oxygen system avionics system communication and

navigation system

Aircraft systems

1. Answer the following questions about the text (NAEW E-3A Component, 2013). 1.1. In accordance with Senior Master Sgt. Welling, what is the main problem they have at the

flightline? 1.2. How many crew chiefs would be needed in the event that the whole fleet had to be

launched simultaneously? 1.3. What does Mr. Welling mean in the phrase “the stretch is gone”? How do they overcome

the actual manpower problem? 1.4. What is an additional problem when winter comes? What solution does Mr. Welling suggest

to cut back the problem? 1.5. How long does it take to get a fully qualified crew chief from training program?

ground support equipment

jack

deicer system

bowser

refueling hose

towbar

boarding steps

Ground Power Unit (GPU)

baggage cart

Air Start Unit (ASU)

tool kit

safety & protection Foreign Object Damage (FOD)

cover

plug

chock

ear defenders, acoustic earmuffs

earplugs

fire extinguisher

safety lock/pin

staff crewchief

Flightline

area


Vocabulary exercises 2. Choose the correct term from the

options given in each sentence. 2.1. In accordance with the Technical

Order (TO), an overhaul/engine run must be carried out after a fuel filter replacement.

2.2. Be careful! The equipment might become completely destroyed if you do not meet this warning/caution clause.

2.3. No aircraft is allowed to fly in the Spanish airspace without its Certificate of Airworthiness/ Technical Order in force.

2.4. NATO E-3A AWACS airframe/ bowser was developed from the original Boeing 707 passenger aircraft.

2.5. A minimum team of two people is needed to tow/deice an aircraft. One truck driver and someone else inside the cockpit for emergency brake.

2.6. Pilot – Start-up procedure is completed, we are ready for preflight inspection/push-back. Crewchief – Copy, the tow vehicle just finished at spot 7 and is on its way to you.

2.7. Foreign Object Damage/ Cannibalization procedure establishes that toolkits must be thoroughly controlled. Any missing tool may cause unpredictable hazards or even mortal accidents.

2.8. Hydraulic supply system/bleed air system in a pressurized cabin aircraft is used to maintain a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and flight crews.

2.9. Pilots and crew chiefs use standardized marshalling/warning hand signals to allow communication in the noisy apron of any international airport.

2.10. Pilot – Freezing weather is expected 5 miles ahead, we’d better switch on the anti-icer/deicer system before ice starts forming on our wings.

3. Match each of the following terms and pictures.

boarding steps… toolkit… refueling hose… towbar… Ground Power Unit… jack… baggage cart… cover… acoustic earmuffs… plug… safety lock/pin… chock… fire extinguisher… bowser…

10

Courtesy of Air Mobility Cmmd

12

https://flic.kr/p/7nJpV8

Unit 5 ▪ Flightline

20

“SAFE-LIFE” & “FAIL-SAFE” PRINCIPLES: Since safety is a key factor in aviation, most components of an aircraft are, in some way, designed in accordance with one of these two principles. Fail-safe principle is based on the transfer of functions or loads to the rest of components or structures in the aircraft in the case one of them fails. Normally, it is a redundant design, with doubled or triplicated components. If one of them eventually fails, the rest will absorb its load. Safe-life principle is based on the testing and analyzing of components, to a final statistically calculated period within the component is assumed not to fail. These given periods are those used in the periodic inspections to replace components which are close to the end of the “safe-life” time. Either principles are used in the design of an aircraft component after the design, making and replacement costs are balanced against the cost in harm or destruction of a possible failure.

4. Match each of the following words to their corresponding specific meaning in Technical Orders (TO) interpretation. Note how important it is to understand the exact meaning of a TO and not any other, which might be hazardous for people or equipment.

Warning - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mission effectiveness.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Caution - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Note - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Shall - “Used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future event.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Will - “Indicates a preferred method of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Should - Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

May - “Used to express a provision that is binding.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

Listening 5 5. Watch “Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson” video, courtesy of 345th Public Affairs

Detachment and complete the following sentences. 5.1. “Before his jet takes off, he has examined everything, from ……… to ……... ……………..” 5.2. “Part of his servicing checks include LOX, or ……………. ………………..” 5.3. “LOX is extremely cold, nearly ….. ……………. ……… ..………. Celsius, and can seriously

injure a person, which is why wearing …………… here.” 5.4. “Then they breathe through their mask and we ……………. it to ensure that they have enough

for their mission.” 5.5. “And those jobs are key in supporting a …………… ………… on terrorism.” 5.6. “I keep the jet in the air, it supports the ………… ………….. who are more on the global war

on terrorism…” 6. Watch “This is Who We Are: Crew Chiefs of RED FLAG – Alaska”, by TSgt Miguel Lara and

answer the following questions. 6.1. How many times has Airman Eugene Travis been to the Red Flag? 6.2. What does Eugene daily do prior to going to the flightline? 6.3. What is the basic and main purpose of his checks? 6.4. What objections does he raise about his job?

Unit 6 ▪ Combat

21

UNIT 6

Combat “First generation subsonic jet fighters (mid 1940s to mid 1950s)

The first generation of jet fighters such as the F-86, MiG-15 and MiG-17, had basic avionic systems with no radars or self-protection countermeasures, and were armed with machine guns or cannons, as well as unguided bombs and rockets. A common characteristic of this generation of fighter was that the jet engines did not have afterburners and the aircraft operated in the subsonic regime.

Second generation jet fighters (mid-1950s to early 1960s)

The second generation fighters saw the introduction of air-to-air radar, infrared and semi-active guided missiles, as well as radar warning receivers into such aircraft as the F-104, F-5, MiG-19 and MiG-21. This generation’s fighters also incorporated advances in engine design and aerodynamics, which allowed them to reach and sustain supersonic speeds in level flight. During this period, although air-to-air combat was still within visual range, radar-guided missiles started to extend engagement ranges.

Third generation jet fighters (early 1960s to 1970)

This generation witnessed improvements in manoeuvrability, and significant enhancements to the avionic suites and weapon systems. They were also the first cadre of multi-role fighters such as the MiG-23, F-4, and Mirage III. Doppler radar supported a ‘lookdown/shoot-down’ capability, and with off-bore-sight targeting and semi-active guided radio frequency missiles like the AIM-7 Sparrow and AA-7 Apex, aerial engagements moved to beyond visual range. The major change brought about by this generation aircraft was that it was no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and gain control of the air.

Fourth generation jet fighters (1970 to late 1980s)

Through the 1970s and 80s the trend of improvement in avionics such as head-up displays and optimised aerodynamic design continued with the development of ‘fly by wire’ fighters such as the MiG-29, Su-27, F/A-18, F-15, F-16, and Mirage-2000. Most of this generation of fighters had the ability to both switch and swing roles between air-to-air and air-to-ground, as opposed to the previous role-dedicated aircraft. This in turn blurred the distinction between control of the air and strike missions.

Four and half generation jet fighters (late 1980s and into the 90s)

The concept of having a half generation increment stemmed from a forced reduction in military spending, which resulted in a restriction in aircraft development. It became more cost-effective to add ‘stealth’, radar absorbent materials, thrust vector controlled engines, greater weapons carriage capacity and to extend the range of fourth generation fighters, such as the Hornet, Eagle and Flanker, than to design new aircraft. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet is an example of a 4.5 generation fighter evolved from a fourth generation aircraft. The addition of an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar was a significant enough game-changing combat capability for these redesigned fighters to be deemed a generation of their own, hence the generation 4.5 rating. Some manufacturers designed new platforms, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab JAS 39 Gripen and Dassault Rafale, which incorporate many of the generation 4.5 advanced characteristics. Advances in computer technology and data links also allowed 4.5 generation fighters to be integrated into a network centric battlespace where fighter aircraft have much greater scope to conduct multi-role missions. As an example, the AESA radar allows fighter aircraft to perform a limited Airborne Early Warning and Control function.

Fifth generation jet fighters (2005 to date)

The F-22 Raptor, introduced in 2005, is considered the next generation fighter aircraft. Soon to follow are aircraft designs like the F35-Joint Strike Fighter, the Sukhoi PAK FA (and the planned joint Russian/India variant) as well as the Chinese Chengdu J-20 which is believed to reflect features of this generation of fighter. A quantum improvement in the fighter’s lethality and survivability has been a qualifying requirement to achieve generational change and the fifth generation fighters personify these traits. The advances over earlier generational fighters include nose-to-tail low observable or stealth technologies as part of the aircraft’s design that make it almost impossible for even other generation five fighters to detect them; improved situational awareness through having multi-spectral sensors located across all aspects of the airframe which allows the pilot to ‘look’ through the airframe of the aircraft without having to manoeuvre the fighter to obtain a 360 degree picture which in turn, enhances the aircraft’s ability to use its suite of weapons to engage and neutralise an adversary without the adversary even being aware of the threat. These aircraft are also ‘born’ networked which allows them to receive, share and store information to enhance the battlespace picture. Fifth generation fighter capabilities are largely defined by their software and it will be the ongoing development of their software that will ensure they maintain their edge against evolving threats. The F-35 has more software than any other air combat aircraft, with 7 million lines of code in the aircraft, and a further 7 million lines of code in the supporting ground systems. An example of the complexity and sophistication of the F-35 software is that it uses about 100 times the number of parameters than a fourth generation fighter does to define a potential threat. Ultimately, a fifth generation aircraft allows the pilot to maintain decision superiority over an adversary. This provides greater chances of survivability, which when combined with effective lethality, assures battlespace dominance.” (Air Power Development Centre, 2012)

Unit 6 ▪ Combat 22

Air Tasking Order (ATO)

Ofensive Counter Air (OCA)

fighter escort

fighter sweep

suppression of enemy air

defenses (SEAD)

Defensive Counter Air

(DCA)

Combat Air Patrol (CAP)

Close Air Suport

air liason officer

Air Interdiction

Weapons hung ordnance launcher payload warhead Missiles air-to-air missile (AAM) air-to-surface missile (ASM) air-breathing missile antiradiation missile ballistic missile cruise missile Guidance missile guidance system guided missile active homing guidance passive homing guidance semi-active homing guidance beam rider laser guided weapon

Reading review

1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. The common lack of jet engines in 1st generation fighters only allowed them to operate in

subsonic regimes. True/False 1.2. Despite the introduction of air-to-air radar and guided weapons in 2nd generation fighters,

from mid-1950’s to early 1960’s, combats between aircraft never took place beyond visual range (BVR). True/False

1.3. In a 3rd generation fighter, the capability to engage an enemy aircraft beyond visual range was not such an important and distinctive feature as the multi-role capability was in that generation. True/False

1.4. Multi-role capability was the main new feature of most of the 4th generation fighters. True/False

1.5. 4.5 generation fighters were developed from 4th generation fighter airframes due to the shortened military budgets. True/False

1.6. According to the text, the huge amount of software code lines implemented in 5th generation aircraft allow them to remain undetectable, even to other 5th generation fighters. True/False

Thematic clusters

Doctrineair sovereigntyair supremacyair superiority

active air defensepassive air defense

command and control systemairspace coordinating

measures (ACM)rules of engagement (ROE)

Note: Rockets are weapons powered by a rocket engine like missiles. Note that the difference between rockets and missiles is the absence of a guided system in the first ones. However, due to their rocket engines, both weapons do not follow a ballistic fly path, unlike unguided or dumb bombs.

Unit 6 ▪ Combat

23

Vocabulary exercises 2. Find the following parts of an aircraft in the picture from Airwolfhound1 and the Eurofighter

cutaway2 below.

ejection seat forward-looking infrared (FLIR) nozzle turbojet refueling probe afterburner pylon elevon hardpoints inlet duct canard radome pod aircraft arresting hook canopy radar decoy brake parachute head up display (HUD) air brake drop tank

1 Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/oFA1iH 2 Retrieved from http://forum.outerspace.terra.com.br/index.php?threads/%E2%97%8F-cutaway-drawing-diagramas-em-3d-de-maquinas-mostrando-partes-internas-fotos.111960/page-3

12

16

17

12

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

14

15

12

16

17

18

19

20

Note: Jet aircraft use reaction engines, as a general term for those engines which use the acceleration of an air mass and the reaction force of this action to provide thrust for the aircraft. The way air is drawn into the engine (or not, in rockets), compressed, channeled, used to burn fuel and expelled out, establishes the different types of reaction engines. In jet fighters, for example, the most common reaction engines used are turbojets which are more efficient at very high speed vehicles, although lately, turbofans are being used in some jet fighters too.

Unit 6 ▪ Combat

24

3. Choose the correct term from the options given in each sentence. 3.1. In Close Air Support operations, the

deputy commander/air liaison officer is the most appropriate person to give advice to the ground commander.

3.2. A fighter sweep/escort mission must be permanently tasked to protect the AWACS as long as it is on station.

3.3. Antiradiation/Air-breathing missiles usually use a/an passive/active homing guidance system. Then, if the target switches off its electromagnetic emission, the missile will not be able to find it.

3.4. We have an emergency! A fighter is returning to base with a beam rider/hung ordnance from the shooting range, clear the airspace and the runway.

3.5. We are able to gain an air supremacy/superiority time slot of only five minutes in that area, so the air strike on the weapons factory must be very quick and accurate.

3.6. Fighters which do not meet the Airspace Coordinating Measures/Rules of Engagement when returning to base, run the risk of being shot down by friendly air defense forces.

3.7. At maximum state of alert we have four CAP/SEAD missions airborne to prevent any enemy OCA surprise attack.

3.8. The risk of collateral damage in this target is too high. To perform this mission only dumb/laser guided weapons are allowed.

4. Complete the following sentences using the words below.

air corridor inertial navigation system MAWS engage pressure bulkhead IFF terrain flight target acquisition sortie

- L O O K U P D E F I N I T I O N S I N T H E G L O S S A R Y I F Y O U A R E N O T F A M I L I A R W I T H T H E S E T E R M S

4.1. Put on your oxygen mask and initiate an emergency descent! That explosion has damaged the …………………….

4.2. My ……………is not working properly, I am receiving false alarms right after the takeoff.

4.3. My orders are to shot down any aircraft approaching this air defense area which is flying out of the ……………………..

4.4. Due to the enemy’s SAM batteries coverage, strikers will attack performing a …………………… to avoid radar detection.

4.5. The great advantage of a/an ……………………………. is its independence of external aids or sources. Once you introduce your exact position at the system start, it becomes self-sufficient.

4.6. I have a contact locked and the………. says it is an enemy, I request permission to ……………..

4.7. EF-2000 Typhoon has a multiple ……………………. system which allows the pilot to shoot several missiles simultaneously at different targets.

4.8. In the first week of this campaign, more than one thousand ……………… have been launched from this airbase.

Listening 6 5. Watch “Joint Strike F-35”, from Around the Air Force podcast, and answer the following

questions. 5.1. What are the multi-role capabilities of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter? 5.2. Which are the F-35 variants? What specific missions are they designed for? 5.3. Is the F-35 cockpit a normal cockpit? Why? 5.4. How was the operation and maintenance book that arrived with the aircraft a year ago? What

had to be done with it?

Unit 8 Air Traffic Management 25

UNIT 7

Supporting Air Operations I

“(. . .) The swift transformation of the current strategic environment and the nature and scenarios of today’s military operations have turned strategic airlift into a major piece of the military power structure. In order to alleviate the shortcomings that have been identified in that field, the nations have taken various initiatives, of which we could highlight the A400M cargo, a programme in which Spain has participated since day one. There are plans to acquire 27 units, which will come into service during the next decade. The arrival of the A400M in late 2011 will mean a number of major improvements in the SPAF’s airlift and deployment capabilities It will mean, too, a better support to the Spanish Armed Forces’ other Branches. The expected upgrade in air-to-air refuelling capability will not be forgotten.

Likewise, there are plans to procure a new squadron of C-295 aircraft to complete the rationalisation process of SPAF’s assets. Thus, fulfilling the new dimension required by in-theatre airlift capability, it will permit us to devote other assets to other types of missions for the benefit of the welfare of our citizens.

As for the procurement programme of NH-90 helicopters for the Spanish Armed Forces, the SPAF should have to purchase 28 helicopters for the phased replacement of the existing Pumas and Superpumas, in order to carry out SAR/CSAR and VIP transport missions. These helicopters will ensure the successful achievement of CSAR and air policing missions required in the current strategic environment, in addition of course to missions assigned for the benefit of the citizens’ security and welfare. On top of that, they will provide the joint action with an improved capability for medical evacuation, personnel recovery and special operations.

All in all, the traditional expeditionary spirit that has always stimulated the Spanish aviators should now be embodied in a new Air Force in which deployment capability will be inherent in the very existence of the Units. To that end, we are now working for a Spanish Air Force that will be even more mobile, flexible and interoperable with other national and allied Services. In this way, together with an exceptional air command and control system, with efficient and precise weapons systems and with the assets dedicated to operations that contribute to the welfare and security of the populations, the expeditionary air force will represent the heart of the Spanish Air Force in the XXI century.” (Vega, 2005) Air General Francisco José García de la Vega

Spanish Air Force Chief of Staff

Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I 26

Supp

ortin

g ai

r ope

ratio

ns

Airborne Early Warning and Control

Air Reconnaisance and Surveillance

Airborne Command and Control

Electronic Warfare

Air Transport

Air T

rans

port •air freighting

•airlift capability•air logistic support

operation•air supply•air trooping•strategic transport

aircraft•tactical transport

aircraft•air portable•cargo• load• loading point• loading site•embarkation•embarkation order•pallet•palletized unit load•cargo lashing belt•weight and balance

sheet•general air cargo•controlled dangerous

air cargo•centre of gravity limits

Aird

rop

•airdrop•airdrop platform•anchor cable•computed air release

point•dispersion•drop altitude•drop height•drop zone (DZ)•free drop• jump speed•extraction drop•extraction parachute•gravity extraction•paradrop•platform drop•point of impact•release point

Elec

tron

ic W

arfa

re •electronic attack•electronic

countermeasures (ECM)

•electronic defence•electronic jamming•electronic

neutralization•electronic protective

measures (EPM)•electronic warfare

support measures (ESM)

Reading review

1. Answer the following questions about the text1. 1.1. According to the text, can we say that strategic airlift capability is at the required and desired

level? Explain your answer. 1.2. What does the expression “…a better support to the Spanish Armed Forces’ other Branches”

mean? 1.3. Is C-295 a strategic inter-theater airlift asset? Explain your answer in accordance with the text. 1.4. What assets are being used in CSAR mission at the time of the text edition? 1.5. Which of the assets named in the text will improve SPAF capability for special operations? 1.6. According to the text, will the expeditionary air force be qualified to work in combined

operations? Explain your answer.

Thematic clusters

1 Retrieved from http://www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es/estatico-webea/ficheros/45461234F087E73FC1257157003E3491AirPowerinSpain-EjercitodelAire.pdf

Note: The important difference difference between surveillance

and reconnaissance is that the first one is a systematic observation to detect

movements or changes. Reconnaissance is a “one pass” collection of information through the use of sensors. There is no continuity implied.

Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I

27

Vocabulary exercises 2. Match each of the following parts of an

aircraft with the terms below.

vortex generators… actuator… wheel well/bay… fin… static discharger… bulkhead… leading edge… strut… trailing edge… spoiler… flight deck… tab… cargo ramp… engine nacelle…

3. Choose the correct term from the options given in each sentence.

3.1. –Sorry sir, that load is not allowed to board the aircraft, it is not listed on the weight and balance sheet/embarkation order.

3.2. Those three Tiger helicopters will be deployed to Afghanistan next week by an AN-124, a Russian tactical/strategic transport aircraft.

3.3. During the loading process, the loadmaster must pay close attention to the centre of gravity/dispersion limits.

3.4. Previous to a static line jump, the jumpmaster must check that every paratrooper is attached to the anchor cable/cargo lashing belt.

3.5. Modern pallets/airdrop platforms are made of composite materials which help to absorb and dissipate the ground impact energy.

3.6. Allied forces keep their research in precision airdrop systems which would enable lower air trooping/dispersion and higher accuracy to the impact point.

3.7. –We need to slow down, we are 15 knots above the computed air release point/jump speed.

3.8. Two minutes before reaching the release point/drop altitude, the first paratrooper must be ready at the jump door, and the rest must stand up and fold their seats.

3.9. In gravity extraction/air freighting airdrops, aircraft have to pitch up so that the cargo falls out through the ramp door.

3.10. Only small, lightweight and practically indestructible packages may be delivered by free drop/palletized unit load procedures, since there is no system to curb the fall and the impact speed.

10

Unit 7 ▪ Supporting Air Operations I

28

4. Match the following Electronic Warfare (EW) concepts and subdivisions to their corresponding definitions. Note the defensive, offensive and passive meanings of each subdivision (ESM, EPM & ECM) and the scaled violence in the use of electromagnetic spectrum.

Electronic Warfare

- Use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

ESM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use of electromagnetic energy. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

EPM - Use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

ECM - Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

electronic attack

- The deliberate radiation, reradiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the effectiveness of hostile electronic devices, equipment or systems. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

electronic defense

- That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of electromagnetic energy. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

electronic jamming

- In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

electronic neutralization

- That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to search for, intercept and identify electromagnetic emissions and to locate their sources for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. It provides a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures, electronic protective measures and other tactical actions. (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

Listening 7 5. Watch “Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan”, from NATO Channel, and answer

the following questions. 5.1. What have been replaced by computers? And what was AWACS airframe before? 5.2. What does AWACS stand for? 5.3. In Captain Charlie Stachour’s words, what is AWACS’s essential role? 5.4. Is the multinational environment in the AWACS crew a problem for the mission success? 5.5. Whose is the AWACS platform? 5.6. How many Germans are there in Captain Charlie Stachour’s flight crew? In what positions? 5.7. Will AWACS be participating in next mission starting on January 1st? What will this mission

be providing to the Afghan Forces? 6. Watch “Air Force Report: NATO Jump”, from Defense Media Activity-Air Force, and answer

the following questions. 6.1. What is the edition number this year? 6.2. How frequently is this event going to take place? 6.3. Complete the following table with the correct nationalities.

DAY JUMPERS JUMPMASTERS YESTERDAY TODAY 1ST JUMP TODAY 2ND JUMP

Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II 29

UNIT 8

Supporting Air Operations II

Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II 30

roto

rcra

ft •helicopter•utility helicopter•autogiro•tilt-rotor•coaxial rotors

com

pone

nts •main rotor

•tail rotor•rotor blade•skid•skid shoe•winch•hoist•underslung load•rescue strop•tail boom fli

ght c

ontr

ols •cyclic pitch control

•collective pitch control•throttle•anti-torque pedals•autorotation•hovering•hovering ceiling•ground effect

•on-scene commander (OSC)•Combat Search & Rescue (CSAR)•rescue combat air patrol (RESCAP), combat search and rescue task force (CSARTF)•quick search procedure, recovery force, recovery site, recovery vehicle, forward line of own

troops (FLOT)•survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) ,evasion plan of action (EPA), recovery activation

signal (RAS), search and rescue numeric encryption grid (SARNEG), search and rescue point(SARDOT)

•crash locator beacon, personal locator beacon, emergency locator beacon•act of mercy, authentication, blood chit, bona fides, bullseye, contact point (CP), distressed

person, ditching, escapee, evader, locate, recovery, reintegrate, casualty

Personnel Recovery (RP)

•Special Air Operations (SAO)•covert operation, clandestine operation, recovery operations, hostage rescue•direct action, briefing, insertion, infiltration, exfiltration, extraction

combat survival, call sign, rendezvous point, deception, camouflage, deterrence, booby trap•laser designator, laser range-finder, contour interval, contour line, coordinates, datum

Special Operations

1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. In a regular MEDEVAC mission, there is a total of 7 people plus the rescued individual flying

inside the helicopter. True/False 1.2. Super Pumas could only be escorted by Agusta A129 Mangustas, Sikorsky HH-3F Pelicans

or the Spanish army aviation helicopter unit in Afghanistan ASPUHEL. True/False 1.3. Once the airspace over the LZ was secured, the escort helicopter would land first to secure

the area on the ground. True/False 1.4. Heat and altitude are limiting factors on the number of injured that the helicopter can evacuate

True/False 1.5. Ala 48 members hardly repeated their deployment to Afghanistan yearly. True/False

Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II

31

Note: There is an often unknown difference between CSAR and SAR. Combat Search and Rescue missions take place in a hostile environment, however, SAR missions are conducted in a permissive environment. Another important difference is that, in CSAR operations, the evader must be properly equipped and trained in CSAR techniques and procedures, conversely, in SAR operations, the distressed person is not expected to have any knowledge or take any action.


using the words bellow.

2.1. Without a proper …………………, the recovery force will not take with them any person found at the recovery site.

2.2. After an unsuccessful search procedure, we must expect that our isolated pilot will behave in accordance with the ………………

2.3. Our RESCAP has identified a …………………………. fourteen miles north from the shot down aircraft, thus our man is alive and following the procedure.

2.4. To perform a CSAR mission, the isolated person must have been trained in …………… tactics and techniques.

2.5. In CSAR communications, if ………………… is used more than necessary, the enemy forces might decode it and find out your position.

2.6. After the pilot’s ejection, the last position of the …………………… was recorded 55 miles east from the FLOT.

2.7. After the recovery, the rescued personnel receive psychological support to help them to ……………… back to active duty.

2.8. Thanks to a local individual’s …………………., our flight crew managed to escape from captivity and call the CSARTF.

2.9. The ………………. has decided to prolong the search further 24 hours.

2.10. The aircraft commander preferred ………….. in international waters rather than emergency landing on hostile territory.

3. Choose the correct term from the options given in each sentence.

3.1. You must know that this is a recovery/covert operation, so the government will deny any involvement in this matter, if you are captured, you are alone.

3.2. We will wait for midnight to start the combat survival/exfiltration, we have a better chance to leave the area without being detected.

3.3. Any relic or valuable object you find outside the airbase might be a booby trap/deterrence ready to blow you up.

3.4. According to the laser range-finder/designator, our target is 600 feet out of our maximum effective range.

3.5. Autorotation/Hovering near the ground requires less power than operating out of the ground effect.

3.6. The rotor blades/skid shoes have reached the wear limit, they must be replaced before the skid gets damaged.

3.7. This helicopter does not need a tail rotor because it uses an/a autogiro/coaxial rotor system. Both torque forces are symmetric and cancel each other.

3.8. Those F-18 parked on the apron are all out of service, we keep them parked there as a deception/camouflage measure.

act of mercy SARNEG OSC ditching reintegrate RAS authentication EPA SERE crash locator beacon

Unit 8 ▪ Supporting Air Operations II

32

4. Match each of the following aircraft and parts of an aircraft with the terms bellow.

tilt-rotor… autogiro… coaxial rotors… tail rotor… winch… rescue strop… underslung load… skid… cyclic pitch control collective pitch control.. tail boom… rotor blade…

Listening 8 5. Watch “Angel Thunder”, from Around the Air Force podcast and answer the following

questions. 5.1. What kind of exercise is Angel Thunder 2013? 5.2. What Personnel Recovery capabilities are mentioned? 5.3. What kind of weapon hit the vehicle covered by the air assets? 5.4. What specific type of aircraft is the one covering the ground troops? 5.5. One of the benefits of this type of exercise is….

6. Watch the “Around the Air Force Jun. 13” fragment and answer the following questions. 6.1. Who is trained for the worst during the Red Flag exercise? 6.2. What do survivor practice on the ground? 6.3. Who does 1st Lt. Jonathan McCoy want to give tips on what he did at Red Flag to? 6.4. And with every one training together,…….

Unit 8 Air Traffic Management 33

UNIT 9

Air Traffic Management

1 Luxembourg is an exception 2 Association of European Airlines

Unit 9 ▪ Air Traffic Management 34

Standard words & phrases

Reading review

1. Answer whether the following statements are true or false about the text. 1.1. All current airspaces from the different European countries are administered by each of their

respective national government departments. True/False 1.2. SES must be implemented as soon as possible due to the low safety provided by the current

management system. True/False 1.3. SES II+ is the third attempt, after two failures, to implement the Single European Sky ATM

system. This third try seems to be going well. True/False 1.4. The SES project was developed very slowly during the first years, nevertheless, the

development pace has lately increased. True/False 1.5. Member State’s lack of action is the main reason why SES project is not implemented yet.

True/False

Thematic clusters

Air Traffic Management

(ATM)

•Air Traffic Service (ATS)•Air Traffic Control (ATC)•Flight Information Region (FIR)•Automatic Terminal Information

Service (ATIS)•Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR)

conditions•Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions•aerodrome traffic•aerodrome traffic circuit•contact point•control zone (CTZ)•airway

Flight settings

•flight plan•Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)•flight level•altitude•height•heading•QNH•QNE•QFE

Weather

•ceiling•drizzle•hail•gusts•haze•freezing rain•turbulence •crosswind component

blind transmission

read back

readback

holding point

acknowledge

affirm

approved

break

break break

cancel

check

cleared

confirm

correct

contact

correction

disregard

go ahead

monitor

negative

out

over

report

request

roger

say again

speak slower

standby

verify

wilco

words twice

squawk


Vocabulary exercises 2. Choose the correct term from the

options given in each sentence. 2.1. As the runway in use, ceiling, visibility

or other important changes related to air operations change, active ETA/ATIS record must be updated.

2.2. To fly under VFR conditions, the ceiling/hail must be 1500 ft. or higher above ground level, and visibility must be 5 Km. or higher.

2.3. When an aircraft reaches a mandatory contact point/airway, the ATC service expects the pilot to call and give them the FIR/ETA to the next mandatory one.

2.4. If you fly through freezing rain/gusts, ice might accumulate on your wings and control surfaces. This increases drag and payload, and reduces lift and maneuvering capabilities.

2.5. The airfield will remain closed until the QNE/crosswind component decreases below the safety limit.

2.6. If you set the QNH/QFE in your altimeter dial when you are stopped at the runway threshold, the altimeter will show a 0 ft. reading.

2.7. Pilot- Barcelona Control, EC227 inbound IFR conditions, I require to file a new flight plan/CTZ.

2.8. The minimum ATS/ATC provided inside Madrid, Barcelona and Canarias aerodrome traffic circuit/FIR are alerting and flight information services.

2.9. Torrejón Approach- EC245 descend to heading/flight level 210 and report when established.

2.10. The aerodrome traffic circuit/control zone is divided into upwind, crosswind, downwind and base legs.

3. Complete the following sentences using the words bellow.

3.1. Pilot- Zaragoza approach, this is MA01, good morning. ATC- MA01, ………................... ATC- TO02, contact tower on 122.1 ATC-MA01, ……………………..

3.2. Pilot- Madrid ground, LE213, request taxi. ATC- LE213, Madrid ground, taxi via taxiway C, E, to holding point Rwy 29L, ………………….., Rwy 29R. ……………………….. Pilot- LE213, taxiway C, E, holding point Rwy 29R. ATC- Correct, …………….. when reaching holding pint.

3.3. Pilot- Torrejón approach, TE35, passing 1000 ft. climbing to 5000 ft. ATC- TE35, Torrejón approach, confirm ……………… 7331. Pilot- ………………., setting transponder now.

3.4. ATC- IB702 taxi via taxiway C, E, L, B to Rwy. 23R, ………………….., IB704 taxi via taxiway C, E, L, A to Rwy 23L, you are fourth after LF332.

3.5. ATC- LE883, Barcelona control, ………………… your altimeter setting, I see you 2000 ft. bellow your assigned flight level. Pilot- Barcelona control, LE883, …………….

3.6. Pilot- Madrid control, IB112, flying FL320, ……………. descend to FL190. ATC- Roger IB112, descend to FL190. Pilot- Madrid control, I read yoy low and garbled, ………………….. please. ATC- IB112, IB112, descend to FL190, descend to FL190.

report disregard negative words twice standby go ahead break break wilco squawking request read back check


4. Find the following flight instruments in the CASA C-101 instrument panel picture below.

air speed indicator (ASI) vertical speed indicator (VSI) VOR HSI/DME/VOR attitude indicator altimeter

Listening 9 5. Watch “Air Traffic Controller”, from Around the Air Force podcast and answer the

following questions. 5.1. How many different stations in a control tower are mentioned? Which? 5.2. What do airmen at Flight Data station do? 5.3. What is A1C Joshua Shaffer’s favorite part of the job? Why? 5.4. According to SrA Jonathan Moline, what personal capabilities must be good in an air traffic

controller? 5.5. What type of aircrafts do air traffic controllers occasionally deal with?

1

2

3

4

5

6

38

References Air Power Development Centre. (2012, january). Five generations of jet fighter aircraft. Retrieved

from http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/publications/Details/475/170-Five-Generations-of-Jet-Fighter-Aircraft.aspx

Asociation of European Airlines. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.aea.be/component/attachments/attachments.html?id=94&task=view

Aviation WikiProject. (2014, July). 509th Composite Group. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/509th_Composite_Group#cite_ref-History.2C_pp._1-3_1-0

Bowyer, R. (2004). Dictionary of military terms. Bloomsbury: Macmillan Education.

Cherisey, E. (2014, frebruary). HELISAF Spanish SAR in Afghanistan. airforcesmonthly.com, 36-40.

Claude Grahame-White, H. H. (1912). The aeroplane in war. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.

Collins, C. T. (2008, October 19). The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3562917/Colonel-Tim-Collins-Iraq-war-speech-in-full.html

Director for Joint Force Development. (2010). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine

HarperCollins Publishers. (n.d.). CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/

HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318. (2014). AF TECHNICAL ORDER SYSTEM.

NAEW E-3A Component. (2013). Ground work comes first - Crew chiefs launch AWACS into the sky. NATO Skywatch 7, 7.

NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY. (2013). AAP-47 Allied Joint Doctrine Development. Brussels.

NATO Standardization Agency. (2014). AAP-06 NATO glossary of terms and definitions. Brussels.

Vega, A. G. (2005). Air Power in Spain: Ejército del Aire .

Vego, M. N. (2008). Major Joint/Combined Operations. JFQ, 113.

Wong, L., & Gerras, S. (2006). HOW THE FORWARD OPERATING BASE IS CHANGING THE LIFE OF COMBAT SOLDIERS. United States Government.

97

Chapter 6. Conclusions and further work

During the research, the present author has realized how dispersed official terminology

related to the topic of this TFG is. Sometimes, it is difficult to be found because as soon

as one tries to define a specific term, it only appears in classified documents, thus the

term cannot appear in the glossary. However, staying in the intermediate vocabulary

layer, the classification of the information is not the main obstacle, but the terminology

dispersion mentioned above. Therefore, every time a new thematic cluster had to be

compiled, a new research had to be started, since all military aeronautical terminology

in NATO and US Air Force is defined and encapsulated in specific doctrinal documents.

Making a complete glossary, even about a very particular and exclusive theme, is a very

challenging and complex task. The most difficult part of it, taking into account that the

definitions are taken from official sources and not set up by the author, is to stay within

the initially established limits. These limits must be considered as the complexity and

specificity of the vocabulary included in the glossary. Given that many times it is difficult

to decide whether a term belongs to the intermediate vocabulary layer, or perhaps it is

too specific, or possibly too basic for the intended glossary scope. Apropos of this

matter, the research of one term’s appropriate definition may lead to a new terminology

source which slightly moves away from the glossary subject. Thus, one has to keep

constantly in mind the main subject to make sure that the limits are not overstepped.

Definitions do not last forever, especially in military aeronautics. During the research,

some doctrine documents were found that had been reviewed twice in a year. The

changes may vary from adding new terms, extending or modifying their definitions, to


98

replacing their meaning or even erasing those which are not in use anymore. Most of

these variations occur in doctrine and tactics related terms. Those related to aviation

technology or civil aviation operations remain unchanged for longer periods, since safe

operations require conceptual stability and standardization.

In conclusion, a unique consultation source has been created for being used by beginner

students in Spanish Air Force Academies, and learning reinforcement is provided in a

workbook format to help the student to know the glossary content.

A glossary related to the topic of this TFG offers the potential to be developed and

improved towards a more specific level or may remain in the general intermediate

knowledge that it was initially designed for. Nonetheless, it requires to be reviewed

eventually to remain updated in the doctrinal and tactical fields.

From a critical standpoint, six hundred and eleven terms is an expandable amount of

terms. In fact, the glossary must be expanded to achieve a thorough level. It becomes

more and more difficult to stay in an intermediate level of technical language as terms

are added to the glossary, but there is still a remarkable amount of lexicon that may be

used to expand the glossary staying within the initial specifications.

The expansion of the glossary would enable a simultaneous expansion of the workbook.

At present, the workbook exercises focus on the learning of vocabulary, with the

exception of reading and listening exercises. They are designed specifically for learning

new terms, since it is assumed that the English level of the user is advanced enough to

understand any grammatical structure found in this TFG. Nonetheless, it is a good choice

of expansion adding some exercises to go over common grammatical structures and

specifically over those found in aeronautical technical orders and standardized

publications. Another option is the expansion of exercises to improve oral expression.

These do not need a glossary expansion indeed. For example, interactive exercises

among class partners can be added for describing their own uniforms, the air base, their

present and future administrative situation and ranks, etc. by using the glossary content.


99

Appendix I: Aeronautical Military English

Glossary

Aeronautical &

Military English

Glossary

Aeronautical Military English Glossary 1

781 Series Forms /781 ˈsɪriz ˈfɔːrmz/. A collection of documents to provide maintenance, inspection, service, configuration, status, and flight record for the particular aerospace vehicles and trainers for which they are maintained. ( HQ AFMC/PA, 2006)

- Formatos 781 (libro del avión). Colección de documentos para llevar un registro del mantenimiento, inspecciones, servicio, configuración, estado y vuelos de cada vehículo aeroespacial o entrenador particular.

A/C arresting barrier /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈbæriər/. “A device, not dependent on an aircraft hook, used to engage and absorb the forward momentum of an emergency landing or an aborted takeoff.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- barrera de frenado de aeronaves. Dispositivo, no dependiente del gancho de una aeronave, utilizado para sujetar y absorber el momento hacia adelante de las aeronaves en aterrizajes de rutina o emergencia y abortos de despegue.

A/C arresting cable /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈkeɪbl/̩. “That part of an aircraft arresting system which spans the runway surface or flight deck landing area and is engaged by the aircraft arresting gear.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- cable de frenado/parada. Parte del sistema de frenado de aeronaves que se extiende cruzando la pista o cubierta de aterrizaje, y que conecta con el mecanismo de frenado de aeronaves.

A/C arresting gear /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈɡɪr/. “A device used to engage hook-equipped aircraft to absorb the forward momentum of a routine or emergency landing or aborted takeoff.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- mecanismo de frenado de aeronaves. Dispositivo utilizado en el enganche aeronaves equipadas con gancho, que absorbe el momento hacia adelante de la aeronave en un aterrizaje rutinario o de emergencia y abortos de despegue.

A/C arresting hook /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈhʊk/. “A device fitted to an aircraft to engage arresting gear.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- gancho de frenado. Dispositivo instalado en una aeronave para engancharse al mecanismo de frenado.

A/C arresting system /ˈerˌkræft əˈrestɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. “A series of components used to engage and absorb the forward momentum of a routine or emergency landing or an aborted takeoff.

- sistema de frenado de aeronaves. Serie de componentes utilizados para enganchar y absorber el momento hacia delante de las aeronaves en aterrizajes de rutina o emergencia y abortos de despegue.

acknowledge (aeronautical phraseology) /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒ/. “A request meaning “let me know that you have received my message.” (Crane, 2012)

- acknowledge (fraseología aeronáutica). Una petición que significa: “hágame saber que ha recibido mi mensaje”.

acoustic earmuffs /əˈkuːstɪk ˈɪrˌməfs/. Cups made of noise insulating material, similar to thermal earmuffs or headphones, which are worn to protect our hearing.

- cascos protectores auditivos. Copas hechas de material aislante del ruido, similares a orejeras térmicas o auriculares, que se portan para proteger la audición.

activate /ˈæktəˌvet/. “Bring into existence a constituted unit, a detachment of a unit, or a provisional unit.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- activar. Poner en funcionamiento a una unidad constituida, una unidad destacada o una provisional.

active air defense /ˈæktɪv ˈer dəˈfens/. “Direct defensive action taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- defensa aérea activa. Acción defensiva directa tomada con la intención de destruir, anular o reducir la eficacia de amenazas aéreas y de misiles contra las fuerzas y activos amigos.

active homing guidance /ˈæktɪv ˈhoʊmɪŋ ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing guidance wherein both the source for illuminating the target, and the receiver for detecting the energy reflected from the target as the result of illuminating the target, are carried within the missile.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- guiado activo. Sistema de guiado en el que la fuente para iluminar al blanco, y el receptor para detectar la energía reflejada del blanco como resultado de

2 Aeronautical Military English Glossary

haberlo iluminado, se encuentran instalados en el misil.

act of mercy /ˈækt əv ˈmɝːsi/. “In personnel recovery, assistance rendered to evaders by an individual or elements of the local population who sympathize or empathize with the evaders’ cause or plight.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- acto de misericordia. En recuperación de personal, asistencia prestada a los evasores por un individuo o elementos de la población local, que simpatizan o empatizan con la causa o situación de los evasores.

actuator /ˈæktjuːˌetər/. “A device which transforms fluid pressure into mechanical force. Actuators may be linear, rotatory, or oscillating, and they may be actuated by either hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.” (Crane, 2012)

- actuador. Dispositivo que transforma la presión de un fluido en fuerza mecánica. Los actuadores pueden ser lineales, rotatorios, o bien oscilantes, y pueden funcionar ya sea por presión hidráulica o neumática.

administrative control /ədˈmɪnəˌstretɪv kənˈtroʊl/. “Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations in respect to administrative matters such as personnel management, supply, services, and other matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- control administrativo. Dirección o ejercicio de autoridad sobre subordinados u otras organizaciones en relación a asuntos administrativos como la gestión de personal, el abastecimiento, servicios y otras materias no incluidas en la misión operativa de subordinados y otras organizaciones.

aerodrome traffic /ˈeərədroʊm ˈtræfɪk/. “All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome.” (Communications, 2002)

- tránsito de aeródromo. Todo el tráfico en la zona de maniobras de un aeródromo y todas las aeronaves que vuelan en las inmediaciones de un aeródromo.

aerodrome traffic circuit /ˈeərədroʊm ˈtræfɪk ˈsɝːkət/. “The specified path to be flown by an aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome.” (Communications, 2002)

- circuito de tránsito de aeródromo. La ruta específica para ser volada por una

aeronave que opere en las proximidades de un aeródromo.

aerodyne /ˈɛrəˌdaɪn/. “An aircraft that is heavier than air and whose lift in flight results from forces caused by its motion through the air.” (Crocker, 2005)

- aerodino. Aeronave más pesada que el aire cuya sustentación en vuelo es consecuencia de fuerzas causadas por su movimiento a través del aire.

aeroplane /ˈeərəpleɪn/, airplane (US). “A power-driven, heavier-than-aircraft with fixed wings.” (Crocker, 2005)

- aeroplano. Aeronave impulsada a motor, más pesada que el aire y de ala fija.

aerostat /ˈɛroʊˌstæt/. “A device supported in the air by displacing more than its weight of air.” (Crane, 2012). In conformity with Archimedes’ principle.

- aerostato. Artefacto que se sostiene en el aire al desplazar más que su peso en aire. En conformidad con el Principio de Arquímedes.

affirm (aeronautical phraseology) /əˈfɝːm/. Term used by ATC to say “yes”.

- affirm (aeronautical phraseology). Término utilizado en el control del tránsito aéreo para decir “sí”.

afterburner /ˈæftərˌbərnər/. “A system that injects fuel into the hot exhaust gases of a jet engine in order to increase thrust.”

- postquemador. Sistema que inyecta combustible en los gases de escape de un turborreactor con el fin de aumentar el empuje.

aiguillette /ˌeɪgwɪˈlɛt/. “A gilt cord hung in loops from the shoulder of certain military uniforms.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- cordón. Cordón dorado que cuelga enlazado desde el hombro de ciertos uniformes militares.

aileron /ˈeɪləˌrɑːn/. “A primary flight control surface mounted on the trailing edge of an airplane wing, near the tip.” (Crane, 2012). This enables an airplane to bank.

- alerón. Una superficie primaria de mando montada en el borde de salida del ala de un aeroplano, cerca del extremo. Esta permite al aeroplano alabear.

Air Base Wing /ˈer ˈbeɪs ˈwɪŋ/. “A wing that performs a support rather than an operational mission. It maintains and operates a base.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Agrupación Base. Un ala que lleva a cabo una misión de apoyo en lugar de una operativa. Una Agrupación Base mantiene y opera una base aérea.


airborne /ˈeəbɔːn/. “1. In relation to personnel, troops especially trained to effect, following transport by air, an assault debarkation, either by parachuting or touchdown. 2. In relation to equipment, pieces of equipment that have been especially designed for use by airborne troops during or after an assault debarkation as well as some aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a particular mission. 3. When applied to materiel, items that form an integral part of the aircraft. 4. The state of an aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained. Also called ABN.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- En el aire. Aerotransportado. 1. En relación al personal, tropas especialmente entrenadas para efectuar, tras el transporte aéreo, un desembarco o lanzamiento, bien mediante paracaídas o aterrizaje. 2. En relación al equipo, piezas de equipo diseñadas especialmente para su uso por tropas aerotransportadas, durante o después de un desembarco o lanzamiento, así como cierto equipamiento aeronáutico utilizado para cumplir una misión en particular. 3. Aplicado al material, artículos que forman parte integra de la aeronave. 4. Estado de una aeronave, desde el instante en que pasa a estar plenamente sustentada por el aire hasta que cesa dicha sustentación. También llamado ABN.

airborne command post (ACP) /ˈerˌbɔːrn kəˈmænd poʊst/. “A suitably equipped aircraft used by the commander for the conduct of his operations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- puesto de mando aerotransportado. Aeronave equipada convenientemente para ser utilizada por el comandante en la conducción de las operaciones.

airborne early warning and control /ˈerˌbɔːrn ˈɝːli ˈwɔːrnɪŋ ənd kənˈtroʊl/. “Air surveillance and control provided by airborne early warning aircraft which are equipped with search and height-finding radar and communication equipment for controlling weapon systems.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- alerta temprana y control aerotransportados. Vigilancia aérea y control proporcionados por aeronaves de alerta temprana y control equipados con radares de búsqueda y de altura, y con equipos de comunicaciones para

proporcionar control a los sistemas de armas.

airbrake /ˈer ˈbreɪk/. “A device that can be extended from the structure of an airplane to produce a large amount of parasite drag.” (Crane, 2012)

- aerofreno. Dispositivo extensible desde la estructura de un aeroplano para producir una gran cantidad de resistencia parásita.

air-breathing missile /ˈer-ˈbriːðɪŋ ˈmɪsəl/. “A missile with an engine requiring the intake of air for combustión of its fuel, as in a ramjet or turbojet.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- misil con toma de aire. Un misil con un motor que precise de una entrada de aire para la combustión de su combustible, como en un ramjet o turbojet.

air corridor /ˈer ˈkɔːrədər/. “A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft an established for the purpose of preventing friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- pasillo aéreo. Ruta aérea de viaje restringida, específica para uso de aeronaves amigas, y establecida con el propósito de prevenir que las aeronaves amigas sean disparadas por las propias fuerzas amigas.

aircraft(A/C) /ˈɛrˌkræft/. “A device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air.” (14 CFR part 1)

- aeronave. Artefacto que se utiliza o destinado a ser utilizado para el vuelo en el aire.

aircraft commander /ˈerˌkræft kəˈmændər/. “The aircrew member designated by a competent authority as being in command of an aircraft and responsible for its safe operation. Note: The aircraft commander may also be the mission commander.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- comandante de la aeronave. El miembro de la tripulación designado por la autoridad competente para estar al mando de la aeronave y ser responsable de su seguridad durante el tiempo de operación.

air defense area /ˈer dəˈfens ˈeriə/. “A specifically defined airspace for which air defense must be planned and provided.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- área de defensa aérea. Un espacio aéreo definido específicamente sobre el que se debe planear y proporcionar defensa aérea.


airdrop /ˈerdrap/. “Delivery of personnel or cargo from aircraft in flight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzamiento aéreo. Lanzamiento de personal o carga desde aeronaves en vuelo.

airdrop /ˈerdrap/. “Delivery of personnel or cargo from aircraft in flight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzamiento aéreo. Lanzamiento de personal o carga desde una aeronave en vuelo.

airdrop platform /ˈerdrap ˈplætˌfɔːrm/. “A base on which vehicles, cargo or equipment are loaded for airdrop or low altitude extraction.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- plataforma/palé de lanzamiento. Base sobre la que se cargan los vehículos, carga o equipos para el lanzamiento paracaídas o extracción a baja cota.

airfield /ˈerˌfild/. “An area prepared for the accommodation (including any buildings, installations, and equipment), landing, and takeoff of aircraft.” (Crane, 2012)

- campo de vuelo. Área preparada para el abastecimiento (incluyendo cualquier edificio, instalación y equipo), aterrizaje y despegue de aeronaves.

airfield damage repair (ADR) /ˈerˌfild ˈdæmədʒ rəˈper/. “The process of using construction equipment, tools, portable equipment, expendable supplies, and temporary surfacing materials to provide a minimum operating surface through expedient repair methods.” (HQ AFCESA/CEXX, 2008)

- reparación de daños de aeródromo. Proceso en el que se utiliza equipos de construcción, herramientas, equipos portátiles, material fungible y material de pavimentado temporal, para proporcionar la superficie operativa mínima mediante los métodos de reparación oportunos.

airfield elevation /ˈerˌfild ˌeləˈveɪʃn̩/. “Established elevation, in terms of the nearest 300 mm (1 ft.) above mean sea level, of the highest point of the usable landing area.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- elevación de aeródromo. Elevación establecida, en cuanto a los 300 mm (1 pie) más próximos sobre el nivel medio del mar, del punto más alto de la superficie útil de aterrizaje.

airfoil /ˈerˈfɔɪl/. “Any Surface designed to obtain a useful reaction, or lift, from air passing over it. Airplane wings, propeller

blades, and helicopter rotors are examples of airfoils.” (Crane, 2012)

- superficie sustentadora. Cualquier superficie diseñada para obtener una reacción útil, o sustentación, al pasar el aire sobre ella. Las alas de las aeronaves o las palas de hélices y helicópteros son ejemplos de superficies de sustentación.

airframe /ˈerˌfrem/. “The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- célula. El fuselaje, largueros, góndolas, cubiertas, carenados, superficies aerodinámicas (incluyendo rotores, pero excluyendo hélices y superficies de sustentación rotatorias de los motores), y tren de aterrizaje de una aeronave y sus accesorios y controles.

airfreighting /ˈer ˈfreɪtɪŋ/. “The non-tactical movement of cargo by air.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- transporte aéreo de carga. El movimiento no táctico de carga por vía aérea.

air interdiction /ˈer ˌɪntərˈdɪkʃn̩/. “Air operations conducted to divert, disrupt, delay, degrade or destroy an enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively and at such distance that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and manoeuvre of friendly forces is not required.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- interdicción aérea. Operaciones aéreas llevadas a cabo para desviar, interrumpir, retrasar, degradar o destruir el potencial militar enemigo antes de que pueda ser utilizado de manera efectiva, y a una distancia tal, que no se requiera la integración detallada de cada misión aérea con el fuego y maniobra de las fuerzas amigas.

air liaison officer /ˈer ˈlaɪəsən ˈɑːfəsər/. “The senior tactical air control party member attached to a ground unit who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air power.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- oficial de enlace aéreo. Miembro más antiguo de un equipo de control aéreo táctico, anexado a una unidad de tierra, que actúa como asesor principal del comandante en tierra sobre el poder aéreo.

airlift capability /ˈerˌlɪft ˌkepəˈbɪləti/. “The total capacity expressed in terms of number of passengers and/or weight/cubic


displacement of cargo that can be carried at any one time to a given destination by the available air transport service.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga de pago. La capacidad total, expresada en términos de números de pasajeros y/o desplazamiento de peso/volumen de carga, que puede ser transportada de una vez a un destino determinado por el servicio de transporte aéreo disponible.

air logistic support operation /ˈer ləˈdʒɪstɪk səˈpɔːrt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An air operation, excluding an airborne operation, conducted within a theatre of operations to distribute and/or recover personnel, equipment and supplies.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- operación de apoyo logístico aéreo. Operación aérea, con excepción de una operación aerotransportada, llevada a cabo en el teatro de operaciones para distribuir y/o recuperar personal, equipo y suministros.

airman /ˈermən/. “1. A member of an aircrew. 2. A member of an air force. 3. (US) The lowest non-commissioned rank in the air force.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- aviador. 1. Un miembro de una tripulación. 2. Un miembro de una fuerza aérea. 3. (US) El rango más bajo entre el personal temporal de una la fuerza aérea.

airplane /ˈerˌplen/. “An engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.” (14 CFR part 1)

- avión. Aeronave impulsada por motor, de ala fija y más pesada que el aire, que se sustenta en vuelo mediante la reacción dinámica del aire contra las alas.

air portable /ˈer ˈpɔːrtəbl/̩. “An adjective used to describe materiel or equipment which, loaded either internally or externally, can be transported by air with no more than minor dismantling and reassembling by the user unit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- aerotransportable. Adjetivo utilizado para describir el material o equipo que, ya sea cargado en el interior o exterior, puede ser transportado por vía aérea poco más que un simple montaje y desmontaje por la unidad usuaria.

air reconnaissance /ˈer riˈkɑːnəsəns/. “The collection of information of intelligence interest either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- reconocimiento aéreo. La recolección de información de interés para la inteligencia, bien mediante la observación visual desde el aire, o mediante el uso de sensores aerotransportados.

air route /ˈer ˈraʊt/. “The navigable airspace between two points, identified to the extent necessary for the application of flight rules.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- ruta aérea. El espacio aereo navegable entre dos puntos, identificado en la medida necesaria para la aplicación de las reglas de vuelo.

airside facilities /ˈerˈsaɪd fəˈsɪlətiz/. “Facilities associated with the movement and parking of aircraft. These include runways, taxiways, apron areas, associated navigational aids and imaginary surfaces.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- zona de vuelos. Instalaciones asociadas con el movimiento y aparcamiento de aeronaves. Esto incluye pistas de aterrizaje y rodaje, plataformas, ayudas a la navegación asociadas y superficies imaginarias.

air sovereignty /ˈer ˈsɑːvrənti/. “A nation’s inherent right to exercise absolute control and authority over the airspace above its territory.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- soberanía aérea. El derecho inherente de una nación a ejercer la autoridad y el control absoluto sobre del espacio aéreo de su territorio.

airspace coordinating measures (ACM) /ˈerˌspes ˌkoʊˈɔːdɪneɪtɪŋ ˈmeʒərz/. “Measures employed to facilitate the efficient use of airspace to accomplish missions and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) Their primary objective is to avoid fratricide.

- medidas de coordinación del espacio aéreo. Medidas empleadas para facilitar el uso eficiente del espacio aéreo en el cumplimiento de misiones, y simultáneamente proporcionar salvaguardias para las fuerzas amigas. Su principal objetivo es evitar el fraticidio.

airspeed indicator (ASI) /ˈerˌspid ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A primary cockpit or flight deck instrument which shows the pilot the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air around it.” (Crocker, 2005)

- indicador de velocidad aerodinámica (ASI). Instrumento primario de cabina que muestra al piloto la velocidad de la


aeronave en relación con el aire a su alrededor.

air start unit (ASU) /ˈer ˈstɑːrt ˈjuːnət/. A vehicle with an integrated turbine engine which provides the necessary amount of high-pressure air needed to start the engine.

- compresor de encendido. Vehículo con una turbina de gas integrada que da la cantidad necesaria de aire a presión para encender el motor.

air superiority /ˈer ˌsuːpɪriˈɔːrəti/. “That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- superioridad aérea. Grado de dominio en la batalla aérea de una fuerza sobre otra que permite la conducción de operaciones por el primero, y su relación de fuerzas de tierra, mar y aire, en un momento y lugar determinados, sin la interferencia prohibitiva de la fuerza oponente.

air supply /ˈer səˈplaɪ/. “The delivery of cargo by airdrop or air landing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- abastecimiento o aprovisionamiento aéreo. La distribución o entrega de carga mediante lanzamiento o aterrizaje.

air supremacy /ˈer səˈpreməsi/. “That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- supremacía aérea. Grado de superioridad aérea en el que la fuerza aérea oponente es incapaz de interferir de forma efectiva.

air surveillance /ˈer sərˈveɪləns/. “The systematic observation of air space by electronic, visual or other means, primarily for the purpose of identifying and determining the movements of aircraft and missiles, friendly and enemy, in the air space under observation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- vigilancia aérea. La observación sistemática del espacio aéreo por medios electrónicos, visuales u otros, especialmente con el propósito de identificar y determinar los movimientos de aeronaves y misiles, amigos y enemigos, en el espacio aéreo bajo observación.

air tasking order (ATO) /ˈer ˈtæskɪŋ ˈɔːrdər/. “A method used to task and disseminate to components, subordinate units, and command and control agencies projected

sorties, capabilities and/or forces to targets and specific missions.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010) ATO (traducción no utilizada). Método utilizado para dar órdenes y difusión a los componentes, unidades subordinadas y agencias de mando y control; la planificación de salidas, capacidades o fuerzas asignadas a cada objetivo y misiones específicas. air-to-air missile (AAM) /ˈer tə ˈer ˈmɪsəl/. “An air-launched missile for use against air targets.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- misil aire-aire. Un misil que se lanza desde el aire para usarlo contra objetivos en vuelo.

air-to-ground missile (AGM) /ˈer tə ˈɡraʊnd ˈmɪsəl/. See air-to-surface missile.

- misil aire-tierra. air-to-surface missile (ASM) /ˈer tə ˈsɝːfəs ˈmɪsəl/. “An air-launched missile for use against surface targets.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- misil aire-superficie. Un misil que se lanza desde el aire para usarlo contra objetivos en tierra.

Air Traffic Control (ATC) /ˈeər ˌtræfɪk kənˈtroʊl/. “A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- Control de Tráfico Aéreo. Un servicio operado por la autoridad competente para promover la circulación aérea segura, ordenada y rápida.

Air Traffic Service (ATS) /ˈer ˈtræfɪk ˈsɝːvəs/. “A generic term meaning flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, and air traffic control service, including area control service, approach control service, and airport control service.” (Crane, 2012)

- Servicio de Tránsito Aéreo. Término genérico que incluye el Servicio de Información de Vuelo, Servicio de Alerta, Servicio de Asesoramiento de Tránsito Aéreo, y el Servicio de Control de Tránsito Aéreo, incluyendo el Servicio de Control de Área, el Servicio de Control de Aproximación y Servicio de Control de Aeropuerto.

air trooping /ˈer ˈtruːpɪŋ/. “The non-tactical air movement of personnel.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- transporte aéreo de tropas. Transporte aéreo no táctico de personal.

airway /ˈeˌrwe/. “A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio navigational aids.” (Communications, 2002)


- aerovía. Área de control o parte de la misma establecida en forma de corredor, equipado con radio ayudas a la navegación.

alert aircraft parking /əˈlɝːt ˈerˌkræft ˈpɑːrkɪŋ/. “Exclusive paved area for armed aircraft to park and have immediate, unimpeded access to a runway.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- aparcamiento de aeronave en alerta. Zona pavimentada exclusiva para que aeronaves armadas aparquen y tengan acceso inmediato y sin impedimentos a la pista de aterrizaje.

alert condition /əˈlɝːt kənˈdɪʃn̩/. “A level of readiness which military forces are to achieve, usually based on a defined level of threat.” (HQ AFCESA/CEXX, 2008)

- nivel de alerta. Nivel de disponibilidad que las fuerzas militares deben alcanzar, normalmente basado en un nivel predefinido de amenaza.

alert pad /əˈlɝːt ˈpæd/. “Small paved areas provided for single alert aircraft parking.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- “pad” o hangar de alerta. Pequeñas áreas pavimentadas para el aparcamiento de una sola aeronave en alerta.

allied joint publication (AJP) /əˈlaɪd ˌdʒɔɪnt ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “An Allied publication containing doctrine applicable to NATO and NATO-led operations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- allied joint publication. Publicación aliada que contiene doctrina aplicable a la OTAN y organizaciones lideradas por la misma.

allied publication (AP) /əˈlaɪd ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “A NATO standard established and approved by several or all NATO member nations at tasking authority level.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- allied publication. Publicacion estándar de la OTAN establecida y aprobada por varios o todos los paises miembro de la OTAN a nivel ejecutivo.

altimeter /ælˈtɪmətər/. “An aneroid barometer whose dial is calibrated in feet or meters above a reference pressure level. An altimeter measures the difference between the pressure of the air surrounding it and a reference pressure which is set on the barometric pressure dial on the face of the instrument.” (Crane, 2012)

- altímetro. Barómetro aneroide cuyo dial está calibrado en pies o metros sobre un nivel de presión de referencia. Un

altímetro mide la diferencia entre la presión del aire a su alrededor y una presión de referencia que se selecciona en el dial de presión barométrica, en la cara del instrumento.

altitude /ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “The vertical distance between an aircraft, or a point or a level, and mean sea-level.” (Crocker, 2005)

- altitud. La distancia vertical entre una aeronave, punto o nivel, y el nivel medio del mar.

amendment /əˈmendmənt/. “A minor change that has no significant impact on the use made by the interested parties of an AJP.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- enmienda. Cambio de poca importancia en un AJP que no tiene un impacto significativo en el uso dado por las partes interesadas.

anchor cable /ˈæŋkər ˈkeɪbl/̩. “In air transport, a cable in an aircraft to which the parachute static lines or strops are attached.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- cable estático. En transporte aéreo, un cable en una aeronave al cual se enganchan las cintas extractoras de los paracaídas.

anti-collision light /ˈænti kəˈlɪʒn̩ ˈlaɪt/. “A flashing white light on an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005). Its purpose is to increase the visibility of the aircraft.

- luz anticolisión. Luz blanca brillante en una aeronave. Su propósito es incrementar la visibilidad de la aeronave.

anti-icer system /ˈæntɪˈaɪsə ˈsɪstəm/. “A system that prevents the formation of ice on an aircraft structure.” (Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, 2012)

- sistema anti-hielo. Un sistema que impide la formación de hielo en la estructura de una aeronave.

anti-radiation missile /ˈænti ˌrediˈeɪʃn̩ ˈmɪsəl/. “A missile which homes passively on a radiation source.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- misil anti-radiación. Misil que se dirige pasivamente a una fuente de radiación.

anti-submarine A/C /ˌæntaɪˈsəbməˌrin/. An aircraft whose mission is “to deny the adversary effective use of submarines.” (NATO, 2002).

- aeronave antisubmarinos. Aeronave cuya misión es denegar el uso efectivo de submarinos enemigos.

anti-torque pedals /ˈænti ̍ tɔːrk ̍ pedlz̩/. “Foot pedals used by the pilot to control the pitch of the anti-torque rotor on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter. Controlling the pitch of the


anti-torque rotor allows the pilot to rotate the helicopter about its vertical axis.” (Crane, 2012)

- pedales anti-torque. Pedales utilizados por el piloto para controlar el paso del rotor anti-torque en la cola de un helicóptero mono-rotor. Controlar el paso anti-torque permite al piloto rotar el helicóptero sobre su eje vertical.

approved (aeronautical phraseology) /əˈpruːvd/. “Permission for proposed action granted.” (Communications, 2002)

- approved (aeronautical phraseology). Permiso para la acción propuesta concedido.

apron /ˈeɪprən/. “A defined area on an airfield intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- plataforma. Área definida de un aeropuerto destinada al abastecimiento de las aeronaves, para embarque y desembarque de pasajeros, carga, repostaje de combustible, aparcamiento o mantenimiento.

arm /ˈɑːrm/. 1. Loading of missiles, rockets, and ammunition in aircraft (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008). 2. “As applied to explosives, weapons, and ammunition, the changing from a safe condition to a state of readiness for initiation.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- armar. 1. Provisión de misiles, cohetes o munición a una aeronave. 2. Aplicado a explosivos, armamento y municion, el cambio de condición de seguridad a la de lista para su iniciación o uso.

assign. /əˈsaɪn/. “Place a unit with an existing military organization.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- asignar, destinar. Emplazar una unidad en una organización militar existente.

at ease (drill) /ət ˈiːz/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- a discreción (IOC). athletics track /æθˈletɪks ̍ træk/. Oval-shaped track where track-and-field sports are performed.

- pista de atletismo. Pista de forma ovalada donde se practican las distintas disciplinas del atletismo.

attach. /əˈtætʃ/. “Place a unit, or part of a unit, with a military organization other than its parent organization, without making it a part of that organization.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- vincular. Emplazar a una unidad, o parte de ella, en una organización militar

distinta de su organización asociada, sin hacerla parte de la nueva organización.

attack A/C /əˈtæk/. “Tactical military aircraft that has a primary role of attacking targets on the ground or sea, with greater precision than bombers”. (Mortensen, 1987).

- aeronave de ataque a tierra. Aeronave táctica cuyo rol primario es el ataque a objetivos en tierra o mar, con mayor precisión que un bombardero.

attitude indicator /ˈætəˌtuːd ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A gyroscopic flight instrument that gives the pilot an indication of the attitude of the aircraft relative to its pitch and roll axes.” (Crane, 2012)

- indicador de actitud. Instrumento de vuelo giroscópico que da al piloto indicación de la actitud de la aeronave relativa a sus ejes de cabeceo y alabeo.

authentication /ɒˌθentəˈkeɪʃn̩/. “1. A security measure designed to protect a communications system against acceptance of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message, or originator. (. . .) 2. In personnel recovery missions, the process whereby the identity of an isolated person is confirmed.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- autenticación. 1. Medida de seguridad diseñada para proteger un sistema de comunicaciones en contra de la aceptación de una transmisión fraudulenta o simulación, estableciendo la validez de una transmisión, mensaje u originador. 2. En misiones de recuperación de personal, el proceso mediante el cual se confirma la identidad de una persona aislada.

autogiro /ˌɔːrtoʊˈdʒaɪəroʊ/. “An aircraft that moves forward by means of a propeller and is supported in the air mainly by means of a large rotor mounted horizontally above the fuselage and turned by air pressure rather than motor power.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- autogiro. Aeronave que se mueve hacia adelante por medio de una hélice y que se sostiene en el aire por medio de un gran rotor montado horizontalmente sobre el fuselaje, y que gira mediante la presión del aire en lugar de la potencia de un motor.

automatic direction finder (ADF) /ˌɒtəˈmætɪk dəˈrekʃn̩ ˈfaɪndər/. “A radio navigation instrument that receives signals from non-directional radio beacons.” (Crocker, 2005)

- ADF (traducción no utilizada). Instrumento de radionavegación que


recibe señales de radiobalizas no direccionales.

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) /ˌɒtəˈmætɪk ˈtɝːmənl ̩ ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn̩ ˈsɝːvəs/. “The provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts throughout the day or a specific portion of the day.” (Communications, 2002)

- ATIS (traducción no utilizada). La provisión de información rutinaria y actual a las aeronaves en llegada y salida, por medio de radiodifusiones continuas y repetitivas a lo largo del día o de una parte especifica de este.

autorotation /ˈɒtoʊ roʊˈteɪʃn̩/. “A rotor flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in motion.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- autorotación. Condición de vuelo a rotor en la que el rotor sustentador es impulsado exclusivamente por la acción del aire al avanzar la aeronave en movimiento.

avionics /ˌeviˈɑːnɪks/. “Electronic communication, navigation, and flight-control equipment of an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- aviónica. Equipos de comunicación electrónica, navegación y control de vuelo de una aeronave.

avionics system (aircraft) /ˌeviˈɑːnɪks ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema de aviónica.


badge /ˈbædʒ/. “A distinctive token, emblem, or sign worn to show rank, membership, achievement, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- distintivo, “rokiski”. Un símbolo distintivo, emblema o signo que se porta para mostrar el rango, la pertenencia o logro, etc.

baggage cart /ˈbæɡədʒ ˈkɑːrt/. Wheeled structures or vehicles used for the transportation of luggage or cargo between the aircraft and the terminal.

- carro de equipaje. Estructura con ruedas o vehiculo que se utiliza para el transporte de equipaje o carga entre la aeronave y la terminal.

ballistic missile /bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsəl/. “A missile which does not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces to produce lift and consequently follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- misil balístico. Misil que no se basa en superficies aerodinámicas para elevarse y, en consecuencia, sigue una trayectoria balística cuando se termina el empuje.

balloon /bəˈlun/. “A lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine-driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.” (Crane, 2012)

- globo. Aeronave más ligera que el aire no accionada por un motor, y que se mantiene en vuelo mediante el uso de la flotabilidad de un gas, o bien, un calentador a bordo.

bank /ˈbæŋk/. “To rotate an airplane about its longitudinal axis, or tilt its wings, by using the ailerons. An airplane is turned by banking it.” (Crane, 2012)

- alabear. Rotar un avión sobre su eje longitudinal, o inclinar sus alas, mediante el uso de los alerones. Un avión gira mediante el alabeo.

bare base /ˈber ˈbeɪs/. “A base having minimum essential facilities to house, sustain, and support operations to include, if required, a stabilized runway, taxiways, and aircraft parking areas. A bare base must have a source of water that can be made potable.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- base esencial. Base que posee las instalaciones mínimas para alojar, sostener y apoyar operaciones que incluyan, si se requiere, una pista nivelada, pistas de rodadura y plataformas de aparcamiento de

aeronaves. Una base esencial debe tener una fuente de agua que pueda hacerse potable.

barracks /ˈbærəks/. “A building or group of buildings for housing soldiers.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- cuartel, barracones. Edificio o grupo de edificios utilizado para alojar militares.

base boundary /ˈbeɪs ̍ baʊndəri /. “A line that delineates the surface area of a base for the purpose of facilitating coordination and deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- límite de la base. Línea que delimita la superficie de una base con el propósito de facilitar la coordinación y evitar conflictos entre las operaciones de unidades, formaciones o áreas adyacentes.

base cluster /ˈbeɪs ˈklʌstər/. “In base defense operations, a collection of bases, geographically grouped for mutual protection and ease of command and control.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- clúster de bases. En operaciones de defensa de base, un grupo de bases, geográficamente agrupadas para la mutua protección y facilidad de mando y control.

base defense /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens/. The local military measures, both normal and emergency, required to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, a base, to ensure that the maximum capacity of its facilities is available. (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010).

- defensa de base. Las medidas militares locales, tanto rutinarias como de emergencia, requeridas para anular o reducir la efectividad de los ataques o intentos de sabotaje enemigos a una base, con tal de asegurar que la máxima capacidad operativa de sus instalaciones está disponible.

base defense forces /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens ˈfɔːrsəz/. “Troops assigned or attached to a base for the primary purpose of base defense and security as well as augmentees and selectively armed personnel available to the base commander for base defense from units performing primary missions other than base defense.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- fuerzas de defensa de base. Tropas asignadas o adjuntas a una base con el objetivo principal de asegurar y defender la base, asi como el personal de refuerzo y personal armado seleccionado disponible para la defensa de la base,


desde unidades que cuyo rol principal no sea el de defensa.

base defense zone (BDZ) /ˈbeɪs dəˈfens ˈzoʊn/. “An air defense zone established around an air base and limited to the engagement envelope of short-range air defense weapons systems defending that base. Base defense zones have specific entry, exit, and identification, friend or foe procedures established.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- zona de defensa de base. Zona de defensa aérea establecida alrededor de una base aérea y limitada por el alcance efectivo de los sistemas de defensa anti-aérea de corto alcance que defienden la base. Las zonas de defensa aerea tienen establecidas entradas, identificaciones y procedimientos de identificación amigo/enemigo específicos.

battledress uniform (BDU) /ˈbætldres/. “A camouflage combat uniform.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- uniforme de campaña. Uniforme de camuflaje para el combate.

beam rider /ˈbiːm ˈraɪdər/. “A missile guided by radar or radio beam.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- beam rider (traduccion no utilizada). Un misil guiado por un haz de radio o radar.

beret /ˈberət/. “A circular, flat hat that is made of soft material and has no brim.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- boina. Un sombrero plano y circular, hecho de material blando y sin borde.

biplane /ˈbaɪˌplen/. “An airplane having two main supporting aerodynamic surfaces (wings). (Crane, 2012)

- biplano. Aeroplano que tiene dos superficies principales de sustentación (alas).

bladder-type fuel cell /ˈblædər ˈtaɪp ˈ uːəl ˈsel/. “A plastic-impregnated fabric bag supported in a portion of an aircraft structure so that it forms a cell in which fuel is carried.” (Crane, 2012)

- depósito elástico de combustible. Bolsa de tela impregnada de plástico contenida en una parte de la estructura de la aeronave, de manera que forma una célula donde se almacena el combustible.

bleed air /ˈbliːd ˈer/. “Compressed air taken from one or more stages of the compressor of a gas turbine engine. Bleed air is used for anti-icing, de-icing, cabin pressurization, and cabin heating or cooling.” (Crane, 2012)

- aire sangrado. Aire comprimido tomado de una o más etapas del compresor de un motor de turbine de gas. El aire sangrado se utiliza para el anti y des-

hielo, presurización y acondicionamiento de cabina.

bleed air system (aircraft) /ˈbliːd ˈer ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema de aire sangrado. blind transmission /blaɪnd trænˈsmɪʃn̩/. “A transmission from one station to another in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission.” (Crane, 2012)

- transmisión a ciegas. Transmisión de una estación a otra en circunstancias donde la comunicación a dos vías no puede establecerse, pero donde se cree que la estación receptora puede recibir la transmisión.

blood chit /ˈbləd ˈtʃɪt/. A small sheet of material depicting the carrier’s country flag and a statement in several languages to the effect that anyone assisting the bearer to safety will be rewarded (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007). blood chit (traducción no utilizada). Pequeña lámina donde viene representada la bandera del país de su portador, así como un comunicado en varios idiomas en el sentido de que cualquiera que preste ayuda al portador será recompensado. Blues uniform /ˈbluːz ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm/.

- Uniforme de trabajo boarding steps /ˈbɔːrdɪŋ ˈsteps/. “Stairs used by passengers and crew to get on board an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- escalerillas. Escaleras utilizadas por los pasajeros y tripulación para subir a bordo de una aeronave.

bomber A/C /ˈbɑːmər/. “A military aircraft designed to carry a bomb load over enemy territory an release it in such a way that it will do the maximum amount of damage. (Crane, 2012)

- bombardero. Aeronave militar diseñada para transportar una carga de bombas sobre territorio enemigo y lanzarla de forma que provoque el máximo daño posible.

bona fides /ˈboʊnə ˈfaɪdz/. “In personnel recovery, the use of verbal or visual communication by individuals who are unknown to one another, to establish their authenticity, sincerity, honesty, and truthfulness.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- santo y seña. En recuperación del personal, el uso de comunicación verbal o visual por personas que no se conocen entre sí, para establecer su autenticidad, sinceridad, honestidad y veracidad.


booby trap /ˈbuːbi ˈtræp/. “A device designed, constructed or adapted to kill or injure, which functions when a person disturbs or approaches an apparently harmless object or performs an apparently safe act.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- trampa explosiva. Un dispositivo diseñado, construido o adaptado para matar o herir, que funciona cuando una persona perturba o se aproxima a un objeto aparentemente inofensivo o realiza una operación aparentemente segura.

bowser /ˈbozər/. “A mobile fuel tank for refueling aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- cisterna. Un depósito de combustible móvil para repostar aeronaves.

brake parachute /ˈbreɪk ˈperɪˌʃuːt/. A parachute attached to the rear of an aircraft and opened to assist braking. (HarperCollins Publishers)

- paracaídas de frenado. Paracaídas instalado en la parte trasera de una aeronave que se abre para ayudar en la frenada.

Branch /ˈbræntʃ/. “Part of a NATO headquarters division responsible for a major functional area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- Sección (de una División). Parte de una División de un cuartel general de la OTAN responsable de un área funcional principal.

brassard /ˈbræsərd/. “An armband with a distinctive design that identifies the wearer in some way.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- brazalete. Banda de brazo con un diseño distintivo que identifica al portador de alguna manera.

break (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈbreɪk/. “I hereby indicate the separation between portions of the message. (To be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message).” (Communications, 2002)

- break (aeronautical phraseology). Por la presente indico la separación entre dos porciones de mensaje. (Para ser utilizado cuando no hay una distinción clara entre el texto y otras porciones del mensaje.

break break (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈbreɪk ˈbreɪk/. “I hereby indicate the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a very busy environment.” (Communications, 2002)

- break break (aeronautical phraseology). Por la presente indico la separación entre mensajes transmitidos a diferentes aviones en un entorno muy ocupado.

briefing /ˈbriːfɪŋ/. “The act of giving in advance specific instructions or information.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- briefing (Traducción no utilizada). El acto de dar por adelantado instrucciones o información específicas.

bulkhead /ˈbʌlkˌhed/. “A structural partition that divides the fuselage of an aircraft into compartments or bays. A bulkhead strengthens the structure and acts as a wall.” (Crane, 2012)

- mamparo. Partición estructural que divide el fuselaje en compartimentos o bahías. Un mamparo refuerza la estructura y actúa como un muro.

bullseye /ˈbuːlzaɪ/. “An established reference point from which the position of an object can be referenced.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- bullseye (traducción no utilizada). Punto de referencia establecido, desde el cual, se puede hacer referencia a la posición de un objeto.


cadet /kəˈdet/. “A student in training at an armed forces academy.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- cadete. Un estudiante en formación en una academia militar.

call sign /ˈkɒl ˈsaɪn/. “Any combination of characters or pronounceable words, which identifies a communication facility, a command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; used primarily for establishing and maintaining communications.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- indicativo. Cualquier combinación de caracteres o palabras pronunciables que identifiquen a; una instalación de comunicaciones, mando, autoridad, actividad o unidad, utilizada principalmente para establecer y mantener comunicaciones.

call-up /ˈkɔːl ʌp/. “An order, as to those in the reserves, to report for active duty.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- llamada a filas, movilización. Orden, a aquellos en la reserva, de presentarse para el servicio.

camouflage /ˈkæməˌflɑːʒ/. “The use of natural or artificial material on personnel, objects or tactical positions with the aim of confusing, misleading or evading the enemy.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- camuflaje. El uso de material, natural o artificial, en personas, objetos o posiciones tácticas con el fin de confundir, engañar o evadir al enemigo.

canard /kəˈnɑːrd/. 1. “The forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.” (Regulatory Information, 2012) 2. “A type of airplane in which the horizontal auxiliary control is mounted ahead of the main lifting plane.” (Crane, 2012)

- canard. 1. El ala delantera de una configuración canard que puede ser fija, móvil, de geometría variable, con o sin superficies de control. 2. Un tipo de aeroplano en el que el control auxiliar horizontal está montado delante del plano principal de sustentación.

canard configuration /kəˈnɑːrd kənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn̩/. “A configuration in which the span of the forward wing is substantially less than of the main wing.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- configuración canard. Configuración en la que la envergadura del ala delantera es sustancialmente menor que la del ala principal.

cancel (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈkænsəl/. “Annul the previously transmitted clearance.” (Communications, 2002)

- cancel (aeronautical phraseology). Anule la autorización transmitida anteriormente.

cannibalization /ˌkænəbələˈzeɪʃən/. “Authorized removals of a specific assembly, subassembly, or part from one weapon system, system, support system, or equipment end-item for installation on another end-item to meet priority mission requirements with an obligation to replace the removed item.” (HQ USAF/IL, 2003)

- canibalización. El desmontaje autorizado de un conjunto, subconjunto, o parte específicos de un sistema de armas, sistema, sistema de apoyo, o elemento final de equipo, para su instalación en otro elemento final que tiene prioridad para el cumplimiento de una misión, con la obligación de reemplazar el elemento desmontado.

canopy /ˈkænəpi/. “A transparent cover, typically on some fighters, light aircraft and gliders, designed to slide backwards and forwards or hinge upwards to allow pilots to enter or leave an aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- cúpula. Cubierta transparente, generalmente en cazas de combate, aeronaves ligeras o veleros, diseñada para ser deslizada hacia atrás y hacia delante o bascular hacia arriba para permitir a los pilotos entrar y salir de la aeronave.

capstone publication /ˈkæpˌstoʊn ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “The publication at the highest level in the Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture linking that doctrine to Alliance strategy.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- capstone publication. Publicación al nivel más alto en la arquitectura de la doctrina aliada conjunta, uniendo dicha doctrina con la estrategia de la Alianza.

cargo /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. “Commodities and supplies in transit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga. Productos y suministros en tránsito.

cargo ramp /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ ˈræmp/. - rampa de carga.

cargo sling /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ sˈlɪŋ/. See cargo lashing belt.

- eslinga de carga. Ver cinta de carga


cargo lashing belt /ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ ˈlæʃɪŋ ˈbelt/. High tensile strength belt used for securing items to a movable platform called pallet.

- cinta de carga. Cinta de alta resistencia a la tracción utilizada para asegurar objetos a una plataforma móvil.

casualty /ˈkæʒəwəlti/. “In relation to personnel, any person who is lost to his organization by reason of having been declared dead, wounded, diseased, detained, captured or missing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- baja. En relación con el personal, cualquier persona, perdida para su organización, por razones de haber sido declarada muerta, herida, enferma, detenida, capturada o desaparecida.

caution (TO understanding) /ˈkɑːʃn̩/. “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mission effectiveness.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- precaucion (caution). Destaca un procedimiento de operación o mantenimiento, practica, condición o estado esencial que, de no observarse estrictamente, podría resultar en daños o destrucción de equipo, o pérdida de eficacia de la misión.

ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/. “The height above the earth’s Surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena reported as ‘broken’, ‘overcast’, or ‘obscuration’, and not classified as ‘thin’ or ‘partial’.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- techo de nubes. La altura sobre la superficie terrestre de la capa más baja de nubes o fenómenos oscurecedores clasificados como ‘roto’ o ‘encapotado’, y no clasificados como ‘fino’ o ‘parcial’.

centre of gravity limits /ˈsentər əv ˈɡrævəti ˈlɪməts/. “The limits within which an aircraft's centre of gravity must lie to ensure safe flight. The centre of gravity of the loaded aircraft must be within these limits at take-off, in the air, and on landing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- límites del centro de gravedad. Los límites dentro de los cuales debe permanecer el centro de gravedad de una aeronave para garantizar la seguridad del vuelo. El centro de gravedad de la aeronave cargada debe permanecer dentro de estos límites al despegue, en vuelo y en el aterrizaje.

Certificate of Airworthiness /sərˈtɪfɪkət əv ˈeˌrwərðinəs/. “A document issued by an

aviation authority stating that an aircraft meets specific safety and performance requirements that allow it to be used in service.” (Crocker, 2005)

- Certificado de Aeronavegabilidad. Documento expedido por una autoridad de aviación que certifica que una aeronave satisface los requisitos específicos de seguridad y funcionamiento que le permiten ser puesta en servicio.

chaff /ˈtʃæf/. Strips of frequency-cut metal foil, wire, or metallized glass fibre used to reflect electromagnetic energy, usually dropped from aircraft (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014).

- chaff. Tiras de metal, alambre o fibras de vidrio metalizadas, a una frecuencia de corte dada y utilizadas para reflejar energía electromagnética. Normalmente lanzadas por las aeronaves.

chain of command /ˈtʃeɪn əv kəˈmænd/. “The succession of commanding officers from a superior to a subordinate through which command is exercised.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- cadena de mando. La sucesión de oficiales con mando, de superior a subordinado mediante la cual se ejerce el mando.

chaplain (HC) /ˈtʃæplən/. “Provides spiritual care (. . .) conducting religious observances and providing pastoral care.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- capellán. Proporciona atención spiritual dirigiendo prácticas religiosas y prestando atención pastoral.

check (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈtʃek/. “Examine a system or procedure. (No answer is normally expected)” (Communications, 2002)

- check (aeronautical phraseology). Examine un sistema o procedimiento. (Normalmente no se espera respuesta).

Chief of Staff (CSAF). /ˈtʃiːf əv ˈstæf/. - Jefe del Estado Mayor del Aire.

chock /ˈtʃɑːk/. “A wooden or metal device placed in front of the wheels of a parked aircraft to prevent it from moving.” (Crocker, 2005)

- calzo. Dispositivo de madera o metal que se coloca delante de las ruedas de un avión estacionado para evitar que se mueva.

civilian aircraft /səˈvɪljən ˈerˌkræft/. “Means any aircraft other than military or other State aircraft.” (Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, 2009)


- aeronave civil. Significa cualquier aeronave distinta de las aeronaves militares o de Estado.

clandestine operation /klænˈdestən ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An operation planned or conducted in such a way as to assure its secrecy or concealment.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- operación clandestina. Una operación planificada o conducida de tal forma que se asegure su carácter secreto u oculto.

cleared (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈklɪrd/. “Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified.” (Communications, 2002)

- cleared (aeronautical phraseology). Autorizado a proceder en las condiciones especificadas.

close air support (CAS) /kloʊz ˈer səˈpɔːrt/. “Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- apoyo aéreo cercano. Acción aérea contra objetivos hostiles que se encuentran próximas a las fuerzas amigas, y que requiere de la integración detallada de cada misión área con el fuego y maniobra de las fuerzas amigas.

coaxial rotors /ˌkoˈæksiəl ˈroʊtəz/. “A rotor system in which two rotors are mounted on the helicopter, on concentric shafts, in such a way that they turn in opposite directions – their torques cancel.” (Crane, 2012)

- rotores coaxiales. Sistema de rotor en el que dos rotores se montan en ejes concéntricos, de tal manera que giran en direcciones opuestas – sus ejes se cancelan.

cockpit /ˈkɑːkˌpɪt/. “The portion of an aircraft or a spacecraft from which the flight crew controls the vehicle.” (Crane, 2012)

- cabina. Parte de una aeronave o nave especial desde la cual la tripulación controla el vehículo.

collateral damage /kəˈlætərəl ˈdæmədʒ/. “Inadvertent casualties and destruction in civilian areas caused by military operations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- daños colaterales. Víctimas y destrucción involuntarias en áreas civiles causadas por las operaciones militares.

collective pitch control /kəˈlektɪv ˈpɪtʃ kənˈtroʊl/. “The flight control of a helicopter that changes the pitch of all the rotor blades at the same time. Movement of the collective control increases or decreases the lift

produced by the entire rotor disk.” (Crane, 2012)

- colectivo. El control de vuelo de un helicóptero que cambia el paso de todas las palas del rotor al mismo tiempo. El movimiento del colectivo incrementa o disminuye la sustentación producida por todo el disco rotor.

combat air patrol (CAP) /ˈkɑːmbæt ˈer pəˈtroʊl/. “An aircraft patrol provided over an objective area, the force protected, the critical area of a combat zone, or in an air defence area, for the purpose of intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft before they reach their targets.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- patrulla aérea de combate. Patrulla de aeronaves establecida sobre un área objetivo, fuerza protegida, área crítica de una zona de combate o en un área de defensa aérea, con el propósito de interceptar y destruir las aeronaves hostiles antes de que alcancen sus objetivos.

combat load /ˈkɑːmbæt loʊd/. “The total warlike stores carried by an aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga de combate. El armamento total cargado (en disposición de ser utilizado) por una aeronave.

combat search and rescue (CSAR) /ˈkɑːmbæt ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː/. “The detection, location, identification and rescue of downed aircrew in hostile territory in time of crisis or war and, when appropriate, isolated military personnel in distress, who are trained and equipped to receive combat search and rescue support.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- busqueda y salvamento de combate. La detección, localización, identificación y rescate de tripulantes derribados, en territorio enemigo, en tiempo de crisis o guerra y, cuando proceda, de personal militar aislado en peligro, que esté entrenado y equipado para recibir el apoyo de salvamento y rescate de combate.

combat search and rescue task force (CSARTF) /ˈkɑːmbæt ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː ˈtæsk ˈfɔːrs/. “All forces committed to a specific combat search and rescue operation to locate, identify, support, and recover isolated personnel during combat. This includes those elements assigned to provide command and control and to protect the recovery vehicle(s) from attack.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- fuerza especial de salvamento y rescate en combate. Todas las fuerzas comprometidas en una operación


específica de búsqueda y rescate en combate, para localizar, identificar, apoyar y recuperar a personal aislado durante el combate. Esto incluye los elementos asignados para proporcionar mando y control y proteger al/los vehículo/s de los ataques.

combat survival /ˈkɑːmbæt sərˈvaɪvl/̩. “Those measures to be taken by service personnel when involuntarily separated from friendly forces in combat, including procedures relating to individual survival, evasion, escape, and conduct after capture.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- supervivencia de combate. Aquellas medidas que deben adoptarse por el personal en servicio cuando son separados involuntariamente de las fuerzas amigas en combate, incluyendo los procedimientos relacionados con la supervivencia individual, la evasión, escape y conducta tras la captura.

combined /kəmˈbaɪnd/. “A term identifying two or more forces or agencies of two or more allies operating together.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- combinado. Término utilizado para identificar a una o más fuerzas o agencias de dos o más aliados (de distinta nacionalidad) que operan juntos.

command (CMD) /kəˈmænd/. “1. The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. 2. An order given by a commander; that is, the will of the commander expressed for the purpose of bringing about a particular action. 3. A unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- mando. 1. La autoridad legal que un comandante en jefe de las fuerzas armadas ejerce sobre sus subordinados en virtud de su rango o puesto. 2. Orden dada por un comandante en jefe, es decir, la voluntad del comandante expresada con el propósito de que cumpla una acción en particular. 3. Una unidad o unidades, organización o área bajo el mando de un individuo.

command and control A/C. See command and control system.

- aeronave de mando y control. Ver entrada command and control system.

command and control system /kəˈmænd ənd kənˈtroʊl ˈsɪstəm/. “The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling operations of

assigned and attached forces pursuant to the missions assigned.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- sistema de mando y control. Las instalaciones, equipos, comunicaciones, procedimientos y personal esenciales para un comandante, para este pueda planear, dirigir y controlar las operaciones de las fuerzas asignadas y anexadas, de conformidad con las misiones asignadas.

Commander. /kəˈmændər/. “An officer who occupies a position of command pursuant to orders of appointment or by assumption of command” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013).

- Comandante (jefe). Oficial que ocupa una posición de mando en virtud de nombramiento o asunción del mando.

Command Post (CP) /kəˈmænd poʊst/. “In operations or exercises, a location from which command is exercised” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014). Implements emergency action and quick reaction checklist procedures and controls assigned forces. Monitors alert force status; monitors airfield, weather and navigational aid status. (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Puesto de Mando. En operaciones o ejercicios, lugar desde el cual se ejerce el mando. Implementa acciones de emergencia, procedimientos reacción rápida mediante listas de control y controla las fuerzas asignadas. Monitoriza el estado de la fuerza de alarma, el aeropuerto, climatología y estado de las ayudas a la navegación.

commissioned officer. /kəˈmɪʃn̩d ˈɑːfəsər/. “A serviceman or servicewoman with a supervisory rank, who derives their authority from a commission.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- oficial de carrera. Todo o toda militar que ostenta un rango de supervisor, cuya autoridad deriva de un despacho o nombramiento.

communication and navigation system (aircraft) /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃn̩ ənd ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema de comunicación y navegación. companionship /kəmˈpænjənˌʃɪp/. “Having someone you know and like with you, instead of being on your own.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- compañerismo. Tener a alguien que conoces y quieres a tu lado, en lugar de estar a solas.

computed air release point /kəmˈpjuːtəd ˈer riˈliːs ˈpɔɪnt/. “A computed air position where the first paratroop or cargo item is released


to land on a specified impact point.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de lanzamiento. Posición en el aire calculada para que el primer hombre o carga sea lanzado y aterrice en un punto de impacto especifico.

concertina wire /kansərˈ ːnə ˈwaɪər/. “Barbed wire rolled into a series of loops, which can be compressed for storage and transportation, but easily extended for use as an obstacle.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- concertina. Alambre de púas enrollado en una serie de vueltas que puede ser comprimido para almacenamiento y transporte, pero fácilmente extensible para utilizar como obstáculo.

confidence course /ˈkɑːnfədəns ˈkɔːrs/. See obstacle course.

- pista de aplicación. confined to barracks /kənˈfaɪnd tə ˈbærəks/. “A punishment by which a soldier is not allowed to leave the barracks.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- arresto. Castigo por el cual no se permite a un militar abandonar su cuartel.

confirm (aeronautical phraseology) /kənˈfɝːm/. “Have I correctly received the following…? Or Did you correctly receive the message?” (Communications, 2002)

- confirm (aeronautical phraseology). ¿He recibido correctamente lo siguiente…? o ¿Has recibido correctamente mi mensaje?

consolidate. /kənˈsɑːləˌdet/. “To permanently combine two or more organizations by merging their lineage into a single line to form a single organization.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- concentrar, fusionar. Combinar permanentemente dos o mas organizaciones mediante la fusión de su linaje en una sola línea y formar una sola organización.

constitute /ˈkɑːnstəˌtuːt/. Provide the legal authority for a new unit by designating it in a department of an air force (HQ USAF/A1, 2013).

- constituir, crear. Proporcionar la autoridad legal a una nueva unidad mediante su designación en un departamento de la fuerza aérea.

contact (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈkɑːnˌtækt/. “Establish radio contact with…” (Communications, 2002)

- contact (aeronautical phraseology). Establezca contacto radio con….

contact point (CP) /ˈkɑːnˌtækt ˈpɔɪnt/. 1. “In personnel recovery, a location where isolated personnel can establish contact with recovery forces.” (Department of Defense of the

United States of America, 2007) 2. “In air operations, the position at which a mission leader makes radio contact with an air control agency.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de contacto. 1. En misiones de recuperación de personal, lugar donde el personal aislado puede establecer contacto con las fuerzas de recuperación. 2. En operaciones aéreas, la posición en la que un líder de la misión contacta por radio con una agencia de control aéreo.

contour interval /ˈkɑːnˌtʊr ˈɪntərvl/̩. “Difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- equidistancia. Diferencia de altura entre dos curvas de nivel adyacentes.

contour line /ˈkɑːnˌtʊr ˈlaɪn/. “A line on a map or chart connecting points of equal elevation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- curva de nivel. Una línea en un mapa o carta que conecta los puntos que están a la misma altura.

controlled dangerous air cargo /kənˈtroʊld ˈdeɪndʒərəs ˈer ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. “Cargo which is regarded as highly dangerous and which may only be carried by cargo aircraft operating within specific safety regulations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga peligrosa. Carga considerada como altamente peligrosa que solamente puede ser transportada por aeronaves de transporte de carga que operen bajo unas normas de seguridad específicas.

control tower /kənˈtroʊl ˈtaʊər/. “A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area.” (Crane, 2012)

- torre de control. Terminal que utiliza comunicaciones tierra/aire, señalización visual y otros dispositivos para proporcionar control de tráfico aéreo a las aeronaves que operan en las proximidades de un aeropuerto.

control zone (CTZ) /kənˈtroʊl ˈzoʊn/. “A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- zona de control (CTZ). Espacio aéreo controlado que se extiende hacia arriba desde la superficie de la Tierra hasta un límite superior específico.

cooling system (aircraft) /ˈkuːlɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)


- sistema de refrigeración. coordinates /ˌkoʊˈɔːdɪneɪts/. “Linear or angular quantities which designate the position that a point occupies in a given reference frame or system.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- coordenadas. Cantidades lineares o angulares que definen la posición que ocupa un punto en un sistema o marco de referencia.

correct (aeronautical phraseology) /kəˈrekt/. “That is correct”

- correct (aeronautical phraseology). Eso es correcto.

correction (aeronautical phraseology) /kəˈrekʃn̩/. “An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated).” (Communications, 2002)

- correction (aeronautical phraseology). Se ha cometido un error en esta transmisión (o mensaje indicado).

cover /ˈkʌvər/. “Something which is put over an object, usually in order to protect it” (HarperCollins Publishers). E.g. pitot tube cover, canopy cover.

- cubierta o funda. Algo que se coloca sobre un objeto, generalmente, con el fin de protegerlo.

covert operation /ˈkovərt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩/. “An operation that is planned and conducted so as to conceal the identity or permit plausible deniability of the executor.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- operación encubierta. Operación planeada para ocultar o permitir una negación plausible de la identidad de su autor.

crash locator beacon /ˈkræʃ loʊˈkeɪtə ˈbiːkən/. “An automatic emergency radio locator beacon to help searching forces locate a crashed aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- radiobaliza de localización de accidente. Radiobaliza de localización automática de emergencia para ayudar a las fuerzas de búsqueda a localizar una aeronave accidentada.

crew chief /ˈkruː ˈtʃiːf/. Ground staff member responsible for servicing aircraft. Performs end-of-runway, postflight, preflight, thru-flight, special inspections and phase inspections. Performs sortie generation operations and hot pit refuels. Advises on problems maintaining, servicing, and inspecting aircraft and related aerospace equipment. Uses technical data to diagnose and solve maintenance problems on aircraft systems. Interprets and advises on maintenance procedures and policies to

repair aircraft and related equipment. (HQ AFPC/DPP Col. Steven F. Maurmann, 2004)

- mecánico de línea. Miembro del personal de tierra responsable de dar servicio a las aeronaves. Lleva a cabo inspecciones pre-vuelo, post-vuelo, entre-vuelo, inspecciones especiales y periódicas. Genera lanzamientos de aeronaves y repostajes en plataforma. Asesora sobre problemas de mantenimiento, servicio e inspección de aeronaves y equipo aeroespacial relacionado. Utiliza datos técnicos para diagnosticar y resolver problemas de manteniendo en sistemas de aeronaves. Interpreta y asesora sobre los procedimientos y políticas de reparación de aeronaves y equipos relacionados.

crosswind component /ˈkrɒswɪnd kəmˈpoʊnənt/. “The wind component, measured in knots, at 90° to the longitudinal axis of a runway.” (Crane, 2012)

- componente de viento cruzado. La componente del viento, medida en nudos, a 90° respecto al eje longitudinal de una pista de aterrizaje.

crosswind runway /ˈkrɒswɪnd ˈrʌˌnwe/. “A secondary runway that is required when the primary runway orientation does not meet crosswind criteria.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- pista de viento cruzado. Pista de aterrizaje secundaria que se requiere cuando la orientación de la pista principal no cumple con los criterios de viento cruzado.

cruise missile /ˈkruːz ̍ mɪsəl/. “Guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target is conducted at approximately constant velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction of air for lift and upon propulsion forces to balance drag.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- misil de crucero. Misil guiado, cuya mayor parte de su trayectoria de vuelo hacia el objetivo se produce a velocidad aproximadamente constante, dependiendo de la reacción dinámica con el aire para su sustentación y de las fuerzas de propulsión para compensar la resistencia.

cruise power /ˈkruːz ˈpaʊər/. “The power setting for an aircraft engine during cruise flight that will obtain the best fuel flow and performance.” (Crane, 2012)

- potencia de crucero. Ajuste de motor de una aeronave durante el vuelo de crucero que obtendrá el mejor consumo de combustible y rendimiento.


cruising altitude /ˈkruːzɪŋ ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “An altitude or flight level maintained during en route level flight.” (Crane, 2012)

- altitud de crucero. Una altitud o nivel de vuelo mantenido durante el vuelo en ruta nivelado.

cruising level (ICAO) /ˈkruːzɪŋ ˈlevl/̩. “A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.” (Crane, 2012)

- nivel de crucero. Nivel mantenido durante una parte significativa de un vuelo.

cyclic pitch control /ˈsaɪklɪk ˈpɪtʃ kənˈtroʊl/. “The control in a helicopter that allows the pilot to change the pitch of the rotor blades individually, at specific point in their rotation. The cyclic pitch control allows the pilot to tilt the plane of rotation of the rotor blades to change the direction in which the lift produced by the rotor disk acts. Tilting the plane of the rotor controls the direction the helicopter moves.” (Crane, 2012)

- cíclico. El control en un helicóptero que permite al piloto cambiar el paso de las palas del rotor de forma individual, en un punto específico de su rotación. El cíclico permite al piloto inclinar el plano de rotación de las palas del rotor para cambiar la dirección en la que la sustentación producida por el disco de rotación actúa. La inclinación del plano del rotor controla la dirección en la que se mueve el helicóptero.


datum /ˈdætəm/. “Any numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities which may serve as reference or base for other quantities. Where the concept is geometric, the plural form is "datums" in contrast to the normal plural "data".” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- datum (Traducción no utilizada). Cualquier cantidad numérica o geométrica, o conjunto de tales cantidades que pueden servir como referencia o base para otras cantidades. Cuando se trata del concepto geométrico, la forma plural es “datums” (en lengua inglesa), en contraste con el plural normal “data”.

Dean of Academics /ˈdiːn əv ˌækəˈdemɪks/. Officer in charge of a studies division. (HarperCollins Publishers)

- Jefe de Estudios. Oficial al mando de una Jefatura de Estudios.

deception /dəˈsepʃn̩/. “Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- decepción. Aquellas medidas diseñadas para engañar al enemigo mediante la manipulación, distorsión, o falsificación de pruebas para inducirlo a reaccionar de una manera perjudicial para sus intereses.

decision altitude/height /dəˈsɪʒn̩ ˈæltəˌtuːd/ˈhaɪt/. “A specified altitude or height (A/H) in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been stablished.” (Crane, 2012)

- altitud/altura de decisión. Altitud o altura especifica en una aproximación de precisión, a la cual se debe iniciar el procedimiento de aproximación frustrada si la referencia visual requerida para continuar la aproximación no se ha establecido.

defensive counterair (DCA) /dəˈfensɪv ˈkaʊntər-ˈer/. “All defensive measures designed to neutralize or destroy enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- DCA (traducción no utilizada).

deice /ˌdiːˈaɪs/. “The act of removing ice accumulation from an aircraft structure.” (Crane, 2012)

- deshielo. Acto de eliminar el hielo acumulado en la estructura de una aeronave.

deicer system /ˈdiːˈaɪsə ˈsɪstəm/. “A system that removes ice after it has formed on an aircraft.” (Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, 2012)

- sistema de deshielo. Sistema que elimina el hielo una vez se ha formado sobre una aeronave.

Deputy Chief of Staff /ˈdepjəti ˈtʃiːf əv ˈstæf/. “An officer who oversees a major portion of the Air Staff and who reports directly to the CSAF.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Segundo Jefe del Estado Mayor del Aire. oficial que supervisa una parte importante del Estado Mayor del Aire y que depende directamente del CSAF.

Deputy Commander /ˈdepjəti kəˈmændər/. “An officer who shares the commander’s duties and acts for the commander during the commander’s absence. This designation is used at group level.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Oficial Adjunto. Oficial que comparte las responsabilidades y obligaciones del Comandante Jefe y actúa en su nombre durante su ausencia. Esta designación se utiliza a nivel de grupo.

designate /ˈdezɪgˌnet/. “Give an official name (or a number and name).” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- nombrar. Dar un nombre oficial (o un número y nombre).

deterrence /dəˈtɜːrəns/. “The convincing of a potential aggressor that the consequences of coercion or armed conflict would outweigh the potential gains. This requires the maintenance of a credible military capability and strategy with the clear political will to act.”

- disuasión. El convencimiento a un agresor potencial, de que las consecuencias de la coerción o el ataque armado superarían las ganancias potenciales. Esto requiere el mantenimiento de una capacidad y estrategia militar creíble, con la clara voluntad política de actuar.

dispenser /ˌdɪˈspensər/. “In air armament, a container or device which is used to carry and release submunitions.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- dispensador. En armamento Aero, un contenedor o dispositivo que se utiliza para transportar y lanzar submuniciones, p. ej. chaffs y bengalas.


direct action (DA) /dəˈrekt ˈækʃn̩/. “A short-duration strike or other small-scale offensive action by special operations forces or special operations-capable units to seize, destroy, capture, recover or inflict damage to achieve specific, well- defined and often time-sensitive results.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- acción directa. Ataque de corta duración u otra acción ofensiva a pequeña escala por fuerzas o unidades de operaciones especiales; para detener, destruir, recuperar o infligir daño para conseguir resultados específicos, bien definidos y frecuentemente sensibles en el tiempo.

disarm /ˌdɪˈsɑːrm/. 1. Unload of missiles, rockets, and ammunition from aircraft (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008). 2. “To take a person’s weapon away from him” (Bowyer, 2004). 3. As applied to explosives, weapons, and ammunition, the changing from a a state of readiness for innitiation to a safe condition. (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- desarmar. 1. Descarga de misiles, cohetes y munición de una aeronave. 2. Quitar a una persona el arma que porta. 3. Aplicado a explosivos, armamento y munición, el cambio de condición de lista para su iniciación o uso a la condición de seguridad.

disband /ˌdɪˈsbænd/. “Withdraw the legal authority for a unit.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- disolver. Retirar la autoridad legal a una unidad.

discipline /ˈdɪsəplən/. 1. Control which an army has over its soldiers’ behavior. 2. Rules and regulations which maintain control. 3. Self-control. (HarperCollins Publishers)

- disciplina. 1. Control que un ejército tiene sobre el comportamiento de sus soldados. 2. Reglas y regulaciones que mantienen el control. 3. Auto-control.

dismissed (drill) /ˌdɪˈsmɪst/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- rompan filas-mar (IOC). (sin voz ejecutiva)

dispersion /ˌdɪˈspɝːʒən/. “In airdrop operations, the scatter of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- dispersión. En operaciones de lanzamiento aéreo, la dispersión del personal y/o carga en la zona de lanzamiento.

displaced threshold /ˌdɪˈspleɪst ˈθreʃhoʊld/. “A runway threshold that is not at the beginning of the full-strength runway

pavement.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- Umbral desplazado. Umbral de pista que no se encuentra en el extremo del pavimento de la pista de aterrizaje.

disregard (aeronautical phraseology) /ˌdɪsrɪˈɡɑːrd/. “Consider that transmission as not sent.” (Communications, 2002)

- disregard (aeronautical phraseology). Considere esa transmisión como no enviada.

distance measuring equipment (DME) /ˈdɪstəns ˈmeʒərɪŋ ɪˈkwɪpmənt/. “A pulse-type electronic navigation system that shows the pilot, by an instrument-panel indication, the number of nautical miles between the aircraft and a ground station.” (Crane, 2012)

- DME (traducción no utilizada). Sistema electrónico de navegación de tipo pulso que muestra al piloto, mediante indicación en el panel de instrumentos, el número de millas náuticas entre la aeronave y la estación en tierra.

distressed person /ˌdɪˈstrest ˈpɝːsn̩/. “An individual who requires search and rescue assistance to remove he or she from life-threatening or isolating circumstances in a permissive environment.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- persona en peligro. Individuo que requiere de asistencia de búsqueda y rescate para apartarla de peligros de aislamiento o que amenazan su vida en un entorno permisivo.

ditching /ˈdɪtʃɪŋ/. “Controlled landing of a distressed aircraft on water.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- amerizaje. Aterrizaje controlado sobre el agua de una aeronave con dificultades.

Division /dɪˈvɪʒn̩/. “An organizational part of a headquarters that handles military matters of a particular nature, such as personnel, intelligence, plans, and training, or supply and evacuation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- división. Parte organizacional de un cuartel general que se encarga de materias militares de naturaleza particular, como personal, inteligencia, planeamiento, enseñanza, abastecimiento o evacuación.

drill /ˈdrɪl/. 1. noun Military or physical training, esp. of a group, as in marching, the manual of arms, or gymnastic exercises. 2. verb To train in military or physical exercise; specif., to exercise (troops) in close-order drill. (HarperCollins Publishers)


- instrucción. 1. sustantivo Entrenamiento físico o militar, especialmente en grupo, como el desfile, el manejo de armas o los ejercicios gimnásticos. 2. verbo Practicar el ejercicio militar o físico, específicamente, instruir a las tropas en la instrucción de orden cerrado (IOC).

drizzle /ˈdrɪzl/̩. “Very small droplets of water that appear to float with the air currents while falling in an irregular path.” (Crane, 2012)

- llovizna. Gotas de agua muy pequeñas que parecen flotar con las Corrientes de aire mientras caen siguiendo trayectorias irregulares.

drop altitude /ˈdrɑːp ˈæltəˌtuːd/. “The altitude above mean sea level at which airdrop is executed.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- altitud de lanzamiento. La altitud sobre el nivel del mar a la cual se ejecuta el lanzamiento aéreo.

drop height /ˈdrɑːp ˈhaɪt/. “The vertical distance between the drop zone and the aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- altura de lanzamiento. La distancia vertical entre la zona de lanzamiento y la aeronave.

drop tank /ˈdrɑːp ˈtæŋk/. “An externally mounted fuel tank used on some military aircraft. Fuel is used from the drop tank first, and then the entire tank is dropped from the aircraft to get rid of the weight and the drag.” (Crane, 2012)

- tanque lanzable. Tanque de combustible montado en el exterior de algunas aeronaves militares. Se utiliza primero el combustible del tanque lanzable, para luego lanzar el tanque y deshacerse de su peso y resistencia al aire.

drop zone (DZ) /ˈdrɑːp ˈzoʊn/. “A specified area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- zona de lanzamiento. Área específica sobre la que las tropas aerotransportadas, equipos o suministros son lanzados desde el aire.

dumb bomb /ˈdəm ˈbɑːm/. General purpose weapon which lacks of any guidance system and follows a ballistic flight path since it is release or launched.

- bomba tonta. Arma de propósito general que carece de cualquier sistema de guiado, y que sigue una trayectoria balística desde el momento en que se lanza o suelta.

duty /ˈduː /. “1. Conduct based on moral or legal obligation, or a sense of propriety. 2. A sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. military service.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- deber. 1. Conducta basada en la obligación moral o legal, o en el sentido del decoro. 2. Sentido o sentimiento de la obligación. 3. Servicio, especialmente servicio militar.


ear defenders /ˈɪr dəˈfendərz/. See acoustic earmuffs. earplug /ˈɪrˌpləɡ/. “A device made of rubber or some type of soft plastic worn in the ear canal to prevent loud noises damaging the delicate mechanism in the ear.” (Crane, 2012)

- tapón para el oído. Dispositivo de goma o algún tipo de plástico blando usado en el canal del oído para evitar que los ruidos fuertes dañen el delicado mecanismo del mismo.

ejection seat /ɪˈdʒekʃn̩ ˈsiːt/. “A seat, esp. as fitted to military aircraft, that is fired by a cartridge or rocket to eject the occupant from the aircraft in an emergency.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- asiento eyectable. Un asiento, específicamente instalado en aviones de combate, que es disparado mediante un cartucho o cohete, para expulsar al ocupante de la aeronave en caso de emergencia.

electrical system (aircraft) /əˈlektrɪkl ̩ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema eléctrico. electronic attack /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk əˈtæk/. “Use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- ataque electrónico. El uso de energía electromagnética con fines ofensivos.

electronic countermeasures (ECM) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈkaʊntərˌmeʒərz/. “That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of electromagnetic energy. There are three subdivisions of electronic countermeasures: electronic jamming, electronic deception and electronic neutralization.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- contramedidas electrónicas. La división de la guerra electrónica que abarca las acciones tomadas para prevenir o reducir el uso eficaz del espectro electromagnético por parte del enemigo, mediante el uso de energía electromagnética. Hay tres subdivisiones de contramedidas electrónicas: interferencia electromagnética, decepción electromagnética y neutralización electromagnética.

electronic deception /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk dəˈsepʃn̩/. “In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, absorption or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to confuse, distract or seduce an enemy or his electronic systems.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- decepción electrónica. En contramedidas electrónicas; la radiación deliberada, re-radiación, alteración, absorción o reflexión de la energía electromagnética con la pretensión de confundir, distraer o engañar a un enemigo o sus sistemas electrónicos.

electronic defence /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk dəˈfens/. “Use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- defensa electronica. Uso de la energia electromagnetica para proporcionar proteccion y asegurar el uso amigo eficaz del espectro electromagnetico.

electronic jamming /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈdʒæmɪŋ/. “The deliberate radiation, reradiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the effectiveness of hostile electronic devices, equipment or systems.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- interferencia electrónica. La radiación deliberada, erradicación o reflexión de energía electromagnética con el objetivo de menoscabar la eficacia de los dispositivos electrónicos, equipos o sistemas enemigos.

electronic neutralization /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˌnuːtrələˈzeɪʃn̩/. “In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- neutralización electrónica. En contramedidas electrónicas, el uso deliberado de energía electromagnética para dañar, bien sea temporal o permanentemente, a los dispositivos enemigos basados exclusivamente en el espectro electromagnético.

electronic protective measures (EPM) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk prəˈtektɪv ˈmeʒərz/. “That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use of electromagnetic energy.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)


- medidas de protección electrónica. Aquella división de la guerra electrónica que se ocupa de las acciones tomadas para asegurar el uso amigo eficaz del espectro electromagnético, a pesar del uso enemigo de la energía electromagnética.

electronic warfare (EW) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈwɔːrˌfer/. “Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- guerra electrónica. La acción militar que explota la energía electromagnética para proporcionar conciencia situacional y lograr efectos ofensivos y defensivos.

electronic warfare A/C. See electronic warfare.

- aeronave de guerra electrónica. Ver entrada electronic warfare.

electronic warfare support measures (ESM) /əˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk ˈwɔːrˌfer səˈpɔːrt ˈmeʒərz/. “That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to search for, intercept and identify electromagnetic emissions and to locate their sources for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. It provides a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures, electronic protective measures and other tactical actions.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- medidas de apoyo electrónicas. Aquella división de la guerra electrónica que abarca las acciones tomadas para buscar, interceptar e identificar emisiones electromagnéticas, y localizar sus fuentes con el propósito inmediato de reconocer amenazas. Proporciona una fuente de información requerida para la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las contramedidas electrónicas, medidas de protección electrónicas y otras acciones tácticas.

elevator /ˈeləˌvetər/. “A movable control surface, usually attached to the horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft, used to produce the nose up/down motion of an aircraft in level flight known as pitch.” (Crocker, 2005)

- timón de profundidad. Superficie de mando móvil, normalmente sujeta al estabilizador horizontal de una aeronave, que se utiliza para producir el movimiento de morro arriba/debajo de una aeronave en vuelo nivelado y conocido como cabeceo.

elevon /ˈɛlɪˌvɒn/. “An aircraft control surface that combines the functions of an elevator

and aileron, usually fitted to tailless or delta-wing aircraft.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- elevon. Superficie de mando de una aeronave que combina las funciones de un timón de profundidad y un alerón, normalmente instalado en aviones sin cola o de ala delta.

embarkation /ˌembarˈkeɪʃn̩/. “The process of putting personnel and/or vehicles and their associated stores and equipment into ships or aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- embarque. Proceso de introducir al personal y/o vehículos y sus equipos y provisiones asociadas dentro de barcos o aeronaves.

embarkation order /ˌembarˈkeɪʃn̩ ˈɔːrdər/. “An order specifying dates, times, routes, loading diagrams and methods of movement to shipside or aircraft for troops and their equipment.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- orden de embarque. Orden que especifica las fechas, horarios, rutas, diagramas de carga y métodos de movimiento hacia barcos o aeronaves para las tropas y su equipamiento.

emergency locator beacon /ˌɪˈmɝːdʒənsi loʊˈkeɪtə ˈbiːkən/. “A generic term for all radio beacons used for emergency locating purposes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- radiobaliza de localización de emergencia. Término genérico para las radiobalizas de localización utilizadas con fines de localización de emergencia.

endurance /ˈendərəns/. “The length of time an aircraft can stay in the air without refueling.” (Crocker, 2005)

- autonomía. La cantidad de tiempo una aeronave puede permanecer en vuelo sin repostar.

engage /enˈɡeɪdʒ/. “In air defence, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units and/or weapon systems to fire on a designated target.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- atacar. En defensa aérea, una orden de control de fuego para mandar o autorizar a los sistemas de armas que abran fuego sobre un objetivo asignado.

engagement /enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/. “In air defense, an attack with guns or air-to-air missiles by an interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an air defense missile by air defense artillery and the missile’s subsequent travel to intercept.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- ataque. En defensa aérea, ataque con cañones o misiles aire-aire por un caza


interceptor, o el lanzamiento de un misil de la artillería de defensa aérea y su posterior trayectoria de interceptación.

engine nacelle /ˈendʒən næˈsel/. “The compartment on a multiengine aircraft in which the engine is mounted.” (Crane, 2012)

- góndola de motor. El compartimento en un avión poli-motor en el que se monta un motor.

engine run /ˈendʒən ˈrən/. - prueba de motor.

engine shutdown /ˈendʒən ˈʃʌtˌdaʊn/. - detención o parada del motor.

enlisted personnel /enˈlɪstəd ˌpərsəˈnel/. “Any service person who is not an officer.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- personal de tropa. Todo militar que no es un oficial. (Teniendo en cuenta que a los suboficiales, en países como Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, se les reconoce por el término de oficial no comisionado).

epaulette /ˈepəlet/. “A shoulder ornament for certain uniforms, esp. military uniforms.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- charretera. Ornamento en el hombro de ciertos uniformes, especialmente en uniformes militares.

escapee /əˌskeˈpiː/. “Any person who has been physically captured by the enemy and succeeds in getting free.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- evadido. Cualquier persona que ha sido físicamente capturada por el enemigo y logra liberarse.

Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) /ˈestəˌmetəd ˈtaɪm əv əˈraɪvl/̩. “The time at which the pilot estimates that the aircraft will be over a specified location.” (Communications, 2002)

- hora estimada de llegada. La hora a la que el piloto estima que la aeronave estará sobre un lugar específico.

evader /ɪˈveɪdər/. “Any person isolated in hostile or unfriendly territory who eludes capture.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- evasor. Cualquier persona aislada en territorio enemigo u hostil que elude su captura.

evasion and escape /ɪˈveɪʒn̩ ənd əˈskeɪp/. “The procedures and operations whereby military personnel and other selected individuals are enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to areas under friendly control.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- evasión y fuga. Procedimientos y operaciones por los que el personal militar y otros individuos seleccionados

están capacitados para salir de una zona hostil o en poder enemigo hacia territorio amigo.

evasion plan of action (EPA) /ɪˈveɪʒn̩ ̍ plæn əv ˈækʃn̩/. “A course of action, developed prior to executing a combat mission, that is intended to improve a potential isolated person’s chances of successful evasion and recovery by providing the recovery forces with an additional source of information that can increase the predictability of the evader’s action and movement.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- plan de acción evasiva (EPA). Curso de acción, desarrollado con anterioridad a la ejecución de una misión de combate, que tiene por objeto mejorar la probabilidad de éxito de la evasión y rescate de una persona potencialmente aislada, mediante la información adicional proveída a las fuerzas de rescate para incrementar la previsibilidad de las acciones y movimientos del evasor.

exfiltration /ˈeksfəlˈtreɪʃn̩/. “The removal of personnel or units from areas under hostile control by stealth, deception, surprise or clandestine means.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- exflitración. La extracción de personal o unidades de áreas bajo control enemigo mediante el sigilo, engaño, sorpresa o medios clandestinos.

extraction /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩/. “The removal of forces from a hostile or potentially hostile area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- extracción. La extracción de fuerzas desde territorio hostil o potencialmente hostil.

extraction drop /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩ ˈdrɑːp/. “The dropping of loads by means of one or more extraction parachutes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzamiento por extracción. El lanzamiento de cargas mediante uno o más paracaídas de extracción.

extraction parachute /ɪkˈstrækʃn̩ ˈperɪˌʃuːt/. “An auxiliary parachute used to release lashings, pull cargo out of an aircraft or deploy one or more cargo parachutes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- paracaídas extractor. Paracaídas auxiliar utilizado para liberar amarres, extraer cargas de aeronaves o desplegar uno o más paracaídas de carga.


fail safe /ˈfeɪl ˈseɪf/. “The principle of designing a structure so that the failure of one part does not affect the safety of the whole.” (Crocker, 2005)

- fallo seguro. El principio por el que se diseña una estructura de manera que el fallo de una parte no afecte a la seguridad de la totalidad de la misma.

fall in (drill) /ˈfɑːl ɪn/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- Alinearse-mar (IOC). (sin voz ejecutiva) fatigues (US) /fəˈtiːɡz/. See battledress. fence /ˈfens/. “A barrier made of vegetation, wire or wood, which encloses an area of ground and is designed to control or prevent access.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- cerca. Barrera hecha de vegetación, alambre o madera, que cerca una superficie de terreno y está diseñada para controlar o prevenir el acceso.

fighter A/C /ˈfaɪtər/. “A military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft.” (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011)

- caza. Aeronave militar diseñada principalmente para el combate aire-aire contra otras aeronaves.

fighter engagement zone /ˈfaɪtər enˈɡeɪdʒmənt ˈzoʊn/. “In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within which the responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with fighter aircraft.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- FEZ (traducción no utilizada). En defensa aérea, el espacio aéreo de dimensiones definidas en el que la responsabilidad de ataque a las amenazas aéreas recae normalmente en los aviones de combate.

fighter escort / ˈfaɪtər eˈskɔːrt/. “An offensive counterair operation providing dedicated protection sorties by air-to-air capable fighters in support of other offensive air and air support missions over enemy territory, or in a defensive counterair role to protect high value airborne assets.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- escolta de cazas. Operaciones aéreas ofensivas para proporcionar protección dedicada, mediante salidas de cazas con capacidad aire-aire, como respaldo a otras operaciones aéreas ofensivas y de apoyo aéreo sobre territorio enemigo, o bien con un papel de defensa aérea para proteger a aeronaves de alto valor.

fighter sweep /ˈfaɪtər ˈswiːp/. “An offensive mission by fighter aircraft to seek out and destroy enemy aircraft or targets of opportunity in a designated area.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- sweep (traducción no utilizada). Misión ofensiva de cazas de combate para buscar y destruir aeronaves enemigas o blancos de oportunidad en un área designada.

fin /ˈfɪn/. See vertical stabilizer. fire extinguisher /ˈfaɪər ɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃər/. “A device, either handheld or installed in an aircraft, that directs a fire extinguishing agent onto a fire.” (Crane, 2012)

- extintor. Dispositivo, ya sea de mano o instalado en una aeronave, para dirigir un agente extintor hacia un fuego.

fixed wing /ˈfɪkstˌwɪŋ/. “Referring to an aircraft that has wings that do not move.” (Crocker, 2005)

- ala fija. Referido a una aeronave que tiene alas inmóviles.

flagpole /ˈflæɡpoʊl/. “A pole on which a flag is raised and flown.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- asta. Palo en el que se iza una bandera. flaps /ˈflæps/. “Auxiliary controls built into the wing of an airplane. Flaps can be extended, or lowered, to change the airfoil shape of the wing to increase both its lift and drag.” (Crane, 2012)

- flaps. Superficies de control auxiliar integradas en el ala de un aeroplano. Los flaps puede bajarse o extenderse para variar la forma aerodinámica del ala incrementando la sustentación y la resistencia.

flight /ˈflaɪt/. “1. An act of flying. 2. A journey by air. 3. A sub-unit of an air force squadron. 4. A small tactical grouping of aircraft.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- escuadrilla. 1. Acción de volar. 2. Un viaje por el aire. 3. Sub-unidad de un escuadrón de fuerza aérea. 4. Pequeño grupo táctico de aeronaves.

flight controls (aircraft) /ˈflaɪt kənˈtroʊlz/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- controles de vuelo. flight deck /ˈflaɪt ˈdek/. “The compartment in a large aircraft in which all the flight, engine, communications, and navigation controls are located.” (Crane, 2012)

- cabina de vuelo. El compartimento en un avión de gran tamaño en el que se encuentran todos los controles de vuelo, motores, comunicaciones y navegación.

Flight duty uniform /ˈflaɪt ̍ duː ̍ juːnəˌfɔːrm/. - Mono de vuelo.


flight-halt (drill) /ˈflaɪt ˈhɒlt/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- alto-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva). Flight Information Region (FIR) /ˈflaɪt ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃn̩ ̍ riːdʒən/. “An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information and alerting service are provided.” (Crane, 2012)

- Región de Información de Vuelo (FIR). Espacio aéreo de dimensiones definidas dentro del cual se proporcionan los servicios de información de vuelo y de alerta.

flight level /ˈflaɪt ˈlevl/̩. “A level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three digits that represents hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- nivel de vuelo. Un nivel de presión atmosférica constante relacionada con un nivel de referencia de 29,29 pulgadas de mercurio. Cada uno se indica con tres dígitos que representan cientos de pies. Por ejemplo, el nivel de vuelo 250 representa una indicación de altímetro barométrico de 25.000 pies.

flightline /ˈflaɪt ̍ laɪn/. “The area of an airfield, especially a military airfield, where aircraft are parked, serviced, and loaded or unloaded.” (Crocker, 2005)

- línea de vuelo. Área de un campo de aviación, especialmente uno militar, donde las aeronaves son estacionadas, se les da servicio, se cargan y descargan.

flight plan /ˈflaɪt ˈplæn/. “Specific information, relating to the intended flight of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with air traffic control.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- plan de vuelo. Información específica, relativa al vuelo previsto de una aeronave, que se presenta de forma oral o por escrito al control de tráfico aéreo.

flight simulator /ˈflaɪt ˈsɪmjəˌletər/. “A device or computer program which allows a user to pilot an aircraft, showing a realistic control panel and moving scenes, used as training programme.” (Crocker, 2005)

- simulador de vuelo. Programa de un dispositivo o computador que permite a un usuario pilotar una aeronave, mostrando un panel de control y escenas de movimiento realistas, utilizado como programa de entrenamiento.

Foreign Object Damage (FOD) /ˈfɔːrən ˈɑːbdʒekt ˈdæmədʒ/. “Damage to the components in the gas path of a turbine

engine that is caused by ingesting objects that are not part of the engine.” (Crane, 2012) Small pieces like screws, dashes or nuts, and forgotten tools are a very usual cause of it.

- daños por objetos extraños. Daño a los componentes de las distintas etapas de un motor de turbina de gas, causado por la ingesta de objetos que no son parte el del mismo. Pequeñas piezas como tornillos, arandelas o tuercas, y herramientas olvidadas son una causa muy frecuente de ello.

forward line of own troops (FLOT) /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈlaɪn əv ˈoʊn ˈtruːps/. “A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- FLOT (traducción no utilizada). Línea que indica la posición más avanzada de las fuerzas amigas en cualquier tipo de operación militar en un momento determinado.

forward looking infrared (FLIR) /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈlʊkɪŋ ˌɪnfrəˈred/. “An airborne, electro-optical thermal imaging device that detects far-infrared energy, converts the energy into an electronic signal, and provides a visible image for day or night viewing.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- FLIR (traducción no utilizada). Dispositivo de imagen térmica electro-óptico y embarcado que detecta energía infrarroja a larga distancia, convierte dicha energía en una señal electrónica y proporciona una imagen de visión diurna y nocturna.

forward-march (drill) /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈmɑːrtʃ/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- de frente-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva).

forward operating base (FOB) /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈɑːpəˌretɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing full support facilities. The base may be used for an extended time period.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- base de operaciones avanzada. Un campo de aviación utilizado para el apoyo táctico a las operaciones sin la totalidad de las instalaciones de apoyo. La base puede llegar a utilizarse durante extensos periodos de tiempo.

forward wing /ˈfɔːrwərd ˈwɪŋ/. See canard entry 1.

- canard. Ver entrada canard 1. free drop /ˈfriː ˈdrɑːp/. “The dropping of equipment or supplies from an aircraft without the use of parachutes.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)


- lanzamiento de caída libre. El lanzamiento de equipos o provisiones desde una aeronave sin utilizar paracaídas.

freezing rain /ˈfriːzɪŋ ˈreɪn/. “Rain that falls through air whose temperature is lower than 0°C. It is supercooled but remains in its liquid form. It freezes upon contact with objects on the ground or in the air.” (Crane, 2012)

- lluvia engelante. Lluvia que cae a través de aire cuya temperatura es inferior a 0°C. Está sobre-enfriada aunque permanece en estado líquido. Se congela al entrar en contacto con objetos en el suelo o en el aire.

fuel system (aircraft) /ˈfjuːəl ̍ sɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema de combustible. full command /ˈfʊl kəˈmænd/. “The military authority and responsibility of a commander to issue orders to subordinates. It covers every aspect of military operations and administration and exists only within national services.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- full command. La autoridad militar y responsabilidad de un mando para emitir órdenes a sus subordinados. Incluye todos los aspectos de la administración y operaciones militares, y existe únicamente a nivel nacional.

Full dress uniform /ˈfʊl ˈdres ˈjuːnəˌfɔːrm/. Full dress uniform is a military uniform exclusively used for parade or other relevant ceremonies.

- Uniforme de gala. Uniforme militar utilizado exclusivamente con ocasión de desfiles u otras ceremonias relevantes.

functional command /ˈfʌŋkʃn̩əl kəˈmænd/. “A command organization based on military functions rather than geographic areas.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- organización funcional. Estructura de mando basada en funciones militares en lugar de áreas geográficas.

fuselage /ˈ uːsəˌlɑːdʒ/. “The central body of a plane, to which the wings and tail assembly are attached and which accommodates the crew, passengers, and cargo.” (Crocker, 2005)

- fuselaje. El cuerpo central de un avión, al que las alas y empenaje de cola están acoplados, y que aloja a la tripulación, pasajeros y carga.

fuze /fjuːz/. “A device which initiates an explosive train.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- espoleta. Dispositivo que inicia el tren de fuego.


garrison cap /ˈɡærəsn̩ ˈkæp/. See side cap. gate /ˈɡeɪt/. “A barrier which can be opened and closed in order to allow access through a fence.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- puerta. Barrera que puede ser abierta o cerrada con el fin de permitir el acceso a través de una verja.

general air cargo /ˈdʒenr̩əl ˈer ˈkɑːrˌɡoʊ/. “Cargo without hazardous or dangerous properties and not requiring extra precautions for air transport.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga aérea general. Carga sin riesgos ni propiedades peligrosas que no requieren precauciones adicionales para el transporte aéreo.

glider /ˈglaɪdər/. “A heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine.” (14 CFR part 1)

- planeador. Aeronave más pesada que el aire, mantenida en vuelo por la reacción dinámica del aire contra sus superficies de sustentación y cuyo vuelo libre no depende principalmente de un motor.

go ahead (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈɡoʊ əˈhed/. “Proceed with your message. Note: The phrase “go ahead” is not normally used in surface movement communications.” (Communications, 2002)

- go ahead (aeronautical phraseology). Proceda con su mensaje. Nota: La expresión “go ahead” no se utiliza normalmente en comunicaciones de movimientos en tierra.

GPU (ground power unit) /ˈɡraʊnd ˈpaʊər ˈjuːnət/. A vehicle design for supplying electrical power to the aircraft parked on the ground. They may also be built into the parking spot surface.

- GPU (unidad de potencia en tierra). Vehículo diseñado para proveer energía eléctrica a las aeronaves estacionadas en tierra. También puede estar integrado en la superficie del parking de aeronaves.

gravity extraction /ˈɡrævəti ɪkˈstrækʃn̩/. “The extraction of cargoes from the aircraft by influence of their own weight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- extracción por gravedad. La extracción de cargas de una aeronave por la influencia de su propio peso.

ground effect /ˈɡraʊnd əˈfekt/. “An increase in lift of an aerodynamic flying machine (airplane or helicopter) flying very near to the ground. This additional lift is caused by an effective increase in angle of attack without the accompanying increase in induced drag and is caused by the deflection of the down washed air.” (Crane, 2012)

- efecto suelo. Incremento en la sustentación de una maquina voladora aerodinámica (aeroplano o helicóptero), que vuela muy cerca del suelo. Esta sustentación adicional está causada por un incremento efectivo del ángulo de ataque sin el consiguiente aumento de resistencia inducida, y es causada por la desviación del aire descendente.

Group /ˈɡruːp/. “A level of command between wings and squadrons. Groups bring together multiple squadrons or other lower echelon units to provide a broader capability.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Grupo. Nivel de mando entre alas y escuadrones. Los Grupos reúnen múltiples escuadrones o unidades de niveles inferiores para proporcionar una capacidad más amplia.

guard /ˈɡɑːrd/. “A military force assigned to protect other people or things.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- guardia. Fuerza militar asignada a proteger otras personas o cosas.

guided missile /ˈɡaɪdəd ˈmɪsəl/. “A military missile guided during flight to a target by internal preset, or self-reacting, devices or external electronic signals.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- misil guiado. Misil militar guiado durante su trayectoria hacia un objetivo mediante un ajuste interno prefijado o autogenerado, o mediante dispositivos o señales electrónicas externas.

gunship /ˈɡʌnˌʃɪp/. Aircraft heavily armed with guns or machine guns used for close air support missions and air interdiction.

- cañonero. “Avión o helicóptero armado con ametralladoras para misiones de apoyo aéreo cercano o interdicción. (Diccionario de términos técnicos y militares, 2001)


gusts /ˈɡəsts/. “A temporary increase in the speed of the wind. A gust lasts for a very short period of time, and it is usually followed by a wind whose speed is lower than normal.” (Crane, 2012)

- ráfagas. Aumento temporal de la velocidad del viento. Una ráfaga tiene un periodo de duración muy corto, y normalmente le sigue un viento cuya velocidad es más inferior a lo normal.


hail /ˈheɪl/. “Precipitation as small pellets of ice.” (Crocker, 2005)

- granizo. Precipitación en forma de pequeñas bolas de hielo.

hangar /ˈhæŋər/. “A large shelter for housing and maintaining aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- hangar. Refugio grande utilizado para alojar y mantener aeronaves.

hardpoint / ˈhɑːrd ˈpɔɪnt /. Spots on an airframe designed to carry an external or internal load. In military aircraft, these spots or stations may carry ordnance, counter measures or droppable fuel tanks.

- estación. Puntos en el fuselaje diseñados para transportar cargas internas o externas. In aeronaves militares, estos puntos o estaciones pueden transportar munición, contramedidas o tanques de combustible lanzables.

haze /ˈheɪz/. “An obstruction to visibility caused by fine dust or salt particles dispensed through a portion of the atmosphere. The particles are so small that they cannot be felt or individually seen with the naked eye.” (Crane, 2012)

- calima. Obstrucción a la visibilidad causada por finas partículas de polvo o sal dispersas en una porción de la atmósfera. Las partículas son tan pequeñas que no se pueden sentir o ver individualmente a simple vista.

heading /ˈhedɪŋ/. “The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees clockwise from true, magnetic or compass north.” (Crane, 2012)

- rumbo. La dirección en la que apunta el eje longitudinal de una aeronave, normalmente expresada en grados en sentido horario desde el norte geográfico, magnético o de la brújula.

Headquarters /ˈhedˌkwɔːrtərz/. “The main office, or center of operations and control, of anyone in command, as in an army or police force.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- Cuartel General. El departamento principal, o centro de operaciones y control, de alguien al mando en un ejército o fuerza policial.

head-up display (HUD) /ˈhed ʌp ˌdɪˈspleɪ/. “A display of flight, navigation, attack, or other information superimposed upon the pilot's forward field of view.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- HUD (traducción no utilizada). Presentación de información de vuelo, navegación, ataque u otra información superpuesta en el campo de visión frontal del piloto.

height /ˈhaɪt/. “The vertical distance, measured in feet, of the aircraft above the surface of the earth.” (Crocker, 2005)

- altura. La distancia vertical, medida en pies, de la aeronave sobre la superficie terrestre.

helicopter /ˈhelɪˌkɑːptər/. “A heavier-than-air flying machine that is supported in the air by aerodynamic lift produced by an engine-driven rotor. Since the rotor is driven, a helicopter does not need forward motion through the air for the rotor to produce lift.” (Crane, 2012)

- helicóptero. Maquina voladora más pesada que el aire que se sostiene en el aire mediante la sustentación aerodinámica producida por un rotor accionado a motor. Puesto que el rotor es accionado, un helicóptero no necesita movimiento hacia adelante para que el rotor produzca sustentación.

helipad /ˈhelipæd/. “A prepared area designated and used for takeoff and landing of helicopters.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- helipuerto. Área preparada, designada y utilizada para despegue y aterrizaje de helicópteros.

heliport /ˈhelɪpɔːrt /. “Facility designed for the exclusive operating, basing, servicing and maintaining of rotary-wing aircraft.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- helipuerto. Instalación diseñada para la exclusiva operación, estacionamiento, servicio y mantenimiento de aeronaves de ala rotatoria.

high-speed taxiway turnoff /ˈhaɪ spiːd ˈtæksiˈweɪ ˈtɝːˌnɒf/. “A taxiway leading from a runway at an angle which allows landing aircraft to leave a runway at a high speed.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- salida rápida. Pista de rodadura, proveniente de una pista de aterrizaje, a un ángulo que permite a las aeronaves que aterrizan abandonar la pista a alta velocidad.

hoist /ˌhɔɪst/. “In helicopters, the mechanism by which external loads may be raised or lowered vertically.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- grúa. En helicópteros, el mecanismo que permite elevar o bajar verticalmente cargas externas.


holding /ˈhoʊldɪŋ/. “A paved area adjacent to the taxiway near the runway ends where final preflight warm-up and engine and instrument checks are performed.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- cabecera de pista. Zona pavimentada adyacente a la pista de aterrizaje y cerca de sus extremos, donde se realiza el calentamiento pre-vuelo final y se llevan a cabo pruebas de motores e instrumentos.

holding point /ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈpɔɪnt/. “A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with air traffic control clearances.” (Crane, 2012)

- holding point (Traducción no utilizada). Ubicación específica, identificada por medios visuales o de otro tipo, en las proximidades del cual, se mantiene la posición de una aeronave en vuelo, según las autorizaciones del control de tránsito aéreo.

horizontal situation indicator (HSI) /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntl ̩ ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃn̩ ˈɪndəˌketər/. “An electronic flight and navigation instrument that shows the pilot the proper changes to make in directional flight. An HSI shows the pilot the relationship of the aircraft to the VOR radial or ADF bearing, the magnetic direction, the desired course and heading, and also the relationship of the aircraft to the glide slope.” (Crane, 2012) indicador de situación horizontal (HSI). Instrumento electrónico de vuelo y navegación que muestra al piloto los cambios adecuados a efectuar en la dirección del vuelo. Un HSI muestra al piloto la posición relativa entre la aeronave y el radial VOR o rumbo ADF, el rumbo magnético, el trayecto y rumbo deseados, y también la posición relativa entre la aeronave y la senda de planeo. horizontal stabilizer /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntl ̩ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzər/. “The fixed horizontal surface on the tail of a conventional airplane.” (Crane, 2012)

- estabilizador horizontal. La superficie horizontal fija en la cola de un avión convencional.

hospital /ˈhɑːˌspɪtl/̩. “An establishment which provides surgery, medical treatment and nursing to ill and injured people.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- hospital. Establecimiento que facilita cirugía, tratamiento médico y servicio de enfermería a personal herido o enfermo.

hostage rescue /ˈhɑːstɪdʒ ˈreskjuː/. “A personnel recovery method used to recover isolated personnel who are specifically

designated as hostages” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- rescate de prisioneros. Un método de recuperación de personal utilizado para recuperar a personal aislado específicamente considerad0 como prisionero.

hovering /ˈhəvərɪŋ/. “A self-sustaining manoeuvre whereby a fixed, or nearly fixed, position is maintained relative to a spot on the surface of the earth or underwater.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- vuelo estacionario. Maniobra auto sostenida en la que se mantiene una posición fija, o casi fija, relativa a un punto en la superficie de la tierra o agua.

hovering ceiling /ˈhəvərɪŋ ˈsiːlɪŋ/. “The highest altitude at which the helicopter is capable of hovering in standard atmosphere. It is usually stated in two figures: hovering in ground effect and hovering out of ground effect.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- techo de vuelo estacionario. Máxima altura a la que un helicóptero puede quedar en vuelo estacionario en atmosfera estándar. Generalmente se dan dos situaciones: flotación con efecto suelo y sin efecto suelo.

hung ordnance /ˈhəŋ ˈɔːrdnəns/. “Those weapons or stores on an aircraft that the pilot has attempted to drop or fire but could not because of a malfunction of the weapon, rack or launcher, or aircraft release and control system.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- armamento colgado. Aquellas armas o cargas que el piloto de una aeronave ha intentado lanzar o disparar pero que no ha podido debido a un mal funcionamiento del arma, del lanzador o del sistema de liberación y control de la aeronave.

hydraulic supply system (aircraft) /haɪˈdrɒlɪk səˈplaɪ ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema hidráulico.


identification, friend or foe (IFF) /aɪˌdentəfəˈkeɪʃn̩ ˈfrend ɔːr ˈfoʊ/. “A system using electromagnetic transmissions to which equipment carried by friendly forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses, thereby distinguishing themselves from enemy forces.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- identificador amigo-enemigo. Sistema que utiliza emisiones electromagnéticas que responden a los distintos equipos llevados por las fuerzas amigas de forma automática, por ejemplo emitiendo impulsos, distinguiéndose así de las fuerzas enemigas.

imaginary surfaces /ˌɪˈmædʒəˌneri ˈsɝːfəsəz/. “Surfaces in space established around airfields in relation to runway(s), helipad(s), or helicopter runway(s) that are designed to define the obstacle free airspace around the airfield.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- Superficies imaginarias. Superficies en el espacio establecidas alrededor de aeródromos, en relación con pistas de aterrizaje, helipuertos u pistas para helicópteros, que están diseñadas para definir el espacio aéreo libre de obstáculos alrededor del aeródromo.

implementation /ˌɪmpləmenˈteɪʃn̩/. “In NATO Standardization, the performance of an obligation laid down in a NATO standardization agreement.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- aplicación. En normalización OTAN, el cumplimiento de una obligación establecida en un acuerdo de normalización de la OTAN.

inactivate /ˌɪˈnæktɪˌvet/. “End the existence of a unit, detachment of a unit, or provisional unit. An inactive unit retains its lineage, history and honors and is available for activation when needed again.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- desactivar. Finalizar la existencia de una unidad, destacamento o unidad provisional. Una unidad inactiva conserva su linaje, historia y honores, y está disponible para ser activada cuando sea necesario.

inertial navigation system /ˌɪˈnɝːʃl ̩ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ˈsɪstəm/. “A self-contained navigation system using inertial detectors, which automatically provides vehicle

position, heading and velocity.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- sistema de navegación inercial. Un sistema de navegación autónomo que utiliza detectores inerciales, el cual proporciona de forma automática la posición del vehículo, rumbo y velocidad.

infiltration /ˌɪnfəlˈtreɪʃn̩/. “A technique and process in which a force moves as individuals or small groups over, through or around enemy positions without detection.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- infiltración. Técnica y proceso en el que una fuerza se mueve individualmente o en pequeños grupos, sobre, a través o alrededor de posiciones enemigas sin ser detectada.

inlet duct /ˈɪnˌlet ˈdəkt/. “The portion of the aircraft ahead of the engine compressor that takes the air into the aircraft and directs it into the engine at the correct speed and direction.” (Crane, 2012)

- tobera de admisión. Parte de la aeronave delante del compresor del motor (motores a reacción) que conduce el aire al interior de la aeronave, y lo dirige hacia el motor a la velocidad y dirección correcta.

insertion /ˌɪnˈsɝːʃn̩/. “The introduction of forces into a hostile or potentially hostile area.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- inserción. Introducción de fuerzas en una zona hostil o potencialmente hostil.

Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) conditions /ˌɪnstrəˈmentl ̩ ˈflaɪt ˈruːlz kənˈdɪʃn̩z/. “Weather conditions below the minimums allowed for flight under visual flight rules.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- condiciones IFR. Condiciones meteorológicas por debajo de los mínimos permitidos para el vuelo bajo reglas de vuelo visual.

instrument landing system /ˈɪnstrəmənt ˈlændɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/. “Aids for an instrument landing approach to an airfield, consisting of a localiser, glide slope, marker beacons and approach lights.” (Crocker, 2005)

- sistema de aterrizaje instrumental. Sistema de ayuda para aproximación a aterrizaje por instrumentos, consistente en un localizador, senda de planeo, radiobalizas y luces de aproximación.

integral fuel tank /ˈɪntəɡrəl ˈ uːəl ˈtæŋk/. “A fuel tank that is formed by sealing off part of the aircraft structure and using it to hold fuel.” (Crane, 2012)

- tanque integral de combustible. Tanque de combustible que se forma sellando parte de la estructura de una aeronave y


utilizándola para almacenar combustible.

integrity /ˌɪnˈteɡrəti/. “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- integridad. La cualidad o estado de buenos principios morales; rectitud, honestidad y sinceridad.

intermediate area /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiət ˈeriə/. “Area between runways and between runways and taxiways that is graded or cleared for operational safety.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- área intermedia. Superficie entre pistas de aterrizaje o entre pistas de aterrizaje y rodadura que está nivelada o despejada para seguridad de las operaciones.


jack /ˈdʒæk/. “A tool used to lift an aircraft or others types of equipment off the floor.” (Crane, 2012)

- gato. Herramienta utilizada para elevar del suelo una aeronave u otros tipos de equipo.

jet propulsion /ˈdʒet prəˈpəlʃn̩/. “A method of propulsion by thrust produced as a relatively small mass of air is accelerated through a large change in velocity.” (Crane, 2012)

- propulsión a chorro. Un método de propulsión por el empuje producido al acelerar una masa relativamente pequeña de aire cambiando ampliamente su velocidad.

joint /ˌdʒɔɪnt/. “Connotes activities, operations, organizations, etc., in which elements of two or more Military Departments participate.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- conjunto. Referido a actividades, operaciones, organizaciones, etc., en las cuales participan componentes de dos o más Ejércitos (Aire, Tierra o Armada).

joint operational guidelines /ˌdʒɔɪnt ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪnz/. “A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in order to meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- directrices operativas conjuntas. Publicación que sustituye a la doctrina conjunta aprobada con el fin de atender a las necesidades operativas inmediatas de las fuerzas en combate.

jump speed /ˈdʒəmp ˈspiːd/. “The airspeed at which parachute troops can jump with comparative safety from an aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- velocidad de salto. La velocidad aerodinámica a la que las tropas paracaidistas pueden saltar con relativa seguridad desde una aeronave.


keystone publication /ˈkiːˌstoʊn ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩/. “An Allied joint doctrine publication establishing the doctrinal foundation for publications at lower levels of the Allied Joint Doctrine Architecture.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- keystone publication (traducción no utilizada). Publicación de doctrina aliada conjunta que establece el fundamento doctrinal para las publicaciones de niveles inferiores en la arquitectura doctrinal aliada conjunta.

killbox /ˈkɪl ˈbɑːks/. “A three-dimensional area used to facilitate the integration of joint fires.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- kill box (traducción no utilizada). Área tridimensional utilizada para facilitar la integración del fuego conjunto.


landing gear /ˈlændɪŋ ˈɡɪr/. “The part of an aircraft structure that supports the aircraft when it is not flying.” (Crane, 2012)

- tren de aterrizaje. Parte de la estructura de una aeronave que soporta a esta cuando no está en vuelo.

landing gear system (aircraft) /ˈlændɪŋ ˈɡɪr ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema del tren de aterrizaje. landing light /ˈlændɪŋ ˈlaɪt/. “A high-intensity spotlight mounted on an aircraft and aimed in such a direction that it shines on the runway when the aircraft is on the final approach for landing.” (Crane, 2012)

- luz de aterrizaje. Foco de alta intensidad montado en una aeronave y dirigido en una dirección tal, que ilumina la pista cuando la aeronave esta en aproximación final para el aterrizaje.

landside facilities /ˈlændˈsaɪd fəˈsɪlətiz/. “Facilities not associated with the movement and parking of aircraft but are required for the facilities' mission. These include aircraft maintenance areas, aviation support areas, fuel storage and dispensing, explosives and munitions areas and vehicular needs.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- instalaciones de apoyo. Instalaciones no asociadas con el movimiento y aparcamiento de las aeronaves, pero necesarias para el cumplimiento de la misión. Estas incluyen áreas de mantenimiento de aeronaves, apoyo aeronáutico, almacenamiento y abastecimiento de combustible, polvorines y necesidades de vehículos.

laser designator /ˈleɪzər ˈdezɪgˌnetər/. “A device that emits a beam of laser energy which is used to mark a specific place or object.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- designador laser. Dispositivo que emite un haz de energía laser utilizado para marcar un lugar u objeto especifico.

laser guided weapon /ˈleɪzər ˈɡaɪdəd ˈwepən/. “A weapon which utilizes a seeker to detect laser energy reflected from a laser marked/designated target and through signal processing provides guidance commands to a control system which guides the weapon to the point from which the laser energy is being

reflected.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- arma de guiado laser. Arma que utiliza un buscador para detectar la energía laser reflejada de un objetivo marcado/iluminado con láser, y mediante el procesamiento de señal, proporciona comandos de guiado a un sistema de control que guía el arma al punto desde el que la energía laser está siendo reflejada.

laser range-finder /ˈleɪzər ˈreɪndʒ ˈfaɪndər/. “A device that uses a laser to determine the distance from the device to a place or object.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- telemetro laser. Dispositivo que utiliza un láser para medir la distancia desde el mismo a un lugar u objeto.

laser seeker /ˈleɪzər ˈsiːkər/. “A device based on a direction sensitive receiver which detects the energy reflected from a laser designated target and defines the direction of the target relative to the receiver.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- buscador laser. Dispositivo basado en un receptor sensible a la dirección, que detecta la energía reflejada por un objetivo designado por láser, y define la dirección del objetivo con relación al receptor.

launcher /ˈlɒntʃər/. “A structural device designed to support and hold a missile in position for firing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzador. Dispositivo estructural diseñado para sostener y mantener en posición un misil para el disparo.

lead aircraft /ˈled ˈerˌkræft/. “1. The airborne aircraft designated to exercise command of other aircraft within the flight. 2. An aircraft in the van of two or more aircraft.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- avión líder. 1. Avión en el aire designado para ejercer el mando de otras aeronaves dentro de su escuadrilla. 2. Aeronave en vanguardia de dos o más aeronaves.

leadership /ˈliːdərˌʃɪp/. “The ability to make other people carry out your orders effectively and willingly.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- liderazgo. La capacidad de hacer que otras personas cumplan tus órdenes de manera efectiva y voluntaria.

leading edge /ˈliːdɪŋ ˈedʒ/. “The front part of the wing which meets the oncoming air first.” (Crocker, 2005)

- borde de ataque. La parte frontal del ala que se encuentra con el aire que se aproxima primero.


left/right flank-march (drill) /ˈleft /ˈraɪt ˈflæŋk ˈmɑːrtʃ/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- derecho/izquierda-mar. (preventiva y ejecutiva).

level of threat /ˈlevl ̩əv ˈθret/. “The relative likelihood that a specific threat will occur and have an impact on a base or on friendly forces in a theater of operation.” (HQ AFCESA/CEXX, 2008)

- nivel de amenaza. La probabilidad relativa de que una amenaza específica ocurra y tenga consecuencias en una base o fuerzas amigas en el teatro de operaciones.

lifting body /ˈlɪftɪŋ ˈbɒdi/. Referring to an aircraft whose fuselage shape produces lift, i.e., it can fly without wings (missiles, space shuttle).

- cuerpo sustentador. Referido a una aeronave cuyo fuselaje produce sustentación, i.e., puede volar sin alas. (misiles, transbordador espacial).

load /loʊd/. “The total weight of passengers or cargo transported.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga. El peso total de pasajeros o cargamento transportado.

loading point /ˈloʊdɪŋ ̍ pɔɪnt/. “A point where one aircraft can be loaded or unloaded.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de carga. Lugar donde una aeronave puede ser cargada o descargada.

loading site /ˈloʊdɪŋ ˈsaɪt/. “An area containing a number of loading points.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- zona de carga. Área que contiene varios puntos de carga.

locate /loʊˈkeɪt/. “In personnel recovery, the task where actions are taken to precisely find and authenticate the identity of isolated personnel.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- localizar. En recuperación de personal, la labor en la que se toman acciones para encontrar y autenticar con precisión la identidad del personal aislado.

lodging (cadets, officers, airmen) /ˈlɑːdʒɪŋ/. “A place to live in, esp. temporarily; quarters.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- alojamientos. Lugar para vivir, especialmente de forma temporal; dependencias.

loyalty /ˌlɔɪəlti/. “Quality, state, or instance of being loyal; faithfulness or faithful adherence to a person, government, cause, duty, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- lealtad. Cualidad, estado o instancia de ser leal; fidelidad o fiel adhesión a una persona, gobierno, causa, deber, etc.


main operating base (MOB) /ˈmeɪn ˈɑːpəˌretɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “A facility (. . .) with permanently stationed operating forces and robust infrastructure” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010). Must be outside the territories of the nation which owns the base.

- base de operaciones principal. Instalación con fuerzas operativas permanentes e infraestructura robusta. La base debe encontrarse fuera del territorio de la nación propietaria de la misma.

main rotor /ˈmeɪn ˈroʊtə/. “The rotor that supplies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- rotor principal. El rotor que suministra la sustentación principal a una aeronave de rotor.

maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/. “A regular periodic inspection, overhaul, repair and replacement of parts of an aircraft and/or engine.” (Crocker, 2005)

- mantenimiento. Inspección regular periódica, revisión general, reparación y reemplazo de partes de una aeronave y/o motor.

Major Command (MAJCOM). /ˈmeɪdʒər kəˈmænd/. A major subdivision of an air force that is assigned a major part of the air force mission. A MAJCOM is directly subordinate to the Air Force Headquarters.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Mando Aéreo. Subdivisión principal de una fuerza aérea, al que se le asigna una parte fundamental de la misión de dicha fuerza. Un Mando Aéreo está directamente subordinado al Cuartel General del Ejercito del Aire.

maritime patrol A/C /ˈmerəˌtaɪm pəˈtroʊl/. A fixed-wing aircraft designed for long patrol missions over maritime environments.

- Aeronave de patrulla marítima. Aeronave de ala fija diseñada para misiones de patrulla de larga duración sobre entornos marítimos.

marshal (to) /ˈmɑːrʃl/̩. “To direct aircraft into their parking positions on the apron by means of hand signals.” (Crocker, 2005)

- señalizar. Dirigir aeronaves a sus puntos de estacionamiento en la plataforma mediante señales manuales.

marshaller /ˈmɑːrʃələ̩/. “A member of ground staff whose job is to direct aircraft into

parking positions by means of hand signals.” (Crocker, 2005)

- señalero. Miembro del personal del tierra cuyo trabajo es guiar a las aeronaves a las posiciones de estacionamiento por medio de señales manuales.

maximum landing weight (MLW) /ˈmæksəməm ˈlændɪŋ ˈweɪt/. “The maximum gross weight due to design or operational limitations at which an aircraft is permitted to land.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- peso máximo al aterrizaje. El peso bruto máximo con el que una aeronave puede aterrizar debido a su diseño o limites operacionales.

maximum take-off weight /ˈmæksəməm ˈteɪk ɒf ˈweɪt/. “The maximum gross weight due to design or operational limitations at which an aircraft is permitted to take-off.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- peso máximo al despegue. El peso bruto máximo con el que una aeronave puede despegar debido a su diseño o limites operacionales.

may (TO understanding) /ˈmeɪ/. “Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- may. Indica el método aceptable o sugerido de realización.

medal /ˈmedl/̩. “An insignia (usually consisting of a metal cross, disk or star suspended from a piece of coloured fabric), which shows that the wearer has participated in a campaign or tour of operational duty, or that the wearer has received an award for bravery or for an outstanding achievement (usually during operational service).” (Bowyer, 2004)

- medalla. Insignia (por lo general consistente en una cruz de metal, disco o estrella suspendida de una tela coloreada) que muestra que su portador ha participado en una campaña o servicio operativo, o que su portador ha recibido una condecoración por su valor o excepcional servicio (normalmente durante el servicio operativo).

mess /ˈmes/. “A place where servicemen and servicewomen of equal or similar rank eat and relax together.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- comedor. Lugar donde el personal militar de igual o similar rango come y se relaja.

Mess dress /ˈmes ˈdres/. Mess dress is the military term for the formal evening military uniform worn by the military in the mess or formal occasions.


- uniforme de etiqueta. Es el término empleado para el uniforme militar de noche, vestido por los militares en salones o en ocasiones formales.

military aircraft /ˈmɪləˌteri ˈerˌkræft/. “Any aircraft operated by the armed forces of a State; bearing the military markings of that State; commanded by a member of the armed forces; and controlled, manned or preprogrammed by a crew subject to regular armed forces discipline.” (Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, 2009)

- aeronave militar. Toda aeronave operada por las fuerzas armadas de un Estado; portando las marcas militares de dicho Estado; comandada por un miembro de las fuerzas armadas; y controlada, tripulada o pre programada por un miembro sujeto a la disciplina de las fuerzas armadas.

missile /ˈmɪsəl/. “A self-propelled munition whose trajectory or course is controlled while in flight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- misil. Munición autopropulsada cuya trayectoria o curso se controla durante el vuelo.

missile approach warning system (MAWS) /ˈmɪsəl əˈproʊtʃ ˈwɔːrnɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/.

- sistema alertador de aproximación de misiles.

missile guidance system /ˈmɪsəl ˈɡaɪdəns ˈsɪstəm/. “A system which evaluates flight information, correlates it with target data, determines the desired flight path of a missile and communicates the necessary commands to the missile flight control system.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- sistema de guía de misiles. Sistema que evalúa la información de vuelo, la correlaciona con los datos del objetivo, determina la trayectoria de vuelo deseada de un misil y comunica las órdenes necesarias al sistema de control de vuelo del misil.

monitor (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈmɑːnətər/. “Listen out on (frequency)” (Communications, 2002)

- monitor (aeronautical phraseology). Manténgase a la escucha en (frecuencia).

monoplane /ˈmɑːnəˌplen/. “An airplane having only one main supporting wing. (Crane, 2012)

- monoplano. Aeroplano que tiene una única ala principal de sustentación.

morale /məˈræl/. “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to

endure hardship, etc. within a group, in relation to a group, or within an individual.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- moral. Condición mental o moral con respecto al valor, la disciplina, la confianza, el entusiasmo, la voluntad para superar las dificultades, etc., dentro de un grupo, en relación a un grupo o para uno mismo.

motor pool /ˈmoʊtə ̍ puːl/. “A group of motor vehicles kept, as at a military installation, for use as needed by personnel.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- parque de automóviles. Grupo de vehículos a motor mantenidos, como en una instalación militar, para uso del personal según sea necesario.

multi-role fighter A/C (MRAC) /ˈmʌltiroʊl ˈfaɪtər/. An aircraft which is designed to perform one or more secondary roles besides its primary role.

- caza polivalente. Aeronave capaz de desempeñar uno o más roles secundarios además de su rol principal.


navigation lights /ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ˈlaɪts/. “Colored lights on an aircraft used at night to show the direction the aircraft is moving.” (Crane, 2012)

- luces de navegación. Luces de colores utilizadas de noche por las aeronaves para mostrar la dirección en la que se vuelan.

negative (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈneɡətɪv/. “No or Permission not granted or That is not correct.” (Communications, 2002)

- negative (aeronautical phraseology). No o Permiso no concedido o Eso no es correcto.

non-commissioned officer /ˌnɒnkəˈmɪʃn̩d ˈɑːfəsər/. “A serviceman or servicewoman who holds a supervisory rank, but is not a commissioned officer” (Bowyer, 2004)

- suboficial. Todo o toda militar que ostenta un rango de supervisor, pero que no es un oficial nombrado.

nondestructive inspection. /ˈnɑːndəˈstrəktɪv ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. “Any type of inspection that does not damage the system or component being inspected.” (Crane, 2012) (e.g. penetrant liquids, X-Rays)

- inspección no destructiva. Cualquier tipo de inspección que no daña el sistema o componente que está siendo inspeccionado. (p.ej. líquidos penetrantes, rayos X)

normative document /ˈnɔːrmətɪv ˈdɑːkjəment/. “A document that provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results Note: In NATO, a normative document may be a standard or a regulation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- documento normativo. Documento que proporciona reglas, directrices o características para actividades o sus resultados. Nota: en la OTAN, un documento normativo puede ser una norma o un reglamento.

note (TO understanding) /noʊt/. “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- nota, observación. Destaca un procedimiento de operación o mantenimiento, condición o estado esencial.

nozzle /ˈnɑːzl/̩. “A pipe or duct, esp. in a jet engine or rocket, that directs the effluent and

accelerates or diffuses the flow to generate thrust.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- tobera. Tubo o conducto, especialmente en un turborreactor o cohete, que dirige el flujo, y lo acelera o difunde para generar empuje.

Numbered Air Force (NAF) /ˈnʌmbr̩d ˈer ˈfɔːrs/. “A level of command directly under a MAJCOM. NAFs provide operational leadership and supervision. A NAF is assigned subordinate units, such as wings, groups and squadrons.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- Fuerza Aérea Numerada. Nivel de mando directamente bajo un Mando Aéreo. NAFs proporcionan liderazgo operativo y supervisión. A un NAF se le asignan unidades subordinadas, que pueden ser alas, grupos o escuadrones. (este nivel de mando no se da en la organización del Ejercito del Aire, no obstante, se puede encontrar en la OTAN).


Oath of Service /oʊθ əv ˈsɝːvəs/. “A solemn promise of loyalty and obedience made by people when joining the armed forces. (Bowyer, 2004)

- Jura de Bandera. Promesa solemne de lealtad y obediencia tomada por las personas que se unen a las fuerzas armadas.

obedience /oˈbiːdiəns/. “The state, fact, or an instance of obeying, or a willingness to obey; submission.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- obediencia. El estado, hecho o instancia de obedecer, voluntad de obedecer; sumisión.

objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/. “The clearly defined, decisive, and attainable goal toward which every operation is directed.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- objetivo. La meta claramente definida, decisiva y realizable hacia la que toda operación es dirigida.

obstacle course /ˈɑːbstəkl ̩ˈkɔːrs/. “A physical exercise course with barriers, ditches, and other obstacles, used to train military personnel.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- pista de aplicación. Recorrido de ejercicio físico con barreras, zanjas y otros obstáculos, utilizado para entrenar al personal militar.

offensive counterair (OCA) /əˈfensɪv ̍ kaʊntər ˈer/. “An operation mounted to destroy, disrupt or limit enemy air power as close to its source as possible.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- DCA (traducción no utilizada). Operación establecida para destruir, interrumpir o limitar el poder aéreo enemigo tan cerca próximo a su fuente como sea posible.

on-scene commander (OSC) /ɑːn ˈsiːn kəˈmændər/. “An individual in the immediate vicinity of an isolating event who temporarily assumes command of the incident” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- OSC (traducción no utilizada). Individuo en las inmediaciones de un evento de aislamiento de personal que asume temporalmente el mando.

operational command (OPCOM) /ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl kəˈmænd/. “The authority granted to a commander to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain or

delegate operational and/or tactical control as the commander deems necessary. Note: It does not include responsibility for administration.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- mando operativo. La autoridad conferida a un mando para asignar misiones o cometidos a los mandos subordinados, desplegar unidades, reasignar fuerzas y conservar o delegar el control táctico y/o operativo según el mando considere necesario. Nota: No incluye responsabilidad administrativa.

operational control (OPCON) /ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃənəl kənˈtroʊl/. “The authority delegated to a commander to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are usually limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned. Neither does it, of itself, include administrative or logistic control.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- control operativo. La autoridad delegada a un comandante para dirigir fuerzas asignadas, de forma que pueda cumplir misiones específicas o cometidos que por lo general están limitados por función, tiempo o lugar; desplegar las unidades afectadas y conservar o ceder el control táctico de dichas unidades. No se incluye la autoridad para el empleo por separado de componentes de dichas unidades. Tampoco incluye por sí mismo el control logístico o administrativo.

originator /əˈrɪdʒəneɪtr̩/. “The originator prepares the doctrine proposal and is any interested party.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- proponente. Elabora la propuesta doctrinal y es una parte interesada.

Other Rank (OR). /ˈʌðr̩ ˈræŋk/. See “enlisted personnel”. out (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈaʊt/. “This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is expected.” (Communications, 2002)

- out (aeronautical phraseology). Este intercambio de transmisiones ha terminado y no se espera respuesta.

over (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈoʊvə/. “My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.” (Communications, 2002)

- over (aeronautical phraseology). Mi transmisión ha terminado y espero una respuesta por parte suya.


overhaul /ˌoʊvəˈhɔːl/. “The maintenance procedure in which a device is disassembled to the extent needed to determine the condition of all of its parts. Each part is inspected, and, if damaged or excessively worn, it is repaired or replaced.” (Crane, 2012)

- revisión general. Proceso de mantenimiento en el que un dispositivo es desmontado en la medida necesaria para determinar el estado de todas sus partes. Cada parte es inspeccionada, y, si está dañada o excesivamente desgastada, se repara o reemplaza.

oxygen system (aircraft) /ˈɑːksədʒən ˈsɪstəm/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- sistema de oxigeno.


pallet /ˈpælət/. “A flat base for combining stores or carrying a single item to form a unit load for handling, transportation, and storage by materials handling equipment.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) palé. Base plana para combinar provisiones o transportar un solo artículo, formando una carga unitaria para su manejo, transporte y almacenamiento mediante equipos de manejo de material. palletized unit load /ˈpælətaɪzd ̍ juːnət loʊd/. “Quantity of any item, packaged or unpackaged, which is arranged on a pallet in a specified manner and securely strapped or fastened thereto so that the whole is handled as a unit.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- unidad de carga paletizada. Cantidad de cualquier artículo, embalado o sin embalar, que se encuentra dispuesto sobre un palé de una manera específica y atado o fijado con seguridad al mismo, de forma que el conjunto se maneje como una unidad.

parade /pəˈreɪd/. “A military display or assembly; esp., a review of marching troops.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- desfile o acto. Exhibición o formación militar; en especial, una revista de tropas desfilando.

parade ground /pəˈreɪd ˈɡraʊnd/. “A large flat area where soldiers march and practise military movements.” (Cambridge University Press, 2014)

- plaza de armas. Área llana y extensa donde los soldados desfilan y practican movimientos militares.

parade-rest (drill) /pəˈreɪd ˈrest/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- descanso-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva).

paradrop /ˈperəˈdrɑːp/. “Delivery by parachute of personnel or cargo from an aircraft in flight.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzamiento con paracaídas. Entrega con paracaídas de personal o carga desde una aeronave en vuelo.

parking brake /ˈpɑːrkɪŋ ̍ breɪk /. “A brake that is set, often by hand, when the aircraft is stationary for a period of time.” (Crocker, 2005)

parking lot /ˈpɑːrkɪŋ ˈlɑːt/. “An area, often paved, for parking a number of motor vehicles.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- aparcamiento. Área, a menudo pavimentada, para aparcar cierto número de vehículos a motor.

passive air defense /ˈpæsɪv ˈer dəˈfens/. “All measures, other than active air defense, taken to minimize the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- defensa aérea pasiva. Todas las medidas, que no sean defensa aérea activa, tomadas para minimizar la eficacia de las amenazas aéreas y de misiles hostiles contra las fuerzas y activos amigos.

passive homing guidance /ˈpæsɪv ˈhoʊmɪŋ ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing guidance wherein the receiver in the missile utilizes radiation from the target.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- guiado pasivo. Sistema de guiado en el que el receptor del misil utiliza la radiación propia del blanco.

payload /ˈpeɪloʊd/. 1. “In a missile or rocket, the warhead, its container and activating devices.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014) 2. “The amount of load carried by a vehicle over and above the load necessary for the operation of the vehicle. Payload is actually the amount of revenue-producing load an aircraft can carry.” (Crane, 2012)

- carga de pago. 1. En un misil o cohete; la ojiva, su contenedor y los equipos de activación. 2. La cantidad de carga transportada por un vehículo por encima de la que este necesita para su operación. Es en realidad la carga que produce un beneficio que una aeronave puede transportar.

peaked cap /ˈpiːkt ˈkæp/. - gorra de plato.

periodic inspection /ˌpɪriˈɑːdɪk ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. “A maintenance inspection that must be performed on a regular or recurring basis.” (Crane, 2012)

- inspección periódica. Una inspección de mantenimiento que debe realizarse de forma periódica o recurrente.

personal locator beacon /ˈpɝːsənl ̩ loʊˈkeɪtə ˈbiːkən/. “An emergency radio locator beacon with a two-way speech facility carried by crew members, either on their person or in their survival equipment, and capable of providing homing signals to assist search and rescue operations.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)


- radiobaliza de localización personal. Radiobaliza de localización de emergencia bidireccional, llevada por miembros de tripulaciones, bien consigo mismos o en su equipo de supervivencia, capaces de proporcionar señales de posicionamiento para ayudar a las operaciones de búsqueda y salvamento.

personnel recovery (PR) /ˌpərsəˈnel rɪˈkʌvri/. “The sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- recuperación de personal. La suma de esfuerzos militares, diplomáticos y civiles para preparar y ejecutar la recuperación y reintegración de personal aislado.

piston engine /ˈpɪstən ˈendʒən/. “A petrol or diesel engine in which pistons are moved by combustion of fuel, this reciprocating movement producing rotating movement.” (Crocker, 2005)

- motor de émbolo alternativo. Motor de gasolina o diésel en el que los émbolos se mueven por la combustión de un combustible, su movimiento de vaivén produce un movimiento de rotación.

pitch /ˈpɪtʃ/. “Rotation of an aircraft about its lateral axis.” (Crane, 2012)

- cabeceo. Rotación de una aeronave sobre su eje lateral.

platform drop /ˈplætˌfɔːrm ˈdrɑːp/. “The airdrop of loaded platforms from rear loading aircraft with roller conveyors.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- lanzamiento sobre plataforma. El lanzamiento aéreo, desde aeronaves de carga trasera, de plataformas cargadas deslizándolas sobre rodillos.

plug /ˈpləɡ/. 1. “An object used to stop up a hole, gap, outlet, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers). 2. “A device for making an electrical connection” (Crocker, 2005)

- 1. tapa/tapón. Objeto utilizado para tapar un agujero, hueco, etc. 2. conector. Dispositivo para hacer una conexión eléctrica.

pod /ˈpɑːd/. “A streamlined structure attached by a pylon to an aircraft and used to house a jet engine (podded engine), fuel tank, armament, etc.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- góndola, barquilla. Una estructura aerodinámica unida mediante un pilón a una aeronave y utilizada para albergar un motor a reacción, tanque de combustible, armamento, etc.

point of impact /ˈpɔɪnt əv ˌɪmˈpækt/. “The point on the drop zone where the first

parachutist or air dropped cargo item lands or is expected to land.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de impacto. El punto en la zona de lanzamiento donde el primer paracaidista o carga lanzada aterriza o se estima que aterrice.

power plant (aircraft) /ˈpaʊər ˈplænt/. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- planta de potencia (sistema de propulsión).

power plant /ˈpaʊər ˈplænt/. “A building where power, esp. electric power, is generated.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- planta de energía. Edificio donde se genera energía, especialmente energía eléctrica.

preflight inspection /ˈpriːˈflaɪt ˌɪnˈspekʃn̩/. “An inspection of an aircraft performed by the pilot or flight engineer before the aircraft is approved for flight. The purpose of a preflight inspection is to assure that the aircraft is in safe condition for the flight being proposed. (Crane, 2012)

- inspección pre-vuelo. Inspección de una aeronave llevada a cabo por el piloto o mecánico de vuelo antes de que sea declarada apta para el vuelo. El propósito de una inspección pre-vuelo es verificar las condiciones de seguridad para el vuelo propuesto para dicha aeronave.

pressure bulkhead /ˈpreʃər ˈbʌlkˌhed/. ”A partition inside the aircraft which separates pressurized from non-pressurised areas.” (Crocker, 2005)

- mamparo de presión. Tabique interior de la aeronave que separa las áreas presurizadas de las no presurizadas.

primary flight controls /ˈpraɪˌmeri ˈflaɪt kənˈtroʊlz/. “The flight controls that cause an aircraft to rotate about its three axes. In an airplane, the primary flight controls are the ailerons, elevators, and rudder.” (Crane, 2012)

- mandos de vuelo primarios. Las superficies de mando que provocan que la aeronave rote sobre sus ejes. En un aeroplano, las superficies de mando primarias son los alerones, timones de profundidad y timón de dirección.

propeller /prəˈpelər/. “A device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. (14 CFR part 1)

- hélice. Mecanismo de aspas para impulsar una aeronave mediante un eje accionado por un motor y que, al girar,


produce por su acción con el aire un empuje aproximadamente perpendicular al plano de rotación de las palas.

pushback /ˈpʊʃ ˈbæk/. “The process of pushing a plane out from its parked position using a special vehicle.” (Crocker, 2005)

- push-back (traducción no utilizada). Proceso de remolcado hacia atrás de una aeronave, desde la posición en que se encuentra estacionada, utilizando un vehículo especial.

pylon /ˈpaɪˌlɑːn/. A streamlined aircraft structure for attaching an engine pod, external fuel tank, a weapon, etc., to the main body of the aircraft. (HarperCollins Publishers)

- pilón. Estructura aerodinámica de una aeronave para fijar la góndola de un motor, un tanque externo de combustible, un arma, etc., con el cuerpo principal del avión.


QFE /ˈkjuː ˈef ˈiː/. “Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation.” (Communications, 2002)

- QFE. Presión atmosférica a la elevación del aeródromo.

QNE /ˈkjuː ˈen ˈiː/. “The barometric pressure used for the standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches Hg.).” (Crane, 2012)

- QNE. La presión barométrica utilizada para el ajuste de altímetro estándar (29,92 pulgadas de Hg.).

QNH /ˈkjuː ˈen ˈeɪtʃ/. “Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain altitude above mean sea level.” (Communications, 2002)

- QNH. Ajuste de la sub-escala del altímetro para obtener la altitud sobre el nivel medio del mar.

quick search procedure /ˈkwɪk ˈsɝːtʃ prəˈsiːdʒər/. “A method of search done as quickly as possible by searching the entire area on the outbound leg and by using twice as many aircraft as are normally used.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- procedimiento de búsqueda rápida. Método de búsqueda, tan rápido como sea posible, mediante búsqueda en toda la zona del tramo de salida, y utilizando el doble de aeronaves de las normalmente utilizadas.


radar decoy /ˈreɪˌdɑːr dəˌkɔɪ/. A device launched or towed by an aircraft, designed to deceive enemy radars by emitting simulated a radar signature.

- señuelo radar. Dispositivo remolcado o lanzado por una aeronave, diseñado para a los radares enemigos mediante la emisión de una firma radar simulada.

radio altimeter /ˈreɪdiˌoʊ ælˈtɪmətər/. “A device for measuring the height of the aircraft above the Earth using reflected radio waves.” (Crocker, 2005)

- radio altímetro. Dispositivo utilizado para medir la altura de la aeronave sobre la Tierra utilizando ondas de radio reflejadas.

radome /ˈreɪˌdoʊm/. “A dome that protects a radar antenna, made from materials that do not interfere with the transmission and reception of radio waves.” (Crocker, 2005)

- radomo. Cúpula que protege a una antena radar, hecha materiales que no interfieren con la transmisión y recepción de ondas de radio.

rank /ˈræŋk/. “An official title, indicating a serviceperson’s position in the military hierarchy (such as corporal, sergeant, lieutenant, etc.)” (Bowyer, 2004)

- rango, empleo. Un título oficial, que indica la posición de un militar dentro de la escala jerárquica (p.ej. cabo, sargento, teniente, etc.).

ratification /ˌrætəfəˈkeɪʃn̩/. “In NATO standardization, the formal declaration by which a NATO member nation confirms its consent, with or without reservation, to be committed to a NATO standardization agreement.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- ratificación. En normalización OTAN, la declaración formal por la cual un país miembro de la OTAN confirma su consentimiento, con o sin reservas, para el compromiso con un acuerdo de normalización de la OTAN.

read back /riːd ˈbæk/. “A phrase used by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to mean “repeat my message back to me”. (Crane, 2012)

- colacione. Expresión utilizada por el controlador aéreo (ATC) que significa: “repítame mi mensaje de nuevo”.

readback /riːdˈbæk/. “The action of repeating an ATC message to the controller to enable him or her to check that it was correctly received.” (Crocker, 2005)

- confirmación. La acción de repetir al controlador un mensaje suyo con el fin de comprobar que ha sido correctamente recibido.

reconnaissance A/C /riˈkɑːnəsəns/. A military aircraft designed to carry out aerial reconnaissance.

- aeronave de reconocimiento. Aeronave militar diseñada para llevar a cabo misiones de reconocimiento aéreo.

reconstitute /riˈkɑːnstəˌtuːt/. “Renew legal authorization of a disbanded unit.” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013)

- reconstituir. Renovar la autoridad legal a una unidad disuelta.

recovery /rɪˈkʌvri/. “1. In air (aviation) operations, that phase of a mission which involves the return of an aircraft to a land base or platform afloat. (. . .) 2. 3. In personnel recovery, actions taken to physically gain custody of isolated personnel and return them to the initial reception point.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- recuperación. 1. En operaciones aéreas, la fase de una misión que implica el regreso de una aeronave a una base en tierra o plataforma a flote. 2. En recuperación de personal, acciones tomadas para conseguir la custodia física de personal aislado y devolverlo al punto de recepción inicial.

recovery activation signal (RAS) /rɪˈkʌvri ˌæktəˈveɪʃn̩ ˈsɪɡnəl/. “In personnel recovery, a precoordinated signal from an evader to a receiving or observing source that indicates, “I am here, start the recovery planning.”” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- señal de activación/RAS. En recuperación de personal, una señal pre coordinada del evasor a una fuente de observación o recepción que indica, “Estoy aquí, se inicia el plan de recuperación.”

recovery force /rɪˈkʌvri ˈfɔːrs/. “In personnel recovery, an organization consisting of personnel and equipment with a mission of locating, supporting, and recovering isolated personnel, and returning them to friendly control.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- fuerza de recuperación. En recuperación de personal, una organización integrada por el personal y equipo con la misión de localizar, apoyar y recuperar al personal aislado, y devolverlo al control amigo.

recovery operations /rɪˈkʌvri ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. “Operations conducted to search for, locate, identify, recover, and return isolated


personnel, human remains, sensitive equipment, or items critical to national security.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- operación de recuperación. Operaciones llevadas a cabo para la búsqueda, localización, identificación, recuperación y retorno del personal, restos humanos, material sensible o elementos vitales para la seguridad nacional.

recovery site /rɪˈkʌvri ˈsaɪt/. “In personnel recovery, an area from which isolated personnel can be recovered.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- lugar de recuperación. En recuperación de personal, un área en la que se puede recuperar al personal aislado.

recovery vehicle /rɪˈkʌvri ˈviːhɪkl/̩. “In personnel recovery, the vehicle on which isolated personnel are boarded and transported from the recovery site.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- vehículo de recuperación. En recuperación de personal, el vehículo en el que se embarca y transporta al personal aislado desde el lugar de recuperación.

refueling hose /ˌriːˈ uːəlɪŋ hoʊz/. “A flexible pipe used to pump fuel from the bowser to the aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- manguera de combustible. Tubería flexible utilizada para bombear combustible de la cisterna a la aeronave.

refueling probe /riˈ uːəlɪŋ proʊb/. A long rigid or retractable tube, fitted to the front of an aircraft, which is inserted into a receptacle called drogue, enabling air-to-air refueling operations. (Bowyer, 2004)

- sonda de repostaje. Tubo largo y rígido o retráctil, montado en la parte delantera de una aeronave, que se inserta en un receptáculo llamado cesta, que permite las operaciones de reabastecimiento en vuelo.

reintegrate /riˈɪntəˌɡret/. “In personnel recovery, the task of conducting appropriate debriefings and reintegrating recovered isolated personnel back to duty and their family.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- reintegración. En recuperación de personal, la labor de llevar a cabo reuniones y reintegración del personal aislado recuperado de vuelta al servicio activo y a su hogar.

release point /riˈliːs ˈpɔɪnt/. “In air transport, a point on the ground directly above which

the first paratroop or cargo item is dropped.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de lanzamiento. En transporte aéreo, Un punto en la superficie sobre el que el primer paracaidista o carga son lanzados.

rendezvous point /ˈrɑːndɪˌvuː ˈpɔɪnt/. “A given location at which to regroup before, during or after an operation at a specified time or in a specified situation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- punto de encuentro. Lugar determinado donde reagruparse antes, durante o después de una operación a una hora o situación específica.

report (aeronautical phraseology) /riˈpɔːrt/. “Pass me the following information.” (Communications, 2002)

- report (aeronautical phraseology). Páseme la siguiente información.

request (aeronautical phraseology) /rɪˈkwest/. “I should like to know…or I wish to obtain.” (Communications, 2002)

- request (aeronautical phraseology). Me gustaría saber…o Quisiera obtener.

rescue A/C /ˈmɪləˌteri ˈreskjuː/. Aircraft designed to carry out SAR and CSAR missions.

- Aeronave de rescate. Aeronave diseñada para llevar a cabo misiones SAR y CSAR.

rescue combat air patrol (RESCAP) /ˈreskjuː ˈkɑːmbæt ˈer pəˈtroʊl/. “An aircraft patrol provided over that portion of an objective area in which recovery operations are being conducted for the purpose of intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- patrulla aérea de combate en rescate/RESCAP. Patrulla aérea sobre un área objetivo, donde se están llevando a cabo operaciones de recuperación, con el propósito de interceptar y destruir aeronaves hostiles.

rescue strop /ˈreskjuː strɑːp/. “A piece of rescue equipment which is placed around a person's chest to secure that person to a rescue line or helicopter hoist cable.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- arnés de pecho. Parte del material de rescate que se coloca alrededor del pecho de una persona para asegurarla a una cuerda de salvamento o cable de izado de un helicóptero.

reservation /ˌrezərˈveɪʃn̩/. “In NATO Standardization, a formal statement by which a member nation describes the part of a standard or standardization agreement that it will not implement or will implement only


with limitations.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- reserva. En normalización OTAN, una declaración formal, por la cual un país miembro describe la parte de una norma o acuerdo de estandarización que no será de aplicación o lo será con limitaciones para dicho país.

responsibility /riˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/. 1. An obligation or duty. 2. A person or thing for which one is responsible. 3. Sensible behavior. (Bowyer, 2004)

- responsabilidad. 1. Una obligación o deber. 2. Persona o cosa de la que se es responsable. 3. Comportamiento sensato.

review /ˌriˈvjuː/. “The ac vity of checking a normative document to determine whether it is to be reaffirmed, changed or withdrawn.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- revisión (análisis). La actividad por la que se comprueba un documento normativo para determinar si debe ser reafirmado, cambiado o retirado.

revision. /riˈvɪʒn̩/. “A major change that has an impact on the use made by the interested parties of an AJP. Revisions require a new ratification process and result in new editions of both STANAG and AP.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- revisión (modificación). Cambio importante que tiene impacto en el uso que hacen de un AJP las partes interesadas. Las revisiones requieren un nuevo proceso de ratificación y dan lugar a nuevas ediciones de STANAG y AP.

rib /ˈrɪb/. “The part of an aircraft wing structure that gives the wing its aerodynamic cross section. Sheet metal or fabric covers the ribs and gives the wing its airfoil shape.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- costilla. Parte de la estructura del ala de una aeronave que da la forma aerodinámica al ala en su sección trasversal. Las costillas están cubiertas por chapa metálica o tela que dan al ala su forma aerodinámica.

rocket /ˈrɑːkət/. “An aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated in the engine from self-contained propellants and not dependent on the intake of outside substances. (14 CFR part 1)

- cohete. Aeronave propulsada por la eyección de gases en expansión generados en el motor a partir de propulsores autónomos, no dependientes de la admisión de sustancias exteriores.

rocket engine /ˈrɑːkət ˈendʒən/. “A reaction engine in which a fuel and oxidizer are burnt

in a combustion chamber, the products of combustion expanding through a nozzle and producing thrust.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- motor cohete. Un motor a reacción cuyo combustible y oxidante se queman en una cámara de combustión. Los productos de combustión producen empuje al expandirse a través una tobera.

roger (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈrɑːdʒər/. “I have received all of your last transmission.” (Communications, 2002)

- roger (aeronautical phraseology). He recibido la totalidad de su última transmisión.

rotary-wing /ˈroʊtəriˈwɪŋ/. “An aircraft with a rotor which provides lift, such as a helicopter.” (Crocker, 2005)

- ala rotatoria. Aeronave con un rotor que proporciona sustentación, tal como un helicóptero.

rotor blade /ˈroʊtə ˈbleɪd/. “A long thin aerofoil on a helicopter rotor.” (Crocker, 2005)

- pala de rotor. Perfil aerodinámico largo y delgado en el rotor de un helicóptero.

rotorcraft /ˈroʊtə ̍ kræft/. “A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.” (Regulatory Information, 2012)

- aeronave de rotor. Aeronave más pesada que el aire que depende para su sostenimiento en vuelo principalmente de la sustentación generada por uno o varios rotores.

rudder /ˈrʌdər/. “The movable control surface mounted on the trailing edge of the vertical fin of an airplane.” (Crane, 2012). The rudder enables an airplane to yaw.

- timón de dirección. La superficie de mando móvil montada en el borde de salida del estabilizador vertical de un aeroplano. El timón de dirección permite al aeroplano guiñar.

rules of engagement (ROE) /ˈruːlz əv enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/. “Directives issued by competent military authority which specify the circumstances and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement with other forces encountered.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- reglas de enfrentamiento. Directivas emitidas por la autoridad militar competente que especifican las circunstancias y limitaciones, en virtud de las cuales, dichas fuerzas iniciaran y/o continuaran un el combate con otras fuerzas con las que se encuentren.


runway /ˈrʌˌnwe/. “A strip of level, usually paved ground on which aircraft take off and land.” (Crocker, 2005)

- pista de aterrizaje. Franja de tierra nivelada y normalmente pavimentada sobre la que aterrizan y despegan las aeronaves.

runway exit /ˈrʌˌnwe ˈeɡzət/. “Taxiway pavement provided for turnoffs from the runway to a taxiway either at normal or high speed.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- salida de pista. Pista pavimentada provista para desvíos de pista de aterrizaje a rodadura, bien a velocidad normal o a alta velocidad.

runway overrun /ˈrʌˌnwe ˌoʊvəˈrʌn/. “A stabilized or paved area beyond the end of a runway, of the same width as the runway plus shoulders, centered on the extended runway centerline.” (Crane, 2012)

- prolongación de pista. Superficie allanada o pavimentada más allá del final una pista de aterrizaje, de la misma anchura que la pista más los arcenes, centrada en la extensión del eje de pista.

runway visual range (RVR) /ˈrʌˌnwe ˈvɪʒuəl ˈreɪndʒ/. “The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centerline.” (Crane, 2012)

- alcance visual en pista. La distancia a la que un piloto de una aeronave en el centro de la pista puede ver las marcas de pista, las luces que la trazan, o identificar su eje central.


sacrifice /ˈsækrəˌfaɪs/. “The act of giving up, destroying, permitting injury to, or forgoing something valued for the sake of something having a more pressing claim.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- sacrificio. El acto de darse por vencido, destruir, permitir lesiones o renunciar a algo valioso por el bien de algo que clama mayor urgencia.

safe life /ˈseɪf ˈlaɪf/. “The principle of putting the least load or force on each component, so that it will last well beyond a plane’s expected life.” (Crocker, 2005)

- vida útil. El principio de exigir la carga o esfuerzo mínimo a cada componente, de forma que permanecerá útil mucho más allá de la vida esperada de una aeronave.

safety lock/pin /ˈseɪfti ˈlɑːk/ˈpɪn/. Device used to prevent accidental movement of a component, or to disable a system from operating, during ground maintenance. (NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing)

- pasador de seguridad. Dispositivo utilizado para prevenir el movimiento accidental de un componente o desactivar un Sistema durante el mantenimiento en tierra.

Sam Brownie belt. /ˈsæm ˈbraʊni ˈbelt/. “A military officer's belt with a diagonal strap across the right shoulder, designed to carry the weight of a pistol or sword.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- cinturón-correaje de oficial. Cinturón de oficiales militares con una correa diagonal en el hombro derecho, diseñado para cargar con el peso de una pistola o sable.

say again (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈseɪ əˈɡen/. “Repeat all, or the following part, of your last transmission.” (Communications, 2002)

- say again (aeronautical phraseology). Repita la totalidad, o la parte siguiente, de su última transmisión.

scramble /ˈskræmbl/̩. “An order directing take-off of an aircraft as quickly as possible, usually followed by mission instructions.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- scramble (traducción no utilizada). Una orden para que una aeronave despegue tan pronto como sea posible. Generalmente seguida de instrucciones para una misión.

search and rescue (SAR) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː/. “The use of aircraft, surface craft,

submarines, and specialized rescue teams and equipment to search for and rescue distressed persons on land or at sea in a permissive environment.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- salvamento y rescate/SAR. El uso de aeronaves, buques de superficie, submarinos y equipos y material de rescate especializados, para buscar y rescatar a personal en peligro sobre tierra o mar en un entorno permisivo.

search and rescue numeric encryption grid (SARNEG) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː nuːˈmerɪk enˈkrɪpʃən ˈɡrɪd/. “A predesignated ten-letter word without repeated letters used exclusively by recovery forces or isolated personnel to encrypt numerical data such as position, time, headings, etc., in a covert manner.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- SARNEG (traducción no utilizada). Una palabra preestablecida de diez letras sin repetirse, utilizada exclusivamente por las fuerzas de rescate y el personal aislado, para encriptar datos numéricos como: la posición, tiempo, rumbos, etc., de manera encubierta.

search and rescue point (SARDOT) /ˈsɝːtʃ ənd ˈreskjuː ˈpɔɪnt/. “A predesignated specific location, relative to which isolated personnel provide their position to recovery forces.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- SARDOT (traducción no utilizada). Punto preestablecido, relativo al cual, el personal aislado proporciona su posición a las fuerzas de recuperación.

secondary controls /ˈsekənˌderi kənˈtroʊlz/. Controls that modify the effect of the ailerons, rudder, and elevators of an airplane, and do not in themselves cause rotation of the airplane about any of the three axes. Wing flaps and trim tabs are examples of secondary controls. (Crane, 2012)

- mandos de vuelo secundarios. Las superficies de mando que modifican el efecto de los alerones, timones de dirección y profundidad de un aeroplano, y que por si mismas no provocan la rotación de la aeronave sobre alguno de sus tres ejes. Los flaps y compensadores son ejemplos de mandos de vuelo secundarios.

section /ˈsekʃn̩/. “1. As applied to ships or naval aircraft, a tactical subdivision of a division. 2. A subdivision of an office, installation, territory, works, or organization; especially a major subdivision of a staff. 3. A


tactical unit of the Army and Marine Corps smaller than a platoon/flight and larger than a squad. 4. An area in a warehouse extending from one wall to the next; usually the largest subdivision of one floor.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- sección. 1. Aplicado a buques o aeronaves navales, subdivisión táctica de una división. 2. Subdivisión de una oficina, instalación, territorio, trabajo u organización, especialmente, una subdivisión principal de un Estado Mayor. 3. Una unidad táctica del Ejército de Tierra o Infantería de Marina, más pequeña que un pelotón y más grande que una escuadra. 4. Área en un almacén o depósito que se extiende de una pared a la siguiente. Normalmente la mayor subdivisión de una planta.

selflessness /ˈselfləsnəs/. “Devoted to others' welfare or interests and not one's own; unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- abnegación. Devoción por el bienestar o los intereses de los demás y no los propios; desinterés, altruismo.

semi-active homing guidance /ˈsemi ˈæktɪv ˈhoʊmɪŋ ˈɡaɪdəns/. “A system of homing distance wherein the receiver in the missile utilizes radiations from the target which has been illuminated by an outside source.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- guiado semi-activo. Sistema de guiado a distancia donde el receptor del misil utiliza las radiaciones reflejadas por el objetivo, el cual está siendo iluminado por una fuente externa al misil.

service point /ˈsɝːvəs ˈpɔɪnt/. “Receptacle, embedded in certain airfield pavements, containing outlets for utilities required to service aircraft.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- punto de servicio. Receptáculo integrado en el pavimento de ciertos aeropuertos, que contiene distintas tomas de servicios requeridos por las aeronaves.

service ribbon /ˈsɝːvəs ˈrɪbən/. “A strip of cloth, often of many colors, worn on the left breast of the uniform to indicate an award of a decoration or medal.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- pasador. Tira de tela, a menudo de varios colores, que se porta sobre el pecho izquierdo del uniforme para indicar una concesión de condecoración o medalla.

shall (TO understanding) /ʃæl/. “Used to express a provision that is binding.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- shall. Se utiliza para expresar una disposición de carácter obligatorio.

should (TO understanding) /ʃʊd/. “Indicates a preferred method of accomplishment.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- should. Indica el principal método de realización.

shoulder /ˈʃoʊldə/. “Prepared (paved or unpaved) area adjacent to the edge of an operational pavement.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- arcén. Superficie preparada (pavimentada o no) adyacente al borde del pavimento operativo.

side cap /ˈsaɪd ˈkæp/. - gorro o “buque”.

skid /ˈskɪd/. “The (normally) tubular metal landing gear members that support some types of helicopters on the ground.” (Heliplanners, 2013)

- patín. El tren de aterrizaje (normalmente) metálico y tubular que soporta a algunos tipos de helicópteros sobre tierra.

skid shoe /ˈskɪd ˈʃuː/. “A metal strip that is strapped to a landing skid to protect it from wear during landings. Skid shoes are replaceable at much lower cost than skids.” (Heliplanners, 2013)

- Zapata de deslizamiento. Banda metálica fijada al patín de aterrizaje para protegerlo del desgaste durante los aterrizajes. Las zapatas son reemplazables a un costo mucho más bajo que los patines.

soldier /ˈsoʊldʒə/. “A person serving in an army; member of an army.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- soldado. Persona que sirve en un ejército; miembro de un ejército.

sortie /ˈsɔːr /. “In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- salida. En operaciones aéreas, un vuelo operativo de una aeronave.

spar /ˈspɑːr/. “The main span-wise, load-carrying structural member in an airplane wing.” (Crane, 2012)

- larguero. Elemento estructural principal, soportador de carga, a lo largo de la envergadura del ala de un aeroplano.

speak slower (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈspiːk ˈsloʊə/. “Reduce your rate of speech.” (Communications, 2002)

- speak slower (aeronautical phraseology). Reduzca la velocidad a la que habla.

special air operation (SAO) /ˈspeʃl ̩ ˈer ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. “An air operation conducted in


support of special operations and other clandestine, covert, and psychological activities.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- operación aérea especial. Operación aérea llevada a cabo en apoyo de las operaciones especiales y otras actividades clandestinas, encubiertas o psicológicas.

special operations /ˈspeʃl ̩ ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn̩z/. “Military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, selected, trained and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- operaciones especiales. Actividades militares llevadas a cabo por fuerzas especialmente designadas, organizadas, seleccionadas, entrenadas y equipadas, que utilizan técnicas y modos de empleo no convencionales.

spoiler /ˌspɔɪlər/. “A hinged surface on the upper wing which, when opened, decreases lift and increases drag.” (Crocker, 2005)

- spoiler (traducción no utilizada). Superficie fijada con bisagras en la cara superior de un ala que, al abrirse, reduce la sustentación y aumenta la resistencia.

Squadron. /ˈskwɑːdrən/. “The basic tactical and administrative air-force unit, smaller than an air group and larger than a flight” (HarperCollins Publishers). A Squadron provides a specific operational or support capability (HQ USAF/A1, 2013).

- Escuadrón. La unidad táctica y administrativa básica de una fuerza aérea, más pequeña que un grupo y mayor que una escuadrilla. Un escuadrón proporciona una capacidad específica operativa o de apoyo.

squawk (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈskwɒk/. “A term used by ATC to request a pilot to activate specific modes, codes, or functions on the aircraft transponder.” (Crane, 2012)

- squawk (aeronautical phraseology). Término utilizado por el control de tránsito aéreo (ATC) para activar los modos, códigos o funciones específicas en el transpondedor de la aeronave.

Staff /ˈstæf/. “In a military organization, a group of military and/or civilian personnel assisting a commander.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- Estado mayor. En una organización militar, el grupo de personal militar y/o civil que asiste al Comandante Jefe.

staging base /ˈsteɪdʒɪŋ ˈbeɪs/. “A landing and takeoff area with minimum servicing, supply, and shelter provided for the temporary

occupancy of military aircraft during the course of movement from one location to another.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- base escala. Área de aterrizaje y despegue con los servicios mínimos de mantenimiento, suministro y protección, previstos para el estacionamiento temporal de aeronaves, en el transcurso de su desplazamiento de una localidad a otra.

STANAG (NATO standardization agreement) /ˈneɪtoʊ stændərdəˈzeɪʃn̩ əˈɡriːmənt/. “A normative document, recording an agreement among several or all NATO member nations, that has been ratified at the authorized national level, to implement a standard, in whole or part, with or without reservation.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- STANAG. Documento normativo, registrando un acuerdo entre varios o todos los países miembro de la OTAN, que ha sido ratificado a nivel nacional, para aplicación de un estándar, en su totalidad o parte, con o sin reserva.

standardization /stændərdəˈzeɪʃn̩/. “The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs in order to achieve and maintain the compatibility, interchangeability or commonality which are necessary to attain the required level of interoperability, or to optimize the use of resources, in the fields of operations, materiel and administration.” (NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY, 2013)

- Estandarización. El desarrollo y aplicación de conceptos, doctrinas, procedimientos y diseños con el fin de alcanzar y mantener la compatibilidad, intercambiabilidad o comunidad necesarias para alcanzar el nivel requerido de interoperabilidad, o para optimizar el uso de recursos, en teatros de operaciones, material y administración.

standby (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈstændˈbaɪ/. “Wait and I will call you.” (Communications, 2002)

- standby (aeronautical phraseology). Espere hasta que yo le llame.

start-up /ˈstɑːrˈtəp/. “A procedure to start an engine.” (Crocker, 2005)

- puesta en marcha. Procedimiento para el encendido de un motor.

State aircraft. /ˈsteɪt ˈerˌkræft/. “Means any aircraft owned or used by a State serving exclusively non-commercial government functions.” (Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, 2009)


- aeronave de Estado. Significa cualquier aeronave perteneciente o utilizada por un Estado prestando servicio en funciones exclusivamente no comerciales.

static discharger /ˈstætɪk dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒə/. “A device attached to an aircraft control surface to discharge static electricity into the air.” (Crane, 2012)

- descargador de estática. Dispositivo conectado a las superficies de control de una aeronave para descargar la electricidad estática en el aire.

station /ˈsteɪʃn̩/. “The place where a person or thing stands or is located, esp. an assigned post, position, or location.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- destino. Lugar donde una persona o cosa permanece o está ubicada, especialmente, un destino asignado, posición o localidad.

strategic transport aircraft /strəˈtiːdʒɪk trænˈspɔːrt ˈerˌkræft/. “Aircraft designed primarily for the carriage of personnel and/or cargo over long distances.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- aeronave de transporte estratégico. Aeronave diseñada principalmente para el transporte de personal y/o carga en larga distancia.

strut /ˈstrət/. “A device that combines a shock absorber and its mounting plates in one assembly, used in the suspension system of a landing gear.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- amortiguador. Dispositivo que combina un mecanismo para absorber impactos y sus piezas de montaje en un conjunto, utilizado en el sistema de suspensión del tren de aterrizaje.

subordinate /səˈbɔːrdəˌnet/. 1. adjective “Under the power or authority of another.” (HarperCollins Publishers) 2. noun “A person who works under another person’s command or supervision.” (Bowyer, 2004)

- subordinado. 1. adjetivo Bajo el poder o autoridad de otro. 2. sustantivo Persona que trabaja bajo el mando o supervisión de otra.

support /səˈpɔːrt/. “The ac on of a force, or portion thereof, which aids, protects, complements, or sustains any other force.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- apoyo. Acción de una fuerza, o parte de la misma, que ayuda, protege, complementa o sostiene a cualquier otra fuerza.

suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) /səˈpreʃn̩ əv ˈenəmi ˈer dəˈfensəz/. “Activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses

by destructive and/or disruptive means.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- supresión de defensas aéreas enemigas. Actividad que neutraliza, destruye o degrada temporalmente las defensas aéreas enemigas en superficie, por medios destructivos y/o perturbadores.

survival, evasion, resistance and escape (SERE) /sərˈvaɪvl ̩ ɪˈveɪʒn̩ rəˈzɪstəns ənd əˈskeɪp/. “Actions performed by isolated personnel designed to ensure their health, mobility, safety, and honor in anticipation of or preparation for their return to friendly control.” (Department of Defense of the United States of America, 2007)

- SERE (traducción no utilizada). Acciones realizadas por el personal aislado que garanticen su salud, movilidad, seguridad y honor, en previsión o preparación para su regreso bajo control amigo.


tab /ˈtæb/. “A small, movable control hinged to the trailing edge of one of an airplane’s primary flight control surfaces. Tabs can be used to help the pilot move the primary control surface, or they can be used to produce an aerodynamic load on the primary surface that trims the aircraft for a hands-off flight condition.” (Crane, 2012)

- compensador. Superficie móvil articulada en el borde de salida de las superficies primarias de control de un aeroplano. Los compensadores se utilizan para ayudar al piloto a mover los mandos de vuelo principales, o bien se pueden utilizar para producir una carga aerodinámica en las superficies primarias que equilibra a la aeronave para un vuelo recto y nivelado.

tactical command (TACOM) /ˈtæktɪkl ̩kəˈmænd/. “The authority delegated to a commander to assign tasks to forces under his command for the accomplishment of the mission assigned by higher authority.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- mando táctico. La autoridad delegada a un comandante para asignar cometidos a fuerzas bajo su mando para el cumplimiento de la misión asignada por una autoridad superior.

tactical control (TACON) /ˈtæktɪkl ̩kənˈtroʊl/. “The detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- control táctico. La dirección detallada y normalmente local, y el control de los movimientos o maniobras necesarios para cumplir las misiones o cometidos asignados.

tactical transport aircraft /ˈtæktɪkl ̩trænˈspɔːrt ˈerˌkræft/. “Aircraft designed primarily for the carriage of personnel and/or cargo over short or medium distances.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- aeronave de transporte táctico. Aeronave diseñada principalmente para el transporte de personal o carga en corta y media distancia.

tail boom /ˈteɪl ˈbuːm/. “A spar, or small-diameter structure that connects the tail section of an aircraft to a pod-type fuselage.” (Crane, 2012)

- larguero de cola (helicópteros). Mástil o estructura de pequeño tamaño diámetro

que conecta la sección de cola de una aeronave a un fuselaje tipo vaina.

tail rotor /ˈteɪl ˈroʊtə/. “The small, auxiliary rotor installed on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter. The tail rotor turns in a vertical plane to produce thrust that counteracts the torque produced by the main rotor.” (Crane, 2012)

- rotor de cola. El pequeño rotor auxiliar instalado en la cola de un helicóptero mono-rotor. El rotor de cola gira en un plano vertical produciendo empuje que contrarresta el par producido por el rotor principal.

tanker A/C /ˈtæŋkər/. Aicraft designed to carry out air-refueling operations.

- aeronave cisterna. Aeronave diseñada para llevar a cabo misiones de reabastecimiento en vuelo.

target /ˈtɑːrɡət/. “An entity or object that performs a function for the adversary considered for possible engagement or other action.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- objetivo/blanco. Entidad u objeto que realiza alguna función para el adversario y considerado para un posible ataque u otra acción.

target acquisition /ˈtɑːrɡət ˌækwəˈzɪʃn̩/. “The detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of weapons.” (Director for Joint Force Development, 2010)

- adquisición de blancos. La detección, identificación y localización de un blanco con el detalle suficiente para permitir el empleo eficaz de las armas.

target tug A/C /ˈtɑːrɡət ˈtəɡ/. An aircraft that tows some destroyable target with the purpose of gun or missile targeting and shooting practice.

- remolcador de objetivos. Una aeronave que remolca cualquier tipo de objetivo destruible con el propósito de practicar el blocaje y disparo a cañón o misil.

taxilane /ˈtæksileɪn/. “Designated path marked through parking, maintenance or hangar aprons, or on the perimeter of such aprons to permit the safe ground movement of aircraft operating under their own power.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- línea de rodaje. Camino asignado y marcado en la zona de aparcamiento, mantenimiento o hangares, o en los perímetros de dichas plataformas, para permitir el movimiento en tierra con seguridad de las aeronaves que operan con sus propios motores.


taxiway /ˈtæksiˈweɪ/. “A specially prepared or designated path, on an airfield or heliport other than apron areas, on which aircraft move under their own power to and from landing, service and parking areas.” (Department of Defense of The United States of America, 2008)

- pista de rodaje. Camino especialmente preparado o diseñado, en un aeropuerto o helipuerto, distinto a las zonas de plataforma, en el cual se mueven las aeronaves mediante su propia energía, hacia o desde las zonas de aterrizaje, servicio y aparcamiento.

Technical Order (TO) /ˈteknɪkl ̩ ˈɔːrdər/. “An Air Force publication that gives specific technical directives and information on inspection, storage, operation, modification and maintenance of given Air Force items and equipment” (HQ USAF/IL, 2003). “In TOs the word “shall” is used to express a provision that is binding. “Will” may be used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future event. The word “should” indicates a preferred method of accomplishment. The word “may” indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment

- Orden Técnica. Publicación de una fuerza aérea que da directivas técnicas específicas e información en materia de inspecciones, funcionamiento, modificación, almacenamiento y mantenimiento de artículos y equipos dados de la fuerza aérea.

terrain flight /təˈreɪn ˈflaɪt/. “Flight close to the earth's surface during which airspeed, height and/or altitude are adapted to the contours and cover of the ground in order to avoid enemy detection and fire.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- vuelo a baja cota. Vuelo cercano a la superficie terrestre en el que la velocidad, altura y/o altitud se adaptan a los contornos y cobertura del terreno, con el fin de evitar la detección y el fuego enemigo.

threshold /ˈθreʃhoʊld/. “The beginning of the part of the runway, usable for landing.” (Crocker, 2005)

- umbral de pista. El comienzo de la parte de la pista que es utilizable para el aterrizaje.

throttle /ˈθrɑːtl/̩. “The control in an aircraft that regulates the power or thrust the pilot wants the engine to develop.” (Crane, 2012)

- palanca de gases. El control de una aeronave que regula la potencia o empuje que el piloto requiere que el motor desarrolle.

tilt-rotor /ˈtɪlt ˈroʊtə/. “An aircraft with rotors that can be switched from spinning horizontally, usually during takeoffs and landings, to spinning vertically, as during regular flight.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- tiltrotor (traducción no utilizada). Aeronave con rotores que pueden variar su rotación del plano horizontal, normalmente durante aterrizajes y despegues, a rotar en un plano vertical, durante el vuelo regular.

time on target (TOT) /ˈtaɪm ɑːn ˈtɑːrɡət/. “Time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack or photograph a target.”

- hora en el objetivo. Hora a la que las aeronaves están programadas para que ataquen o fotografíen un objetivo.

to be assigned /tə bi əˈsaɪnd/. - ser destinado o nombrado para ocupar

un puesto. to be on leave /tə bi ɑːn ˈliːv/.

- estar de permiso. to be on/off duty /tə bi ɑːn/ˈɒf ˈduː /.

- estar de/fuera de servicio. to be posted to /tə bi ˈpoʊstɪd tuː/.

- ser destinado a. to march /tə ˈmɑːrtʃ/. “To walk with regular, steady steps of equal length, usually in a group or military formation.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- desfilar. Caminar con un paso regular y estable de igual longitud, normalmente en un grupo o formación militar.

toolkit /ˈtuːl ˈkɪt/. “A set of tools consisting of spanners, screwdrivers, pliers, etc.” (Crocker, 2005)

- kit de herramientas. Juego de herramientas que consta de llaves, destornilladores, alicates, etc.

to stand at attention (drill) /tə ˈstænd ət əˈtenʃn̩/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- estar en posición de firmes (IOC). to the rear-march (drill) /tə ðə ˈrɪr ˈmɑːrtʃ/. (AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203, 2013)

- media vuelta-mar (IOC). (preventiva y ejecutiva).

tow (to) /ˈtoʊ/. “To pull an aircraft or vehicle using a bar, rope, etc. attached to another aircraft or vehicle.” (Crocker, 2005)

- remolcar. Tirar de una aeronave o vehículo utilizando una barra, cuerda, etc. unido a otra aeronave o vehículo.

towbar /ˈtoʊ ˈbɑːr/. - barra de remolque.

trailing edge /ˈtreɪlɪŋ ˈedʒ/. “The back edge of an airfoil, such as a wing, a helicopter rotor, or a propeller blade. It is the edge that passes through the air last.” (Crane, 2012)

- borde de salida. Borde posterior de un perfil aerodinámico, como un ala, rotor


de helicóptero, o pala de una hélice. Es el borde que atraviesa el aire en último lugar.

transponder /trænˈspɑːndər/. “A device in an aircraft for receiving a radio signal and automatically transmitting a different signal so that an air traffic control station can identify the aircraft.” (Crocker, 2005)

- transpondedor. Dispositivo en una aeronave que recibe una señal radio y automáticamente transmite una señal diferente, de modo que una estación de control de tránsito aéreo pueda identificar la aeronave.

transport A/C /trænˈspɔːrt/. Aircraft designed to provide dedicated logistic support to all types of military operations (McGraw-Hill, 2002).

- aeronave de transporte. Aeronave diseñada para proporcionar apoyo logístico dedicado a todo tipo de operaciones militares.

turbofan /ˈtɝːboˌfæn/. “A jet engine in which most of the thrust is produced by air, accelerated by a large fan, which does not pass through the combustion chamber of the engine”. (Crocker, 2005)

- turbofan (Traducción no utilizada). Motor a reacción en el que la mayor parte del empuje se produce por air, acelerado por un gran ventilador, que no pasa a través de la cámara de combustión del motor.

turbojet /ˌtɜːboʊˈdʒet/. “A tunnel-like reaction engine in which air is drawn in, compressed by spinning blades attached to the turbine shaft, and mixed with atomized fuel, with the resultant mixture being ignited in combustion chambers to produce a powerful jet that drives the engine's turbines and provides thrust.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- turborreactor. Motor de reacción en forma de túnel en el que el aire es aspirado, comprimido por álabes giratorios unidos al eje de la turbina y mezclado con combustible atomizado. La mezcla resultante se enciende en cámaras de combustión para generar un potente chorro que impulsa la turbina del motor y produce empuje.

turbulence /ˈtɝːbjələns/. “Air turbulence caused by eddies produced as air flows over and around such obstructions as buildings, trees, and rough terrain.” (Crane, 2012)

- turbulencia. Turbulencias del aire causadas por remolinos producidos al fluir el aire sobre y alrededor de obstrucciones tales como edificios, árboles y terreno escarpado.


underslung load /ˌʌndəˈslʌŋ loʊd/. “In helicopter transport operations, any external load hanging under the helicopter fuselage.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- carga colgada. En el operaciones de transporte con helicópteros, cualquier carga externa que cuelga bajo el fuselaje del helicóptero.

unguided bomb. /ʌnˈgaɪdɪd ˈbɑːm/. See dumb bomb.

- bomba no guiada. Ver bomba tonta. utility helicopter /juːˈtɪləti ˈhelɪˌkɑːptər/. “A multi-purpose helicopter capable of lifting troops, but which may be used for command and control activities, logistic transports and casualty or aeromedical evacuation.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- helicóptero utilitario. Helicóptero polivalente capaz de transportar tropas, además de poder ser utilizado en actividades de mando y control, transporte logístico aero-evacuaciones médicas o de bajas.


valor /ˈvælər/. “Marked courage or bravery” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- valor. Notable coraje o valentía. verify (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈverəˌfaɪ/. “Check and confirm with originator.” (Communications, 2002)

- verify (aeronautical phraseology). Compruebe y confirme al originador.

vertical speed indicator (VSI) /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ ˈspiːd ˈɪndəˌketər/. “A flight instrument which indicates the rate of climb and descent.” (Crocker, 2005)

- indicador de velocidad vertical (VSI). Instrumento de vuelo que indica la tasa de ascenso y descenso.

vertical stabilizer /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzər/. “The fixed vertical surface in the empennage of an airplane.” (Crane, 2012)

- estabilizador vertical. La superficie vertical fija en el empenaje de cola de una aeronave.

vertical take-off and landing /ˈvɝːtɪkl ̩ˈteɪk ɒf ənd ˈlændɪŋ/. “The capability of an aircraft to take-off and land vertically and to transfer to or from forward motion at heights required to clear surrounding obstacles.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- despegue y aterrizaje vertical. La capacidad de una aeronave para despegar y aterrizar en vertical, y realizar la transferencia desde o hacia el movimiento hacia delante a las alturas necesarias para librar los obstáculos de que la rodean.

very-high-frequency omnirange navigation equipment (VOR) /ˈveri ˈhaɪ ˈfriːkwənsi ˈɑːmnəreɪndʒ ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃn̩ ɪˈkwɪpmənt /. “A type of electronic navigation equipment in which the instrument in the cockpit identifies the radial, or line from the VOR station measured in degrees clockwise from magnetic north, along which the aircraft is located.” (Crane, 2012)

- VOR (traducción no utilizada). Un tipo de equipo de navegación electrónica en el que el instrumento en cabina identifica el radial, o línea desde la estación VOR medida en grados respecto al norte magnético, a lo largo del cual se encuentra la aeronave.

Visual Flight Rules (VFR) conditions /ˈvɪʒuəl ˈflaɪt ˈruːlz kənˈdɪʃn̩z/. “Weather conditions equal to or better than the minimum for flight under visual flight rules.” (Crane, 2012)

- condiciones VFR. Condiciones meteorológicas iguales o mejores que el mínimo para volar bajo reglas de vuelo visual.

vortex generators (aerodynamics) /ˈvɔːrteks ˈdʒenəreɪtr̩z/. “Small rectangular, low aspect ratio airfoils mounted on the upper surface of the wings of some high-speed airplanes. (. . .). Vortex generators prevent the air separating from the surface of the wing.” (Crane, 2012)

- generadores de vórtice. Pequeñas superficies sustentadoras, de baja relación de aspecto, montadas en la superficie superior de las alas de algunos aeroplanos de alta velocidad. Los generadores de vórtice impiden que el aire se separe de la superficie del ala.


warhead /ˈwɔːrˌhed/. “That part of a missile, projectile, torpedo or any other munition, intended to inflict damage.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- cabeza de guerra/ojiva. Parte de un misil, proyectil, torpedo o cualquier otra munición, destinada infligir daños.

warning (TO understanding) /ˈwɔːrnɪŋ/. “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- advertencia (conocido como warning). Destaca un procedimiento de operación o mantenimiento, practica, condición o estado esencial que, de no observarse estrictamente, podría resultar en lesiones o muerte de las personas, o riesgos para su salud a largo plazo.

warrant officer /ˈwɔːrənt ˈɑːfəsər/. “An officer of the U.S. armed forces ranking above a noncommissioned officer but below a commissioned officer and holding office on a warrant instead of a commission.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

- oficial de complemento. Un oficial de las fuerzas armadas de los Estados Unidos, jerárquicamente entre los suboficiales y oficiales de carrera, que desempeña sus funciones en base a un certificado en lugar de un despacho o nombramiento.

weight and balance sheet /ˈweɪt ənd ˈbæləns ˈʃiːt/. “A sheet which records the distribution of weight in an aircraft and shows the centre of gravity of an aircraft at take-off and landing.” (NATO Standardization Agency, 2014)

- hoja de equilibrio y peso. Hoja donde se registra la distribución de peso en una aeronave, y muestra la posición del centro de gravedad de la aeronave en el despegue y aterrizaje.

Wheel well/bay /ˈwiːl ̍ wel / ̍ beɪ/. “A space in the fuselage or wing structure in which the wheel is housed after retraction”. (Crocker, 2005)

- compartimento del tren de aterrizaje. Espacio en el fuselaje o estructura del ala donde se aloja el tren tras la retracción.

wilco (aeronautical phraseology) /wl ̩̍ koʊ/. “(Abbreviation for “will comply”). I

understand your message and will comply with it.” (Communications, 2002)

- wilco (aeronautical phraseology). (Abreviación de “will comply”). Entiendo su mensaje y voy a cumplirlo.

will (TO understanding) /wɪl/. “Used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future event.” (HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318, 2014)

- will. Se utiliza para expresar una requerimiento de cumplimiento obligatorio, o cuando es necesario expresar un suceso futuro.

winch /ˈwɪntʃ/. “A machine used for pulling or moving heavy loads. A cable is wound around a drum turned by a geared hand crank or some type of motor. The load is attached to the cable and is moved by it.” (Crane, 2012)

- montacargas/grúa. Maquina utilizada para elevar o mover cargas pesadas. Un cable se enrolla alrededor de un tambor girado por un polipasto o algún tipo de motor. La carga está unida al cable y se desplaza con este.

wing /ˈwɪŋ/. 1. “The part of a heavier-than-air aircraft that produces aerodynamic lift to support the aircraft in the air against the force of gravity” (Crane, 2012). 2. “A level of command below the NAF or higher headquarters. A wing has a distinct mission with significant scope. A wing is usually composed of a primary mission group (e.g., operations, training) and the necessary supporting groups” (HQ USAF/A1, 2013).

- ala. 1. Parte de una aeronave más pesada que el aire que produce sustentación aerodinámica, para sostener la aeronave en el aire, en contra de la fuerza de la gravedad. 2. Nivel de mando por debajo de una NAF o nivel superior. Un ala está compuesta normalmente por un grupo para la misión principal (p.ej., operaciones, entrenamiento) y los grupos de apoyo necesarios.

words twice (aeronautical phraseology) /ˈwɝːdz ˈtwaɪs/. “As a request: Communication is difficult. Please send every word or groups of words twice. As information: Since communication is difficult, every word or group of words in this message will be sent twice.” (Communications, 2002)

- words twice (aeronautical phraseology). Como petición: La comunicación es difícil. Por favor, envíe cada palabra o grupos de palabras dos veces. Como información: Dado que la comunicación es difícil, cada palabra o


grupos de palabras de este mensaje serán enviados dos veces.


yaw /ˈjɒ/. “A flight condition of an aircraft in which the aircraft rotates about its vertical axis.” (Crane, 2012)

- guiñada. Condición de vuelo de una aeronave en la que ésta rota sobre su eje vertical.



References HQ AFMC/PA. (2006). TO 00-20-1 AEROSPACE EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE INSPECTION,

DOCUMENTATION, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES.

AF/A1S (Col Patrick J. Doherty). (2013). AIR FORCE MANUAL 36-2203.


Cambridge University Press. (2014). Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org

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Crane, D. (2012). Dictionary of Aeronautical terms. Newcastle, Washington: ASA Editorial Staff.

Crocker, D. (2005). Dictionary of Aviation. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Department of Defense of the United States of America. (2007). JP 3-50 Personnel Recovery.

Department of Defense of The United States of America. (2008). UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning.

Diccionario de términos técnicos y militares. (2001). Lackland, TX: Inter-American Air Forces Academy.

Director for Joint Force Development. (2010). Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine

Encyclopædia Britannica. (2011, Septiembre 22). Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fighter

Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch. (2012). Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook-Airframe Volume1. Oklahoma City: U.S. Department of Transportation.

HarperCollins Publishers. (n.d.). CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved from http://www.collinsdictionary.com/

Heliplanners. (2013, october). Retrieved from http://heliplanners.com/news.htm

HQ AFCESA/CEXX. (2008). AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 10-219, VOLUME 2 Civil engineer disaster and attack preparations. Retrieved from http://www.e-publishing.af.mil

HQ AFMC PA Case Number 04-318. (2014). AF TECHNICAL ORDER SYSTEM.

HQ AFPC/DPP Col. Steven F. Maurmann. (2004). AFMAN 36-2108 ENLISTED CLASSIFICATION. Retrieved from http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/

HQ USAF/A1. (2013). AFI 38-101, Air Force Organization. Washington, D. C.

HQ USAF/IL. (2003). AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 21-1 (Lt Gen Zettler).

McGraw-Hill, S. P. (2002). McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


Mortensen, D. R. (1987). A Pattern for Joint Operations: World War II Close Air Support, North Africa. Washington D.C.: Office Of Air Force History Washington D.C.

NAEW E-3A Component Training Wing. (n.d.). Aircraft Maintenance Specialist Course. Geilenkirchen.

NATO. (2002). AJP-3.3 Allied Joint Air & Space Operations Doctrine.

NATO STANDARDIZATION AGENCY. (2013). AAP-47 Allied Joint Doctrine Development. Brussels.

NATO Standardization Agency. (2014). AAP-06 NATO glossary of terms and definitions. Brussels.

Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. (2009). Manual on International Law. Bern: Harvard University.

Regulatory Information. (2012, January 1). 14 CFR part 1. 49 U.S.C. 106, 40113 and 4470.

145

Appendix II: Aeronautical Military English

Answer Book

Aeronautical

& Military

English

Answer book

Aeronautical Military English Answer Book

Content Unit 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Reading review .................................................................................................................. 1

Listening 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1

Vocabulary exercises ......................................................................................................... 2

Unit 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Reading review .................................................................................................................. 3


Listening 2 ......................................................................................................................... 4

Unit 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Reading review .................................................................................................................. 5


Listening 3 ......................................................................................................................... 6

Unit 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Reading review .................................................................................................................. 7


Listening 4 ......................................................................................................................... 8

Unit 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 10

Reading review ................................................................................................................ 10

Vocabulary exercises ....................................................................................................... 10

Listening 5 ....................................................................................................................... 11

Unit 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Reading review ................................................................................................................ 13


Listening 6 ....................................................................................................................... 13

Unit 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 16

Reading review ................................................................................................................ 16


Listening 7 ....................................................................................................................... 17

Unit 8 ...................................................................................................................................... 19

Reading review ................................................................................................................ 19


Listening 8 ....................................................................................................................... 19

Unit 9 ...................................................................................................................................... 21

Reading review ................................................................................................................ 21


Listening 9 ....................................................................................................................... 21

1 Aeronautical Military English Answer Book

Unit 1 Reading review

1.1. Farman’s is a biplane. The Antoniette and Bleriot’s are monoplanes. 1.2. “…Mr. Hubert Latham, an airman already famed for his daring.” 1.3. The transportation problem. Using a detachable wings design.

Listening 1 Transcript pg. 3

National Museum of the USAF: The Early Years

It is most fitting that the Museum is located nearby Ohio, the home of Wilbur and Orville Wright. The Wright brothers knew that the U.S. Army would be an essential customer to make their flying machine company a success. It took them until 1909 to convince the Army Signal Corps to buy an airplane, and they sold one to the government only after passing many rigorous tests, for endurance, distance and speed.

At the entrance to the Early Years Gallery you stand next to an exact reproduction of the Wright 1909 Flyer, the world’s first military heavier-than-air flying machine. It is easy to imagine how great the potential for accidents must have been, and you may begin to understand how courageous these early pilots were.

One exhibit is a testament to that very fact. Photographs and a broken propeller recall a day in September 1908 when Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge died in a crash during a flight trial with Orville Wright, thus becoming the world’s first military aircraft fatality.

Nearby, you’ll also see the Curtiss’s pusher, an aircraft designed by another famous early aviation pioneer Glen Curtiss, and the second type of airplane purchased by the military. Notice the second seat behind the pilot for a passenger or perhaps a student pilot to give him some feel for the aircraft before he was to fly solo.

Also look for the Bleriot monoplane. In 1909 a French man by the name of Louis Bleriot, using a monoplane of his design, completed the first successful powered flight across the English Channel. Nothing could have more dramatically awaken the Great Britain to the thread posted to their security by this new invention.

Within a few years, Americans also realized that the oceans presented no barriers to airplanes.

Exercise 2 pg. 3 2.1. Endurance, distance and speed. 2.2. Photographs and a broken propeller. 2.3. For a passenger or perhaps a student pilot to give him some feel for the aircraft

before he was to fly solo. 2.4. A monoplane. 2.5. The first successful powered flight across the English Channel.

Aeronautical Military English Answer Book 2

anti-submarine 6

attack 7

bomber 1

command and control 3

cruise missile 5

electronic warfare 2

fighter 4

gunship 9

multi-role fighter 12

rescue 10

tanker 11

transport 13

reconnaissance 8

Vocabulary exercises Exercise 3 pg. 3

3.1. aerostats, reconnaissance. 3.2. rotary-wing, propeller. 3.3. lifting body. 3.4. rocket. 3.5. gliders. 3.6. jet propulsion, fixed-wing.

3.7. military aircraft 3.8. target tug

Exercise 4 pg. 3

Exercise 5 pg. 4 5.1. meaning 4 5.2. meaning 3 5.3. meaning 1 5.4. meaning 2

Exercise 6 pg. 4 6.1. propeller 6.2. piston engine 6.3. landing gear 6.4. fuselage 6.5. horizontal stabilizer

6.6. elevator 6.7. rudder 6.8. vertical stabilizer 6.9. aileron 6.10. wing



1.1. False 1.2. False 1.3. True 1.4. True


2.1. staging base 2.2. bare base 2.3. main operating base

Exercise 3 pg. 7 3.1. cluster 3.2. zone 3.3. alert condition 3.4. concertina wire 3.5. base boundary 3.6. dean of academics 3.7. barracks

Exercise 4 pg. 7 4.1. soccer pitch 4.2. parking lot 4.3. Command Section building 4.4. mess 4.5. main gate 4.6. hospital 4.7. Dean of Academics building 4.8. motor pool 4.9. flag pole 4.10. barracks 4.11. power plant 4.12. parade ground 4.13. athletics track 4.14. obstacle course

Exercise 5 pg. 8 5.1. alert aircraft parking/pad 5.2. taxiway 5.3. intermediate area 5.4. holding point 5.5. displaced threshold 5.6. runway overrun 5.7. runway exit 5.8. runway 5.9. high-high speed taxiway turnoff 5.10. apron 5.11. control tower 5.12. landside facilities 5.13. aircraft arresting cable 5.14. aircraft arresting system 5.15. instrument landing system 5.16. service point



Around the Air Force: Joint Base Andrews

Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m Staff Sergeant Shaun Hostutler.

Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona won the 2012 Commander in Chief’s Award for installation excellence. As the winner, the base will receive one million dollars for quality of life improvements.

Joint Base (JB) Andrews recently completed an assessment to evaluate its performance as a joint base. Andrews was named the number one for Air Force led joint bases after scoring a 96 out of 100. Airman 1st Class Daniel Burkhart shows us why it’s a tittle that’s well deserved.

What’s so special about Joint Base Andrews? Is it that it hosts the largest security forces group in the Air Force? That it’s the place Air Force One calls home? That it has one of the busiest military firing ranges in the world? Or perhaps because it hosts the largest air show in the Department of Defense? Well, all of the above of course, but most importantly, it’s how JB Andrews functions as a joint team that makes the biggest impact, which recently earned this joint installation the distinction of being the number one Air Force-led joint base in the entire Department of Defense.

We have 250 matters that we report on all across the base, whether it is on fire emergency services or taking out the trash. -Miss Emily Moore is the Joint Basing Program Manager- We’ve met 96% of those standards though we are measured against as a joint base. -Although there is not an award category for this distinction, it is a badge of honor and a source of encouragement for support staff and leadership-. The coming output level standards is one measure of success, but the ultimate measure of success is how satisfied our customers are. –Mister Glen Garrison is the Deputy Director of Installation Mission Support-. Really the number one ranking belongs to the entire installation, not just the Air Force, not just Navy, but all the residents, all the Wings, all the tenants on this installation because it is truly a partnership. –Reporting from JB Andrews, I’m Airman 1st Class Daniel Burkhart-.

Exercise 6 pg. 8 6.1. Its performance as a joint base. 6.2. How JB Andrews functions as a joint team. 6.3. There is not an award category for this distinction. 6.4. How satisfied our customers are. 6.5. No. To the entire installation, all the tenants.



1.1. It means to present a threat to the enemy either by land, air or sea, but two or more of them at the same time.

1.2. Land versus land, air versus air, sea versus sea. 1.3. “…synchronized to produce a cumulative effect greater than the sum of its parts.” 1.4. No, that is one major disadvantage indeed. 1.5. Joint operations, because they are more complex.

Vocabulary exercisesExercise 2 pg. 11

2.1. Deputy Commander 2.2. branches 2.3. Headquarters 2.4. Staff / Chief of Staff 2.5. Air Base Wing / wings

Exercise 3 pg. 11 3.1. constituted 3.2. activated 3.3. designated 3.4. assigned 3.5. inactivated

Exercise 4 pg. 11 - Full Command - SPAF Department of Defense - Operational Command - Allied Command Operations (ACO), Mons - Administrative Control - SPAF Personnel Major Command - Functional Command - SPAF Command and Control System - Operational Control – Joint Force Command (JFC), Brunsum - Tactical Command – Allied Air Command (CC Air), Ramstein - Tactical Control – CAOC Torrejón

Exercise 5 pg. 12 Allied Joint Publication

An Allied publication containing doctrine applicable to NATO and NATO-led operations.”

AJP

ratification In NATO standardization, the formal declaration by which a NATO member nation confirms its consent, with or without reservation, to be committed to a NATO standardization agreement.”

ratificación

joint operational guidelines

A publication to stand in for approved joint doctrine in order to meet the immediate operational needs of forces in the field.”

directrices operativas conjuntas

STANAG A normative document, recording an agreement among several or all NATO member nations, that has been ratified at the authorized national level, to implement a standard, in whole or part, with or without reservation.”

STANAG

amendment A minor change that has no significant impact on the use made by the interested parties of an AJP.”

enmienda

reservation In NATO Standardization, a formal statement by which a member nation describes the part of a standard or standardization agreement that it will not implement or will implement only with limitations.”

reserva


Listening 3 Transcript pg. 12 Commanding the NATO Response Force.

- Can you tell me what really happened with the explosion on the power plant? Did you already receive reports and from who?

From a temporary military headquarters outside the Latvian capital of Riga. NATO Officers are commanding the NATO Response Force. During exercise Steadfast Jazz, they are training the full spectrum of potential missions the NATO Response Force could face, from combat operations to humanitarian support or the protection of critical infrastructure.

- The main effect that happened today is that we had an explosion in electric power plant of Estonia, and we are now finding out how much it has an impact on the lives of the Estonian people. So therefore I have to look at my engineer who is deciding how much power Estonian is going to lose by this explosion, and if we can find power somewhere else from other countries.-

The Joint Operation Center is where all the information from the field comes together and is distributed to the appropriate decision makers working in the Command and Control Headquarters.

- One major takeaway from these exercises actually is its multinationality, environment working from different nations on the task that we mostly do every day, but the exercise is actually all about being joint, working with different nations, we're working with different Services, for the one goal, for the same goal.-

As of 2014 NATO's High Readiness Response Force will be commanded form Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum in the Netherlands.

- Thank you for your support, all right... There are several goals we want to achieve. First and foremost, I have to demonstrate that my Headquarters is able to run joint operations. In other words, that I am able to command air, land, sea forces and also Special Forces and their logistic tools. The second part is, and that is why the exercise this year is having this demonstration effect, it is combined with a live "ex", with a live fire in Poland. We are by 20 nations, exercise combat mission that is visible assurance, you can see it how capable they are.-

Steadfast Jazz involves around 6,000 troops and it's the Alliance's largest exercise since 2006. All 28 NATO allies, as well as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine are taking part in the exercise. Around 3,000 troops are participating in live exercise training and another 3,000 headquarters personnel are involved in a command and control drill.

- I'm Mike Mühlberger reporting for the NATO Channel from Riga.-

Exercise 6 pg. 12 6.1. The NATO Response Force. 6.2. The Joint Operation Center is where all the information from the field comes together

and is distributed to the appropriate decision makers. 6.3. In 2014, “as of 2014”. 6.4. That he is able to command air, land, sea forces and also Special Forces and their

logistic tools. 6.5. All 28 NATO allies, as well as Finland, Sweden and Ukraine


mess dress 8

full dress uniform 13

blues uniform 15

flight duty uniform 2

battle dress uniform 9

Sam Brownie belt 5

aiguillette 3

peaked cup 12

epaulette 4

service ribbon 6

garrison cap 10

medal 14

badge 11

brassard 1

beret 7


1.1. False 1.2. True 1.3. False 1.4. True 1.5. True


Exercise 3 pg. 15 Discipline 1. Control which an army has over its soldiers’ behavior. 2.

Rules and regulations which maintain control. 3. Self-control. Disciplina

Companionship “Having someone you know and like with you, instead of being on your own.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

Compañerismo

Valor “Marked courage or bravery” Valor

Selflessness “Devoted to others' welfare or interests and not one's own; unselfish; altruistic.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

Abnegación

Oath of Service “A solemn promise of loyalty and obedience made by people when joining the armed forces.

Jura de Bandera

Morale “Moral or mental condition with respect to courage, discipline, confidence, enthusiasm, willingness to endure hardship, etc. within a group, in relation to a group, or within an individual.”

Moral

Integrity “The quality or state of being of sound moral principle; uprightness, honesty, and sincerity.”

Integridad

Obedience “The state, fact, or an instance of obeying, or a willingness to obey; submission.” (HarperCollins Publishers)

Obediencia

Sacrifice “The act of giving up, destroying, permitting injury to, or forgoing something valued for the sake of something having a more pressing claim.”

Sacrificio

Duty “1. Conduct based on moral or legal obligation, or a sense of propriety. 2. A sense or feeling of obligation. 3. Service, esp. military service.”

Deber

Exercise 4 pg. 164.1. station 4.2. was on duty 4.3. are on leave

4.4. called up 4.5. was posted to



Medal of Honor in Iraq.

Today’s episode will be about the two Medal of Honor recipients in operation Iraqi Freedom thus far. Paul Ray Smith who received the medal on April 5th 2005, and Jason Dunham, who has not yet received this medal, but he is scheduled to as of November 10th 2006. Both medals were awarded posthumously.

Despite the war having lasted three and a half years, which is just as long as World War II (WWII) lasted for the United States in the 1940’s, these are the only two Medals of Honor awarded. In WWII, however, there were 464 medals awarded.

The rarity of Medals of Honor in modern warfare is probably due to the fact that the fighting is focused more around short intense skirmishes rather than long sieges and defensives. Also fewer soldiers are actually involved in the fighting during modern wars than during early twentieth century wars.

First, Paul Ray Smith.

In the year 2003, Paul Ray Smith of Texas was a soldier in the U.S. Army, specifically a Sergeant 1st Class, which is one step above the Staff Sergeant rank and one step below the 1st Sergeant rank. He was the commander of the 1st Platoon of B Company of the 11th Engineer’s Battalion of the 3rd Infantry Division. The 3rd Infantry Division is nicknamed the “Rock of the Marne” from World War I, and its motto is “We shall remain”.

Paul Smith’s unit was part of a push towards Saddam Hussein International Airport to the Karbala Gap. On April 4th 2003, Paul Smith and 100 other members of the Engineer Battalion were assigned to defend the highway between Bagdad and the airport. The airport was 1 mile west of the city limits.

A preliminary group of enemy soldiers approached the road block and the ensuing battle resulted in the capture of a few enemy prisoners of war. Sergeant Smith then had to set up a prisoner of war camp for the prisoners, and the best place was a nearby tower and an enclosure with a wall around it about the size of half a football field.

He and 16 other men were to set up the camp and defend it. However, while they were preparing this prisoner of war camp, one of Smith’s sixteen men of 1st Platoon spotted 100 or more enemy soldiers massing in the trenches beyond the gate. In Smith’s words, the American soldiers were in a world of hurt.

Then, this mass of enemy soldiers from the Iraqi Republican Guard, opened upon Smith’s men with machine guns, RPG’s and mortars. In response, Smith caught in an M2 Bradley, named after the WWII General Omar Bradley, infantry fighting vehicle and sent it through the gate to start shooting at the Republican Guardsmen. The Bradley suppressed the Iraqis with its 25mm M242 Bushmaster chain gun.

However, the Bradley couldn’t suppress all the enemy Iraqis and some did manage to circle around and flank Smith’s sixteen men. To counter this, Smith sent a M11 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) around to prevent the Iraqis from completely circling around the compound. In addition, the Iraqis had succeeded in capturing a nearby tower outside the compound from which they were firing down upon the engineers.


The M113 APC did manage to take care of these enemies in the tower, but soon after it, it was hit by a mortar, put out of action, and its three crew members were seriously wounded, and also more Iraqis went into the tower, so the tower was not completely pacified. Also, the Bradley had taken several rocket propelled grenades and it was forced to retrieve back out of the compound and back to an aid station which was a short distance behind the compound further down the highway.

This is part of the reason why Smith held his ground and the compound, because the aid station was far too vulnerable to fend off an attack. So now, Smith had 16 men, no armor and three wounded crew members against 100 attacking Iraqi Republican Guardsmen. His first action now, was to rescue the three wounded crew members. Under heavy fire, he entered the APC three times and pulled the wounded out. Then, he and specialist Michael Seaman entered the APC which was immobilized but still intact and Smith ordered Seaman to feed bullets into the 50 caliber machine gun mounted on top of the M113 APC while Smith fired it.

First though, he ordered Seaman to drive the M113 back into the compound, so Smith could have a larger field of fire.

Once in position, Smith kept firing from the machine gun going through three whole boxes of ammunition, and each box contains 100 rounds each, so that’s 300 round total, which is quite a lot.

This whole time, Smith was under fire from three directions and his entire torso and head were exposed. However, as one of Smith’s fellow soldiers put it, there was no fear in him whatsoever. In the end though, it was the Iraqis in the tower that got him.

Although a fire team had gone up into the tower and cleared it of Iraqis, the final few shots fired by the Republican Guardsmen from the tower at the APC, ricocheted off the hull of the APC, and went through Smith’s jaw and into his head.

Throughout the fighting, Smith had also taken 13 shots on the torso, although his body armor had stopped all 13. The raid on the tower signified the end of the attack. Smith had killed 50 enemy Iraqis and almost single-handedly fought off 100 of them, saving the lives of his 16 men and the over 100 wounded at the aid station a short distance behind the compound.

But by the time they got back to the aid station, Smith was already dead due to the ricocheted bullet in his head. Two years after his actions, on April 5th 2005, Paul Ray Smith was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor by George W. Bush.

Exercise 5 pg. 16 5.1. he is scheduled to 5.2. two Medals of Honor awarded 5.3. short intense skirmishes/ sieges and defensives 5.4. Staff Sergeant/1st Sergeant rank 5.5. were assigned to defend 5.6. spotted 100 or more/ trenches beyond the gate 5.7. held his ground/ aid station was far too vulnerable 5.8. posthumously awarded



1.1. Manpower is quite reduced compared to the workload they have lately. 1.2. 17 groups of three crew chiefs each. That is 51 crew chiefs. 1.3. He means that the effort margin has been reduced to the limit or even beyond it.

Work is done thanks to the military colleagues from Forward Operating Bases and to their enormous work experience.

1.4. They need to set up a permanent deicing team. Extra personnel might be provided from other units, drivers at least.

1.5. It takes 5 months in total.


2.1. engine run 2.2. caution 2.3. Certificate of Airworthiness 2.4. airframe 2.5. tow 2.6. push-back 2.7. Foreign Object Damage 2.8. bleed air system 2.9. marshalling 2.10. Anti-icer

Exercise 3 pg. 19

boarding step 3 toolkit 13 refueling hose 8 towbar 4 Ground Power Unit 2 jack 10 baggage cart 11 cover 6 acoustic earmuffs 7 plug 14 safety lock/pin 12 chock 5 fire extinguisher 1 bowser 9

Exercise 4 pg. 20

Warning - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to, or death of, personnel or long term health hazards.”

Caution - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, statement, etc., which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to, or destruction of, equipment or loss of mission effectiveness.”

Note - “Highlights an essential operating or maintenance procedure, condition, or statement.”

Shall - “Used to express a provision that is binding.” Will - “Used to express a mandatory declaration of purpose or when it is

necessary to express a future event.” Should - “Indicates a preferred method of accomplishment.” May - Indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.”



Crew chief: A1C Russell Wilson.

The A-10 wouldn’t fly without crew chiefs like Airman 1st Class Russell Wilson. Before his jet takes off, he has examined everything, from screws to flight controls. - We maintain the aircraft, aircraft forms. Ensure that the aircraft is capable to fly another sortie. Make sure…we check all the servicing. Basically we are in charge of the entire aircraft-. Part of his servicing checks include LOX, or Liquid Oxygen. LOX is extremely cold, nearly a negative 100 degrees Celsius, and can seriously injure a person, which is why wearing protection here. Keep in mind, he is working under the desert sun, combined with the heat from jet exhaust. – Loxing is part of our servicing, ensures the air crew can still have breathable oxygen. It’s just the way that they breathe as they are above a certain climb up to they can’t get pure oxygen or get oxygen out of the air that they are in. Then they breathe through their mask and we service it to ensure that they have enough for their mission. - Having a job with so much responsibility, it’s easy to understand why crew chiefs might believe they’re one of the more important players on the flight line team, but airman Wilson has a “down to earth perspective. - We’ve got to have weapons so we’ve got to have avionics, I don’t feel there is any more important job than anybody else, but, yes, there are key roles and I believe that I am filling one. But, every job is key-. And those jobs are key in supporting a global war on terrorism. It’s a job airman Wilson performs with humility, yet with a touch of pride. – I keep the jet in the air, it supports the ground troops who are more on the global war on terrorism as far as it’s on the ground that we are- So the next time you see this, know there are crew chiefs like airman Wilson to help make it happen. Staff Sgt. Brandom Hoyt, Bragram Airfield, Afghanistan.

This is who we are: Crew chiefs of Red Flag

Airman Eugene Travis Misawa, Japan, I’m a crew chief for the 35th Fighter Wing. This’d be my second experience of Red Flag. the large portion of being a crew chief comes from, probably behind the scenes, you’re differ shifts, you know, working ten hours, twelve ours to make sure that this aircraft gets two hours of flight time. With Red Flag we have fast turns, we have, you know, an aircraft that needs to go up immediately within half an hour. We get that opportunity to really push ourselves. To start up my day, most of it, just morning brief, tools, from there I go out to my aircraft to make sure all my proper tech data is ready to go. Most of time I check in my servicing, hydro fluids, I check my brakes, I check oil, I like to clean up the canopy a little bit. Basically making sure my aircraft is safe for a pilot. You know, cause these pilots are, you know, they’re putting their lives in pretty much our hands, they’re trusting us to make sure this aircraft are safe to go. I get to work with one of the most lethal weapons on the planet, and it’s, I mean, not many people could say that. It’s an amazing feeling to get to actually do this. I won’t always say that it’s the most glorious job, there is a lot of work into it, you get dirty, you’re away from family a lot of the time, you spend a lot of time on the flightline when you are tired, you are exhausted, you just… But, at the end of the day, you know, all set and done, you got that aircraft in the air, you know, we do make a difference out here, we defend our country, this is what we do, this is how we do it.


Exercise 5 pg. 20 5.1. screws/flight controls. 5.2. Liquid Oxygen. 5.3. a negative 100 degrees/protection. 5.4. service. 5.5. global war. 5.6. ground troops.

Exercise 6 pg. 20 6.1. Two times. 6.2. Morning briefing and get tools. 6.3. To make sure that the aircraft is safe for a pilot. 6.4. There is a lot of work, you get dirty, stay away from family, tiring and exhausting.



1.1. False (the lack of afterburners) 1.2. True 1.3. False (“The major change brought about by this generation aircraft was that it was

no longer necessary to visually acquire opponents to neutralise them and gain control of the air.”)

1.4. True 1.5. True 1.6. False (it is stealth technology what provides such a feature)


2.1. head up display (HUD) 2.2. pod 2.3. elevon 2.4. ejection seat 2.5. canopy 2.6. canard 2.7. radome 2.8. refueling probe 2.9. forward-looking infrared (FLIR)

2.10. radar decoy

2.11. nozzle 2.12. inlet duct 2.13. turbojet 2.14. pylon 2.15. air brake 2.16. brake parachute 2.17. drop tank 2.18. afterburner 2.19. hardpoints 2.20. aircraft arresting hook

Exercise 3 pg. 24 3.1. air liaison officer 3.2. escort 3.3. Antiradiation/passive 3.4. hung ordinance 3.5. superiority 3.6. Airspace Coordinating Measures 3.7. CAP 3.8. laser guided

Exercise 4 pg. 24 4.1. pressure bulkhead 4.2. MAWS 4.3. air corridor 4.4. terrain flight 4.5. inertial navigation system 4.6. IFF/engage 4.7. target acquisition 4.8. sorties

Listening 6

Transcript pg. 24

Around the Air Force: Joint Strike F-35

Joint Strike F-35

-Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SrA Alina Richard, thanks for joining us. As we try to do more with less in today’s budget savvy Air Force, getting the absolute most of each and every asset is more important than ever, and the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike


Fighter is a prime example of versatility. SSgt. Michael Brady shows us how the F-35 program is coming along.

-The F-35 Lightning II, also known as the Joint Strike Fighter, is soaring through the skies at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This 5th generation fighter is considered by some to be the future of manned fixed-wing tactical aviation for the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps, as well as eight partner nations. This new aircraft is multi-role, basically a jack of all trades, capable of ground attack, reconnaissance and air defense missions. All while maintaining its stealth capabilities.

-But one of the most popular features of this plane, for those lucky enough to have flown it is that –it’s easy to fly- or so says Col. Art Tomassetti, a marine fighter pilot who’s been around the program since the Lighting II was just a drawing on paper. –I got to watch the drawing, turn into something that started to look like an airplane- he says that when a plane is easy to fly, it allows the pilot to concentrate on what’s really important. –The pilot doesn’t have to worry so much about how am I gonna do the take off today? How am I gonna do the landing today? How am I gonna get the airplane to go from point A to point B today? What the pilot can focus on is, what is the mission today?

-Col. Tomassetti, who’s spent the past fourteen years of his career associated with the Joint Strike Fighter program, says that the cockpit is very clean compared to what he and his fellow pilots are used to. –All those buttons, knobs and switches and dials aren’t there like they were in the other airplanes I’ve flown. What I have in front of me is a big TV screen. –I kinda describe it as essentially two iPads sitting in front of you, but in one complete piece of glass. And it’s touch screen, it’s voice interactive…

-The Lightning II comes in three variants: The F-35A, which is for standard airfield operations, the F-35B for tactical take-off and landings, and the F-35C for carrier operations. Those three will replace a number of legacy aircraft, to include; the A-10, F-18, F-16, AVAB, F-117 and the GR-7.

-The thing about the pilots at Eglin Air Force Base is that they’re not just flying the aircraft, they’re testing it as well. When the F-35 arrived at Eglin a little over a year ago, nobody showed up saying- Here is the book on how to operate or maintain F-35. –They were expected to fend for themselves. –Here is a blank sheet of paper, please write down how to operate and maintain F-35s so that you can pass it on to the next group.

-It’s not just the different services and nationalities learning how to use this brand new equipment, its different career fields as well. Pilots and maintainers are both training at the Joint Strike Fighter Integrated Training Center at Eglin. The maintainers train on computers in a virtual environment that simulates an F-35, as well as on full-scale mock-ups of the plane that look and feel like the real thing. –The concept though, it is to do, is much hands on training in this controlled environment, and less time actually utilizing the aircraft itself. –The curriculum is still in its testing phase, but the students who’ve graduated are already on the flightline.

-We are the very first maintainers to work this aircraft active duty so there is challenges that are going to be…you know…ahead of us, that we are gonna overcome, but…right now…like I said, from the ground up. –When I look back some day and I see F-35’s filling the ramps at bases across United States and where ever we may deploy, I can look back and think that, you know, at the very beginning, when there were only nine aircraft in the Air Force that I had a role in that. – But until then, the pilots, maintainers, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps are working diligently to make sure that the F-35 lifts up to its expectations as the future of manned fixed-wing tactical aviation. From Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, SSgt. Michael Brady.


Exercise 5 pg. 24 5.1. It is capable of ground attack, reconnaissance and air defense missions. 5.2. The F-35A, which is for standard airfield operations, the F-35B for tactical take-off

and landing, and the F-35C for carrier operations. 5.3. No. All those buttons, knobs and switches and dials aren’t there like they were in the

other airplanes. There is only a big TV screen. 5.4. It was a blank sheet of paper. Pilots at Eglin AB had to write down how to operate

the aircraft.



1.1. No. The nations have taken initiatives in order to alleviate the shortcomings that have been identified in that field.

1.2. It refers to the Spanish Army and Navy. 1.3. No, its purpose is to fulfill the new dimension required by in-theater airlift capability. 1.4. Pumas and Superpumas. 1.5. Helicopter NH-90. 1.6. Yes. “…a Spanish Air Force that will be even more mobile, flexible and interoperable

with other national and allied Services.”


vortex generators 13 actuator 3 wheel well/bay 2 fin 9 static discharger 14 bulkhead 5 leading edge 1 strut 4 trailing edge 10 spoiler 6 flight deck 12 tab 8 cargo ramp 11 engine nacelle 7

Exercise 3 pg. 27 3.1. embarkation order. 3.2. strategic. 3.3. centre of gravity. 3.4. anchor cable. 3.5. airdrop platform. 3.6. dispersion. 3.7. jump speed. 3.8. release point. 3.9. gravity extraction. 3.10. free drop.

Exercise 4 pg. 28 Electronic Warfare

- Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects

ESM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to search for, intercept and identify electromagnetic emissions and to locate their sources for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. It provides a source of information required for immediate decisions involving electronic countermeasures, electronic protective measures and other tactical actions.

EPM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy's use of electromagnetic energy.

ECM - That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of electromagnetic energy.

electronic attack

- Use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes.

electronic defense

- Use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and to ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

electronic jamming

- The deliberate radiation, reradiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the effectiveness of hostile electronic devices, equipment or systems.

electronic neutralization

- In electronic countermeasures, the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy to either temporarily or permanently damage enemy devices which rely exclusively on the electromagnetic spectrum.



Last AWACS returns home from Afghanistan.

That’s 30.000 feet, a plane circles over northern Afghanistan. Over originally a civilian aircraft, rows of chairs have been replaced by powerful computers connected to a large RADAR, giving aerial command and control of the battlefield.

This is the legendary AWACS, or Airborne Warning and Control System, and this week is sort of flying its final mission in Afghanistan, as NATO withdraws its forces from the country.

After 1240 missions and 12.240 hours in the sky, the AWACS fleet left Mazar-I-Sharif in Afghanistan and landed back in its home base in Geilenkirchen, Germany.

AWACS captain Charlie Stachour explains the role that AWACS fulfilled in Afghanistan.

–What we do is essentially like air traffic control for the sky. So, we are trying to put the Allied Forces airplanes separated from each other, and if there are enemy airplanes in the air, then we are trying to put our Allied Forces pointed towards the correct direction to defend our borders or our territories as necessary-.

The AWACS has been deployed in Afghanistan providing support since January 2011. While working in an environment with so many different cultures and languages on display might seem problematic. The AWACS program has proved that military cooperation between nations can be effective.

–NATO AWACS is very unique, it’s the platform in which it’s owned by an alliance, not an actual country. It’s really a proof of concept for NATO itself.

You’ve got 16 different nations, you could have each nation represented on the airplane at that time! For example, my crew right now, I have a German navigator, I have a German engineer, I have a Turkish copilot, we have Danish and Norwegian in the back.

We have many of these nations which sometimes don’t always have past histories that seem to go all along, and then we are all proving that we can work together in a dynamic environment to accomplish our mission-.

NATO has determined that AWACS will not be required for the resolute support mission which begins on the 1st of January 2015, as the new mission will focus on training, advising and assisting the Afghan Forces.

It’s likely this crucial asset will not sit idle for long however. Over the past three decades it’s more than proved its worth.

–The men and women who have conducted this vital mission since January 2011 have made a tremendous difference to our forces in Afghanistan. They provided the eyes in the sky for countless troops who have relied on them for critical information, supporting thousands of missions.


Air Force Report: NATO Jump

This is an Air Force Report. Training with our international counterparts is a key to strengthening our military relations. SSgt. Catherine Carbullido captures some of that training at International Jump Week. The 435th Contingency Response Group (CRG) hosted their first International Jump Week and brought together military members from Germany, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. – It’s been interesting the last two days, because all of the U.S. jumpers have jumped under the command of German jumpmasters, and today, thirty U.S. jumpers jumped under the command of Italian jumpmasters, and then the remainder of the Italians jumped under the command of German jumpmasters-. The 435th CRG says they plan to make this a yearly event and they hope to continue to build confidence and relations with our allies. Air Force Sgt. Catherine Carbullido, Ramstein Air Base, Germany.

Exercise 5 pg. 28 5.1. Rows of chairs. It was originally a civilian aircraft. 5.2. Airborne Warning and Control System. 5.3. “Like air traffic control for the sky”. 5.4. No, the AWACS program has proved that military cooperation between nations can

be effective. 5.5. It belongs to the Alliance. 5.6. There are two Germans. Navigator and Engineer. 5.7. No. Training, advice and assistance.

Exercise 6 pg. 28 6.1. This is the first edition. 6.2. Once a year. 6.3.

DAY JUMPERS JUMPMASTERS YESTERDAY U.S. GERMAN TODAY 1ST JUMP U.S. ITALIAN TODAY 2ND JUMP ITALIAN GERMAN



1.1. True (flight crew plus medical personnel) 1.2. False (almost always escorted by another Super Puma) 1.3. False (the escort first overflies the LZ and then circles around the LZ providing air

cover) 1.4. True (additional seated wounded might be carried depending on the heat and

altitude which impact considerably on the helicopter’s performance) 1.5. False (deploying with HELISAF was more often than not a duty repeated every year)


2.1. authentication 2.2. EPA 2.3. RAS 2.4. SERE 2.5. SARNEG

2.6. crash locator beacon 2.7. reintegrate 2.8. act of mercy 2.9. OSC 2.10. ditching

Exercise 3 pg. 31 3.1. covert 3.2. exfiltration 3.3. booby trap 3.4. range-finder 3.5. Hovering

3.6. skid shoes 3.7. coaxial rotor 3.8. deception

Exercise 4 pg. 32

tilt-rotor 8 autogiro 11 coaxial rotors 12 tail rotor 10 winch 6 rescue strop 2 underslung load 4 skid 3 cyclic pitch control 1 collective pitch control 7 tail boom 9 rotor blade 5


Around the Air Force: Angel Thunder

- Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SSgt. Mike Hutchinson.-

-Exercise Angel Thunder 2013 is a Joint Service Multinational Interagency Combat Search and Rescue exercise. Senior Airman Renée Carberry takes us to some of its training locations for the details.-

-More than 2000 participants will train to the full spectrum of personnel recovery capabilities, such as air assets, ground recovery and special forces teams.-

-Exercise Angel Thunder provides a variety of recovery training scenarios as well as simulates deployment conditions and contingencies. Some of the scenarios include Combat


Search and Rescue missions involving pararescuemen treating victims, and A-10’s providing cover to ground recovery troops during a rescue after a vehicle was hit by an Improvised Explosive Device. One of the benefits of this type of training is the overall experience.-

-Actually doing the jumps, actually going through the emotions that you would with a real patient.-

-The training scenarios taking place range from the Pacific Ocean to Clovis, New Mexico, with participants from 19 different countries.-

-For the Air Force Broadcasting Service, I’m Senior Airman Renée Carberry.

Around the Air Force Jun. 13

-…while this week’s aircraft accident was real, exercise Red Flag Alaska does provide a training opportunity for pilots who have to eject from the aircraft. PO3 A.C. Rainey shows us a scenario that trains not only downed pilots, but the joint forces that rescue them.- When a pilot gets shot down in combat, it takes more than just luck to bring them back home, which is why Red Flag Alaska exercises prepare coalition combat pilots, helicopter rescuers and SERE survival specialists for the worst.- -What this is gonna do is it’s gonna give some our aircraft commanders and the people who are flying an idea of what to expect if a real world Combat Search and Rescue incident occurs. It’s gonna enhance their warfighting capability. Basically, it’s gonna give them the ability to react better to any situation in a real combat scenario.- -While pilots in the air defend their missing companions, survivors on the ground practice vital tactics they all need to be found.- -My expectations are to learn combat survival and hopefully be able to take that back to the rest of my squadron, as well as give our SERE guys back at my own base tips on what we did at Red Flag, help make our survival better a but also make me a better combat air crew. So there if I am shot down for some reason I can make the rescue happen quicker on my end and have there not be a delay.- -The exercise however, helps more than just the individual warfighter.- -We deploy, we train with different agencies, we need to train the same way, we need to train with these different agencies. And we have, even though we are all on the military, we all speak the military language, there are differences in the way that we talk and we need to bring those together.- -And with every one training together, no one is ever left behind. PO3 A.C. Rainey, Eielson AFB, Alaska.-

Exercise 5 pg. 32 5.1. A Joint Service Multinational Interagency Combat Search and Rescue exercise. 5.2. Air assets, ground recovery and Special Forces teams. 5.3. An Improvised Explosive Device. 5.4. A-10. 5.5. The overall experience.

Exercise 6 pg. 32 6.1. Coalition combat pilots, helicopter rescuers and SERE survival specialists. 6.2. Vital tactics they all need to be found. 6.3. To his SERE guys back on his home base. 6.4. …..no one is ever left behind.



1.1. False. “…while others are corporate entities” (1st paragraph, 3rd line) 1.2. False. “It must be emphasised that this unwieldy construction does not compromise

safety” (2nd paragraph, 1st line) 1.3. False. “…the SES of 2004 and the SES II of 2009 both failed to deliver, and SES

II+, which has not been yet adopted, is heading in the same direction.” (3rd paragraph, 4th line)

1.4. True. “…in recent years the tempo of institutional activity around the subject has increased.” (4th paragraph, 3rd line)

1.5. True. “…but appear paralysed in the face of Member States’ intransigence.” (6th paragraph, 2nd line)


2.1. ATIS 2.2. ceiling 2.3. contact point – ETA 2.4. freezing rain 2.5. crosswind component 2.6. QFE 2.7. flight plan 2.8. ATS – FIR 2.9. heading 2.10. aerodrome traffic circuit

Exercise 3 pg. 35 3.1. standby - go ahead. 3.2. disregard – read back –report. 3.3. squawking – negative. 3.4. break break. 3.5. check – wilco. 3.6. request – words twice.

Exercise 4 pg. 36 4.1. air speed indicator (ASI) 4.2. VOR 4.3. attitude indicator 4.4. HSI/DME/VOR 4.5. altimeter 4.6. vertical speed indicator (VSI)


Around the Air Force: Air Traffic Controllers

-Hello and welcome to Around the Air Force, I’m SrA Alina Richard. The airmen who are most responsible for making sure planes take off and land safely aren’t in the cockpit, they are in the tower. A1C Anthony Hetlage takes us to the flightline at JB Langley-Eustis, Virginia, where air traffic controllers get a bird’s eye view of the action.


-The chatter of air traffic controllers may seem like another language, but it’s the language of safe air travel. Air traffic controllers at Langley handle the safe and expeditious flow of aircraft operations like landings and take-offs. There are several stations of responsibility in a control tower that require a separate air traffic controller. Local control speaks with airborne aircraft while ground control handles all aircraft and vehicles on the flightline going to and from the runway. At the same time, flight data coordinates all flight plans and updates weather and advisories. Air traffic Control Apprentice, A1C Joshua Shaffer, describes why being on one of those stations his favorite part of the job. -My favorite part of the job is getting in position, because it’s different every day, you never know what you’re gonna see and you’re required to adapt to the different stuff every day, and that’s what’ll make you a better controller. -A simulator trains airmen to help them become more proficient at each station in the tower. Air Traffic Control Journeyman SrA Jonathan Moline talks about the challenges that being a controller brings. -Stress, It’s a high level of stress, there is a lot of book knowledge that has to be remembered. You have to have very good situational awareness and very good short term memory. When things happen you have to be able to remember exactly without having the time necessarily to write them down. And when you call back on you have to be able to repeat them, and that can be a tough challenge sometimes. -The controller at Langley deal with F-22 Raptors, T-38 Talons and F-16 fighting Falcons on a daily basis. They also work with Navy helicopters when they are in need of training. Airman Moline gave some advice to anyone looking in becoming an air traffic controller. -Maintain a level head and not be nervous. Nervousness is what kills you and as long as you think, keep a cool head and think clearly, that’s 99% of it. -The airmen in the tower share in the responsibility for the safety of each aircraft arriving and departing from Langley AB. A1C Anthony Hetlage, Langley AB, Virginia.

Exercise 5 pg. 36 5.1. Three. Local control, Ground Control and Flight Data. 5.2. They coordinate all flight plans and update weather and advisories. 5.3. “Favorite part of the job is getting in position, because it’s different every day”. 5.4. You have to have very good situational awareness and very good short term

memory. 5.5. With Navy helicopters.


173

Appendix III: Listening media CD (See attached Compact Disk©)


177

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